Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability

• Thayse Viana de Oliveira,
• Ana Paula Farias Leão,
• Júlia Leão,
• Cesar Liberato Petzhold and
• Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30

• , exploiting its cationic nature, which promotes electrostatic interactions with the negatively charged stratum corneum. This mechanism underlies its well-established bioadhesive behaviour, as well as its antimicrobial and wound-healing properties, which have been widely reported in the literature [32]. The

• solubilisation of curcumin in these formulations. Ethanol acts as a co-solvent and can significantly influence hydrogel rheology. Specifically, the reduction in the dielectric constant of the medium promotes intermolecular interactions between polymer chains, leading to a more compact and cohesive polymer

• physical mixture. In the FC film, the absence of sharp endothermic transitions suggests molecular dispersion of curcumin within the polymeric matrix and the formation of intermolecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic associations, which likely contribute to reinforcement of the

Nanoinformatics: spanning scales, systems and solutions

• Iseult Lynch,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Kunal Roy and
• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 423–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.28

• nanomaterials physicochemical properties, structural features, and biomolecule interactions using both physics-based and machine-learning (ML) approaches; (ii) prediction of nanomaterials toxicity including development of novel toxicity-related descriptors; (iii) solution-focussed approaches applying advanced

• toxicity of GO was observed, and attributed to the surface interactions between TA and GO as well as to the inherent biological properties of TA in C. elegans. The findings provide insights that can be utilised for the design of safer nanomaterials, as part of the Safe and Sustainable by Design (SSbD

Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

• mimic their functions belong to the third generation of nanodelivery systems [50]. The first generation of particles was based on surface modifications to reduce the interactions with immune cells and to increase biocompatibility. Among them, biocompatible polymers like PEG and PPE have been widely used

• interactions with cells and mechanisms for crossing physiological barriers, enhancing stability for controlled drug release, and improving biocompatibility to ensure clinical safety. Tackling these challenges is essential to optimize biomimetic nanocarriers for better efficacy and successful translation into

• reducing off-target effects. The behavior of BNPs in the bloodstream is also shaped by hemodynamics and vessel wall interactions. Platelet-mimicking nanoparticles, for example, can adhere to vascular injury sites and inflamed tissues, enhancing accumulation at target areas and even supporting hemostasis

Eco-efficient materials for agricultural crops based on a mineral rich in MOR- and HEU-type zeolites

• Esperanza Yamile de la Nuez-Pantoja,
• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Gerardo Rodríguez-Fuentes,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• Ariel Martínez García,
• José Juan Calvino Gámez and
• Daniel Goma Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 381–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.26

• adsorption bands around 1403, 1450, and 1540 cm−1 and a less intense band around 1691 cm−1. All these bands were associated with N–H bending modes of NH4+, with different bonding interactions, with the most intense band measured at 1540 cm−1. Similar results were obtained by Adriano et al. [23] and Xu et al

• NH4+ arrangements with different bond interactions. Bonelli et al. [26] reported for an NH4+-ZSM-5 zeolite the presence of a triplet of overlapping FTIR bands in the range of 1350–1550 cm−1 (1405, 1465, and 1500 cm−1). For analcime undergoing NH4+ exchange, the triplet appears as two weak shoulders

Polycatecholamine nanocoatings on stainless steel: the effect on attachment of human fibroblasts and platelets

• Paulina Trzaskowska,
• Ewa Rybak,
• Maciej Trzaskowski,
• Kamil Kopeć,
• Jakub Krzemiński,
• Rafał Podgórski,
• Hatice Genc,
• Mehtap Civelek and
• Iwona Cicha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 365–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.25

• layers on stainless steel 316L via a novel in situ oxidation process and evaluated their physicochemical properties and cellular interactions at the nano/microscale. Surface characterization revealed that the polymeric coatings formed a homogenous layer with distinct topographical features and thickness

• their influence on interactions with fibroblasts and platelets. Our results show that PTYR nanocoatings significantly reduced platelet adhesion and activation, whereas PDA coatings, due to their higher primary amine content, could in some cases enhance platelet adhesion. Furthermore, fibroblast

• : cell–material interactions; Fenton oxidation; hemocompatibility; nanocoatings; polycatechols; Introduction Stainless steel 316L (SS 316L) is an iron-based alloy containing chromium and molybdenum, which promote passivation and corrosion resistance [1]. Owing to its mechanical robustness

