Low uptake of silica nanoparticles in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial barriers

• Dong Ye,
• Mattia Bramini,
• Delyan R. Hristov,
• Sha Wan,
• Anna Salvati,
• Christoffer Åberg and
• Kenneth A. Dawson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1396–1406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.141

• combination of imaging, flow cytometry and transport studies. Compared to typical observations in standard cell lines commonly used for in vitro studies, silica nanoparticle uptake into well-developed Caco-2 cellular barriers was found to be very low. Instead, nanoparticle association to the apical outer

• transport through them. Keywords: Caco-2; differentiation and polarisation; epithelial cell barrier; microscopy imaging; particle interaction; uptake and localisation; Introduction An overall conclusion from a multitude of nanoparticle-cell in vitro studies is that nanoparticle uptake into cells is

• isolated cells commonly used for in vitro studies. Indeed, cellular layers can develop tight junctions and become polarised. Polarised cell barriers are known to activate cellular processes and pathways which are not fully developed, or even present, in isolated cells [17][18]. Thus they allow

Recombinant DNA technology and click chemistry: a powerful combination for generating a hybrid elastin-like-statherin hydrogel to control calcium phosphate mineralization

• Mohamed Hamed Misbah,
• Mercedes Santos,
• Luis Quintanilla,
• Christina Günter,
• Matilde Alonso,
• Andreas Taubert and
• José Carlos Rodríguez-Cabello

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 772–783, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.80

• subsequently be synthesized by covalently crosslinking the monomer chains via these azide and cyclooctyne groups by means of a Huisgen [2 + 3] cycloaddition (“click” reaction). Most of the work performed on ELRs combined with SNA15 is about studying their behavior in vitro studies [31][32][33][34]. For example

Nano- and microstructured materials for in vitro studies of the physiology of vascular cells

• Alexandra M. Greiner,
• Adria Sales,
• Hao Chen,
• Sarah A. Biela,
• Dieter Kaufmann and
• Ralf Kemkemer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1620–1641, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.155

• discusses model studies with a special emphasis on the fabrication of substrates with well-defined nano- and microstructured surfaces for in vitro studies with vascular cells (Figure 1). Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are two vascular cell types forming blood vessels (Figure

• . Thus, in vitro studies using modified artificial surfaces to induce biological responses in these cells are an important experimental model in vascular cell biology and biomaterial research (Figure 3). In this review, we provide an overview of materials and important micro- and nanofabrication

• techniques that have been used for the fabrication of appropriate substrates for in vitro studies with vascular cells. We give a brief overview over possible surface structure geometries, mention compounds and methods for surface biofunctionalization and present the importance of the mechanical

On the pathway of cellular uptake: new insight into the interaction between the cell membrane and very small nanoparticles

• Claudia Messerschmidt,
• Daniel Hofmann,
• Anja Kroeger,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder and
• Ingo Lieberwirth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1296–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.121

• paving the way for novel biotechnological and medical applications. Generally, in vitro studies report that SiNPs are taken up by cultured human cells. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism of this process still needs to be elucidated in detail for a better understanding of the cytotoxic effects or to

Unraveling the neurotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles: focusing on molecular mechanisms

• Bin Song,
• Yanli Zhang,
• Jia Liu,
• Xiaoli Feng,
• Ting Zhou and
• Longquan Shao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 645–654, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.57

• nanotechnology and widespread applications of products containing TiO2 NPs have increased the risk of exposure. Therefore, numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have been performed to scrutinize the potential toxic properties of TiO2 NPs in recent years [4]. Research has demonstrated that TiO2 NPs can be

• ultimately be induced. Long et al. [19][20] first revealed in their in vitro studies that TiO2 NPs can induce dose- and time-dependent elevations in H2O2 levels in BV2 cells (an immortalized brain microglia cell line). BV2 internalized TiO2 NPs and subsequently swollen mitochondria were detected by

• associated with nanoneurotoxicity. Genotoxicity Genotoxicity is simply defined as the induction of DNA damage, in a direct or indirect manner, caused by substances such as benzopyrene in cigarettes or some chemotherapeutic drugs. In vivo and in vitro studies typically measure genotoxicity using the comet

Comparison of the interactions of daunorubicin in a free form and attached to single-walled carbon nanotubes with model lipid membranes

• Dorota Matyszewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 524–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.46

• to the concentrations used in the in vitro studies. The IC50 value, which is defined as the concentration of a drug that inhibits cell growth by 50%, given in the literature usually varies from 10−6 M to 10−5 M depending on the type of cell lines [32][33][34]. In the next step, voltammograms obtained

An ISA-TAB-Nano based data collection framework to support data-driven modelling of nanotoxicology

• Richard L. Marchese Robinson,
• Mark T. D. Cronin,
• Andrea-Nicole Richarz and
• Robert Rallo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1978–1999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.202

• example, the Study template for cell based in vitro studies (“s_InvID_InVitro.CB.xls”) includes the predefined columns “Characteristics [cell type {EFO:http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000324}]” and “Factor Value [exposure medium]”. 6. Predefined “Characteristics […]” columns were added to the Material file

• whether or not the sample was sonicated [49]). For cell-based in vitro studies, these “Factor Value […]” columns record the values of experimental variables associated with preparation of the composite sample being tested, i.e., the nanomaterial suspension and the biological component on which the effect

Influence of surface chemical properties on the toxicity of engineered zinc oxide nanoparticles to embryonic zebrafish

• Zitao Zhou,
• Jino Son,
• Bryan Harper,
• Zheng Zhou and
• Stacey Harper

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1568–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.160

• studies to date have looked across a wide-range of engineered ZnO nanoparticle types to investigate how surface chemical modifications alter toxicity. The toxicity of ZnO NPs to a wide range of species can be found elsewhere in literature from in vivo [8][9] to in vitro studies [10][11]. Bare ZnO NPs

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro effects of 7 nm alloyed silver–gold nanoparticles

• Simon Ristig,
• Svitlana Chernousova,
• Wolfgang Meyer-Zaika and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1212–1220, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.124

• a versatile and facile wet chemical synthesis that allows size control and ligand exchange without affecting the resulting nanoparticle purity or stability. The in vitro studies were performed using HeLa cells and hMSCs. The cytotoxicity increased with increasing silver content in the nanoalloys

Protein corona – from molecular adsorption to physiological complexity

• Lennart Treuel,
• Dominic Docter,
• Michael Maskos and
• Roland H. Stauber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 857–873, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.88

• [41]. This becomes a critical problem in many in vitro studies, in which the actual dose rate to the cells may be strongly affected by agglomeration kinetics and subsequent sedimentation rates rather than the original NP concentration [41]. Particle size and surface curvature have also been identified

Influence of gold, silver and gold–silver alloy nanoparticles on germ cell function and embryo development

• Ulrike Taylor,
• Daniela Tiedemann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Wilfried A. Kues,
• Stephan Barcikowski and
• Detlef Rath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 651–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.66

• trials, there is also a wide field of in vitro studies. From the final stages of gamete maturation up to the blastocyst stage, when implantation becomes imminent, the reproductive process can be monitored employing easily obtainable, well-defined primary cells with clearly defined functions by using

• of nanoparticles per embryo. Therefore, to improve the predictive value of future in vitro studies the experimental design should involve the testing of dosages realistic for in vivo exposure scenarios. However, to facilitate this, more biodistribution studies need to be performed, which firstly

Silica micro/nanospheres for theranostics: from bimodal MRI and fluorescent imaging probes to cancer therapy

• Shanka Walia and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 546–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.57