Ferroelectric nanodot reservoir for neuromorphic computing

• Anna Razumnaya,
• Yuri Tikhonov,
• Dmitrii Naidenko,
• Léo Boron,
• Valerii Vinokur and
• Igor Lukyanchuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 352–364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.24

• into distinct polarization states that encode input history through a combination of nonlinear switching and spatial interactions. This physical reservoir naturally maps the input signal into a high-dimensional space, making it suitable for neuromorphic inference tasks. The objective of this work is to

• polarization dynamics across nanodots. The total electrostatic energy of the reservoir system becomes: Here, the system assumes the form of a frustrated Ising model with long-range antiferromagnetic interactions. The first term describes interactions between all pairs of sites via: The second term captures the

• thresholds hci. In this case, the interactions become homogeneous: The energy simplifies to: Such a system has a high degree of degeneracy. At zero applied charge Qe = 0, the minimum energy of the system corresponds to the state with zero total polarization, where half of the nanodots have up-directed

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

• the potential to provide enhanced control over laser–matter interactions, facilitating more precise NP synthesis. Advanced spatial beam shaping in PLAL The role of spatial beam shaping in PLAL The spatial profile of the laser beam plays a pivotal role in influencing all stages of the PLAL process. It

• modification through confinement, plasma–liquid interactions, and cavitation bubbles. Dittrich et al. found that the ablation threshold for Au in air is ca. 1.9 times higher than in water [136], and Sun et al. reported a reduction from 2.22 J·cm−2 (air) to 1.02 J·cm−2 (liquid-assisted) [137]. Therefore, the

• threshold fluence of the material Φth,vap: where Φ0 is the focal fluence of the incident laser beam, h is the thickness of the liquid layer over the target and ω is the size of the focused beam. Intensity also plays a crucial role, defining the emergence of nonlinear interactions. The shorter the temporal

Calculation of the dynamic stiffness of a cantilever under torsional oscillation

• Keita Nishida,
• Yuuki Yasui and
• Yoshiaki Sugimoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 303–308, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.21

• interactions in the vertical and lateral directions between the tip and the sample. An accurate evaluation of the dynamic stiffness of the cantilever is indispensable in the quantitative analyses of the interactions. We calculated the dynamic stiffness of cantilevers under torsional oscillation based on the

• in the absence of physical contact, and this dissipation is called non-contact friction [2]. Its origins have been investigated down to the nanometer scale [3][4][5]. In particular, the origin of non-contact friction is attributed to electromagnetic interactions between the two bodies, although its

• the lateral interactions [7][12][13][14]. The torsional oscillation modes of AFM cantilevers are sensitive to in-plane interaction [15][16][17]. This method enabled highly accurate imaging of the in-plane crystalline orientation by utilizing friction information [14]. Quartz tuning fork AFM is useful

Fast vortex dynamics and relaxation times in NbRe-based heterostructures

• Francesco De Chiara,
• Zahra Makhdoumi Kakhaki,
• Francesco Avitabile,
• Francesco Colangelo,
• Abhishek Kumar,
• Carmine Attanasio and
• Carla Cirillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 292–302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.20

• optimization of superconducting quantum technologies, including superconducting detectors [10][11][12], superconducting qubits [13][14], and superconducting nano- and microstrips used in high-speed electronics [15], as well as for the development of hybrid architectures enabling magnon–fluxon interactions [16

Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• due to reduced electronic interactions between layers. Raman spectroscopy and micro-XPS studies confirm these effects, revealing oxygen incorporation patterns and changes in chemical composition. In summary, the versatility in achieving selective oxidation or ablation expands the potential for device

• functional surfaces tailored for medical applications [114]. By leveraging LAO’s precise patterning capabilities, researchers can develop surfaces with nanoscale features that promote specific interactions with biological systems. For instance, functionalized surfaces could enhance cell adhesion, guide

• tissue growth, or enable selective biomolecule immobilization. As an example, Martínez et al. [115] combined top-down oxidative nanolithography techniques and bottom-up electrostatic interactions to pattern single molecules of ferritin on silicon surfaces. Furthermore, biocompatible materials such as

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• POMs, the latter trivacant species exhibits the highest Au-POM reactivity in the oxidative dehydrogenation of piperidone derivatives to the corresponding enaminones [13]. Through the oxygen atoms at its three vacant sites, SiW9 coordinates to gold metal atoms, forming strong interactions. Despite being