• was more prominent than that of LSMO@SiF@Si-w, which was attributed to the fact that the latter contains less fluorescein. To check the biocompatibility of these nanocomposites, in vitro studies were carried out on HeLa cells and primary skin fibroblasts. The studies suggested that the HeLa cells

• fluorescence studies. The size of the particles was found to be 31 ± 4 nm with an emission peak at approx. 620 nm. The in vitro studies with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) suggested that these NPs could be used simultaneously as fluorescent and MRI contrasting agent. 2.4 Manganese oxide as

• the synthesized nanocomposites exhibited a signal enhancement in the T1-weighted MRI images with increasing Mn concentration. The in vitro studies performed on HeLa cells suggested cell viability of more than 80% even at a Mn concentration of 50 mg·mL−1. The combination of results obtained from flow

Pulmonary surfactant augments cytotoxicity of silica nanoparticles: Studies on an in vitro air–blood barrier model

• Jennifer Y. Kasper,
• Lisa Feiden,
• Maria I. Hermanns,
• Christoph Bantz,
• Michael Maskos,
• Ronald E. Unger and
• C. James Kirkpatrick

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 517–528, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.54

• to investigate the potential hazard of NPs. However, in most in vitro studies a crucial alveolar component has been neglected. Before aspirated NPs encounter the cellular air–blood barrier, they impinge on the alveolar surfactant layer (10–20 nm in thickness) that lines the entire alveolar surface

• ]. Thus, in vitro studies focusing on cytotoxicity of NPs at and transport of NPs across this cellular air–blood barrier, must take into account that a prior interaction of NPs with pulmonary surfactant components will occur. Pulmonary surfactant comprises up to 90% phospholipids (phosphatidylcholines

• (aSNPs) that they will be entirely coated with a phospholipid bilayer [7]. Consequently, an impaired cytotoxicity and transport/translocation to other organs may be perceived due to this surfactant coating. Several in vitro studies on aSNP toxicity have already been conducted using simple as well as

Tailoring the ligand shell for the control of cellular uptake and optical properties of nanocrystals

• Johannes Ostermann,
• Christian Schmidtke,
• Christopher Wolter,
• Jan-Philip Merkl,
• Hauke Kloust and
• Horst Weller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 232–242, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.22

• PI-b-PEO a successive emulsion polymerization gives the possibility of adding a variety of functional monomers to the nanoparticle. In vitro studies The influence of differently sized and functionalized nanocontainers on the interaction with cells was tested on human alveolar epithelial cells (A549

Synthesis of boron nitride nanotubes and their applications

• Saban Kalay,
• Zehra Yilmaz,
• Ozlem Sen,
• Melis Emanet,
• Emine Kazanc and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 84–102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.9

• ENMs, there are several issues with the assessment of the possible toxic effects of BNNTs. In early studies, there was no clear consensus regarding their cytotoxicity. In some reports it was found that BNNTs were toxic [73], and in others, not [74]. Naturally, first, in vitro studies were undertaken to

• , although all in vitro studies provide very valuable data for the toxicity assessment, evaluation of this novel material under in vivo conditions is critically important. At the moment, a lack of in vivo data is one reason a solid conclusion about the toxicity of the BNNTs cannot be drawn. Drug delivery The

Functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles as a platform for studying bio–nano interactions

• Cornelia Loos,
• Tatiana Syrovets,
• Anna Musyanovych,
• Volker Mailänder,
• Katharina Landfester,
• G. Ulrich Nienhaus and
• Thomas Simmet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2403–2412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.250

• implicated in the development of atherosclerosis [27]. In vitro studies showed that this receptor is engaged in the internalization of negatively charged ResovistTM, a SPIO of 20–60 nm in size, by human macrophages via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Hence, the uptake of negatively charged nanoparticles of

• infiltrate inner organs, such as spleen, liver, and lungs [38]. To mimic the differentiated state of macrophages for in vitro studies, monocytic cells can be further differentiated with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [39][40]. Figure 2 shows that the phenotype of human

Electrostatic interplay: The interaction triangle of polyamines, silicic acid, and phosphate studied through turbidity measurements, silicomolybdic acid test, and ²⁹Si NMR spectroscopy

• Anne Jantschke,
• Katrin Spinde and
• Eike Brunner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2026–2035, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.211

• inspired numerous in vitro studies aiming to characterize polyamine–silica interactions. The determination of these interactions at the molecular level is of fundamental interest on one hand for the understanding of cell wall biogenesis in diatoms and on the other hand for designing bioinspired materials

• negatively charged silica particles [18][20]. Subsequent in vitro studies support the idea of polyamine-stabilized sols [21][22]. In contrast to the charged PAH, uncharged polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone or polyethylene glycol cannot undergo such a self-assembly process driven by electrostatic

• “tuning” parameter for bioinspired silica synthesis approaches based on the use of LCPAs which should be further exploited in future in vitro studies. Experimental Reagents and chemicals Polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH; (C3H8ClN)n; M = 15000 g/mol, n ≈ 160), allylamine (C3H7N; M = 57.09 g/mol

PVP-coated, negatively charged silver nanoparticles: A multi-center study of their physicochemical characteristics, cell culture and in vivo experiments

• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Alexandra Antonopulos,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Ralf Dringen,
• Matthias Epple,
• Rebekka Flöck,
• Wolfgang Goedecke,
• Christina Graf,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Jens Helmlinger,
• Fabian Herzog,
• Frederike Heuer,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Christian Johannes,
• Stefanie Kittler,
• Manfred Köller,
• Katrin Korn,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Fritz Krombach,
• Jürgen Lademann,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Eva M. Luther,
• Marcelina Malissek,
• Martina C. Meinke,
• Daniel Nordmeyer,
• Anne Pailliart,
• Jörg Raabe,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Carsten Schleh,
• Andreas Seibel,
• Christina Sengstock,
• Lennart Treuel,
• Annika Vogt,
• Katrin Weber and
• Reinhard Zellner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1944–1965, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.205

• nanoparticles over time may induce secondary effects, which cannot be ruled out by such in vitro studies. Chronic exposure and inhalation studies need to address this issue in the future. As summarized in Table 2, the effects induced by the PVP-coated silver nanoparticles in three different lung systems, i.e

Carbon-based smart nanomaterials in biomedicine and neuroengineering

• Antonina M. Monaco and
• Michele Giugliano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1849–1863, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.196

• . These differences can induce distinct toxicological responses in biological systems and require a systematic investigation. In vitro studies, carried out on human cell lines (i.e., HepG2, BEAS-2B, PC12, hMSCs), have demonstrated that the cyto- and genotoxicity of graphene depends on the dose, shape, and

The surface properties of nanoparticles determine the agglomeration state and the size of the particles under physiological conditions

• Christoph Bantz,
• Olga Koshkina,
• Thomas Lang,
• Hans-Joachim Galla,
• C. James Kirkpatrick,
• Roland H. Stauber and
• Michael Maskos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1774–1786, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.188

• physiological media is possible. As a result, it is shown that differences in the agglomeration state and therefore in size were observed under physiological conditions both in presence and in absence of serum proteins. This is especially relevant with regard to in vitro studies. Characterization techniques As

• physiological salinity. The high stability of silica NPs can be attributed to a "gel-like" layer on the surface of the particles, which is discussed in the literature as sterically stabilizing coating [81]. With regard to in vivo and in vitro studies, NexSil20 was also characterized in the presence of serum

In vitro and in vivo interactions of selected nanoparticles with rodent serum proteins and their consequences in biokinetics

• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Stefanie Fertsch-Gapp,
• Martin Schäffler,
• Blair D. Johnston,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Christian Pfeiffer,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Carsten Schleh,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Manuela Semmler-Behnke,
• Matthias Epple and
• Wolfgang J. Parak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1699–1711, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.180