• graphene oxide (rGO) as an advanced carbon-based support, which provides unique electronic interactions with gold nanoparticles, and its comparison to AC and BC. The rGO support was not tested in the work by Xia et al. [13] where only activated carbon was used. Strong Au–rGO interfacial coupling should

• of oxygen functional groups than AC [27]. In contrast, CB has fewer oxygen-containing functional groups, making it more chemically inert with weaker metal–support interactions [28]. Based on these findings [27][28], the abundance of oxygen-containing functional groups among the studied carbon

Micro- and nanoscale effects in biological and bioinspired materials and surfaces

• Thies H. Büscher,
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira,
• Manuela Rebora and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 214–217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.14

• surfaces of any living organism constantly engage with the environment and face a wide range of challenges. To meet these challenges, the surfaces of any organism must often simultaneously fulfil multiple functions and adapt to various environmental pressures, which involve complex interactions between

• surface structures and their surroundings at nano-, micro-, and macroscales [1]. The physical constraints shaping such interactions are complex for all organisms, including bacteria, plants, and animals and of relevance across all habitats [2]. Understanding these interactions and the functionality of

Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment

• Georgi Mateev,
• Dean Dimov,
• Nataliya Berberova-Buhova,
• Nikoleta Kircheva,
• Todor Dudev,
• Ludmila Nikolova,
• Elena Stoykova,
• Keehoon Hong,
• Dimana Nazarova,
• Silvia Angelova and
• Lian Nedelchev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12

• calculations further support these findings, indicating that temperature-dependent intermolecular interactions and conformational changes play a significant role in shaping the optical behavior of the films. These results provide new insights into the structure–property relationships underlying thermochromism

• and properties. Polymer molecules can assemble through various intermolecular interactions, forming different aggregate structures that can drastically change the properties of solid-state materials. The wide variety of polymer chain types and architectures based on very diverse chemistries further

• measuring the intensity of the emitted fluorescence light at another wavelength. Treating PAZO at 230 °C induced an increase in fluorescence intensity (≈400%) and a redshift (20 nm). Red shift can be induced by various factors, such as changes in the polymer structure, aggregation, or interactions with

Safe and sustainable by design with ML/AI: A transformative approach to advancing nanotechnology

• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 176–185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.11

• , health, and safety (EHS) risks. The unique physicochemical properties of ENMs, including their high surface-to-volume ratio and reactivity, often result in unpredictable interactions with, and transformations by, biological and ecological systems [9][10]. Traditional risk assessment approaches, while

• , their interactions with biomolecules and toxicity endpoints that may be overlooked by traditional methods [39][40][41]. (3) Lifecycle modelling: AI-assisted simulations and probabilistic methods support comprehensive lifecycle analyses including prospective approaches, evaluating environmental fate and

• reliance on time-consuming and ethically challenging animal studies. ML and AI methods form the backbone of these predictive capabilities, allowing researchers to exploit large datasets encompassing everything from physicochemical descriptors to biomolecule interactions to transcriptomic and proteomic

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• physicochemical parameters, the surface charge is essential for determining nanocarrier interactions with biological membranes, cellular uptake, and biodistribution [17]. With a positive charge, the nanocarrier tends to be absorbed by high plasma proteins and cleared faster from the bloodstream. In contrast

• tuneable, site-specific delivery via GelMA-PEDOT interactions and degradation over 21 days [73]. Esmaeili et al. developed a charge-reversible MCM@CS@PEG-APT (DOX-GFP) nanosystem that minimises off-target effects by pH-sensitive charge transition, enhancing tumour selectivity, reducing systemic toxicity

• by promoting higher cellular uptake and minimizing nonspecific interactions, thereby enhancing therapeutic accuracy. However, despite their potential, several challenges limit their clinical translation. Regulatory authorities, including the FDA and EMA, require extensive safety assessments due to

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• the physicochemical characteristics and effectiveness of nanoliposomal (NLs) formulations. However, there has been minimal focus on elucidating nano–bio interactions and understanding the behavior of these formulations at organ and cellular levels. Specifically, it is widely recognized that when

• evolution of physicochemical characteristics and surface properties of NLs in biorelevant media. Additionally, in order to point out the influence of specific characteristics on the brain targeting potential of these formulations, we investigated interactions between NLs and blood–brain barrier (BBB, hCMEC