• AuNP in mouse serum after 15 min of incubation. Figure 5 shows the very good reproducibility of two independent LC–MS/MS measurements for each of all five AuNP. Biokinetics of AuNP after administration via three routes of intake The above mentioned in vitro studies were designed to provide a better

• of the PEG shell. Our in vitro studies clearly demonstrated the rapid binding of serum proteins to AuNP. This is likely reflected in the in vivo biokinetics results found after intravenous injection which led to a predominant accumulation in the liver and Kupffer cell endocytosis. Yet, the fact that

• translocation across membrane barriers by either transcellular endo- and exocytosis, or by paracellular transport mechanisms. While there are some in vitro studies suggesting protein exchange on NP surfaces during membrane crossing we are not aware of any in vivo studies having shown such exchange [17][18][19

Silica nanoparticles are less toxic to human lung cells when deposited at the air–liquid interface compared to conventional submerged exposure

• Alicja Panas,
• Andreas Comouth,
• Harald Saathoff,
• Thomas Leisner,
• Marco Al-Rawi,
• Michael Simon,
• Gunnar Seemann,
• Olaf Dössel,
• Sonja Mülhopt,
• Hanns-Rudolf Paur,
• Susanne Fritsch-Decker,
• Carsten Weiss and
• Silvia Diabaté

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1590–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.171

• nanoparticles (NPs) in the lung by in vitro studies are usually performed under submerged conditions where NPs are suspended in cell culture media. However, the behaviour of nanoparticles such as agglomeration and sedimentation in such complex suspensions is difficult to control and hence the deposited cellular

• dose rates differ, but also the distribution of the NPs within the lung and the clearance are different. As in our in vitro studies these two confounding factors are eliminated, the dose rate still remains an important determinant to possibly explain the differences in toxicity when exposing cells at

In vitro interaction of colloidal nanoparticles with mammalian cells: What have we learned thus far?

• Moritz Nazarenus,
• Qian Zhang,
• Mahmoud G. Soliman,
• Pablo del Pino,
• Beatriz Pelaz,
• Susana Carregal-Romero,
• Joanna Rejman,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Martin J. D. Clift,
• Reinhard Zellner,
• G. Ulrich Nienhaus,
• James B. Delehanty,
• Igor L. Medintz and
• Wolfgang J. Parak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1477–1490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.161

• has to be assessed. In the context of this review we have focused on in vitro studies. The advantage of such studies is the easy screening capability and the possibility to monitor in detail biomolecular pathways and changes in gene expression as a measure of a possible biologically adverse response

Mimicking exposures to acute and lifetime concentrations of inhaled silver nanoparticles by two different in vitro approaches

• Fabian Herzog,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Sandor Balog,
• Martin J. D. Clift,
• Matthias Epple,
• Peter Gehr,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1357–1370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.149

• reflects a more realistic scenario for in vitro studies than addition of NPs in suspension. Our results indicated a significant difference between the two exposure methods with submerged cultures showing a stronger effect than ALI exposed cells and, thus, revealed the importance of an adequate experimental

Optimizing the synthesis of CdS/ZnS core/shell semiconductor nanocrystals for bioimaging applications

• Li-wei Liu,
• Si-yi Hu,
• Ying Pan,
• Jia-qi Zhang,
• Yue-shu Feng and
• Xi-he Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 919–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.105

• -encapsulated nanoparticles under various pH values, testing the stability of the F127-CdS/ZnS QDs. The variation of the hydrodynamic diameter under different pH values is shown in Figure 9. The result suggests that their stability is not affected by pH values. Cell imaging and viability studies For in vitro

• studies, a cell viability (MTS) assay was carried out for F127-CdS/ZnS QDs. As shown in Figure 10, we tested the cell viability of Panc-1 cells, treating them with various concentrations of ternary nanocrystal formulations for 48 h. The cell viability remained at 84% even at a concentration as high as 500