• therapeutic outcomes [3][5]. Namely, current research on NLs predominantly focuses on their physicochemical characteristics and efficiency, but minimal attention has been given to understanding the nano–bio interactions at organ and cellular levels. When exposed to biological fluids, nanodelivery systems like

Capabilities of the 3D-MLSI software tool in superconducting neuron design

• Irina E. Tarasova,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Evgeny N. Zhardetsky,
• Aleksandr S. Ionin,
• Mikhail M. Khapaev and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 122–138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.8

• supplemented with elements that supply and read out the input and output magnetic fluxes, respectively. Possible interactions between parts of the experimental device complicate the analysis of its TF; however, the necessary design criteria can still be expressed through the components of a 5 × 5 inductance

• and Gauss neurons whose layouts (see Figure 5) were obtained mainly by scaling down previously studied prototypes [26][27]. Some design adjustments were made also to explore the scalability of neurons layouts and to suppress screen-mediated interactions. In particular, the minimum linewidth of the

• , that is, a matrix for interactions between mesh cells and a Galerkin matrix for solution of integro-differential equations. Filling the matrices needs O(N2) operations, and the solution procedure needs O(N3) operations, where N is the number of mesh nodes. These two operations basically define the

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• from [e.g., n = 507] HSPC-50-R-PE control liposomes and [e.g., n = 788] HSPC-IM-R-PE immunoliposomes, which were obtained from six and eight independent AFM images, respectively. 2.4 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Drug–nanoparticle interactions were studied by subjecting the previously

• occurs passively during the formation of vesicles. For water-soluble drugs, such as those used in this study, loading occurs through interactions with the intraliposomal aqueous core. For hydrophilic drugs, encapsulation efficiency tends to be low, so the drug/lipid ratio is usually lower, between 10 and

• findings highlight the importance of optimizing lipid composition not only according to the general hydrophilicity or lipophilicity of the drug, but also considering the molecular size, structure, and specific interactions with lipid components. The stability of formulations containing HSPC 50 was

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

Microscopic study of the intermediate mixed state in intertype superconductors

• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Alexander V. Kalashnikov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin and
• Alexei Vagov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 57–62, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.5

• entire temperature range 0 < T < Tc. Our results demonstrate the key features of IT superconductivity, namely, nonmonotonic vortex interactions and formation of vortex clusters. Using results of the calculations, we construct a “temperature–coupling” phase diagram that delineates distinct superconducting

• vortex–vortex interactions, which are attractive at long and repulsive at short ranges [14]. The long-range attraction destabilizes the regular Abrikosov lattice, promoting the formation of vortex clusters. Subsequent studies have also highlighted the important role of many-vortex effects, which extend

• beyond simple pairwise interactions and decisively shape IMS vortex configurations [26][27]. Despite the long-standing experimental evidence and theoretical efforts, IT superconductivity remains insufficiently explored. This gap arises from the limitations of perturbative approaches, which are strictly

Subdigital integumentary microstructure in Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkota): do those lineages with incipiently expressed toepads exclusively exhibit adhesive setae?

• Philipp Ginal,
• Yannick Ecker,
• Timothy Higham,
• L. Lee Grismer,
• Benjamin Wipfler,
• Dennis Rödder,
• Anthony Russell and
• Jendrian Riedel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 38–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.4

• arboreal, lifestyle [29] as these microstructures effect increased adhesive interactions with smooth, inclined surfaces. The surfaces of some arboreal habitats can be very smooth [30][31][32], imposing selective demands for adhesive capabilities that permit safe and efficient locomotion. Saxicoline

• sufficient van der Waals interactions between the feet and the substratum to allow the first stages of whole-body support (whole-animal adhesive competency) [3][13]. Initial strengthening of adhesive attachment between the digits and the substratum can be hypothesized to underlie subsequent modification of

•  1), yet shows adhesive competency [7][13][50]. Once this occurs, the filament–substrate interaction can be seen as the “trigger” that promotes further elaboration of spines and prongs into setae (enhancing adhesive interactions) and the modification of the scales to support more filaments (promoting

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• strategies for tailoring nanoparticle/substrate interactions. Keywords: adhesion; atomic force microscopy; magnetron sputtering; nanomanipulation; nanoparticles; Introduction Nanoparticles (NPs) are at the forefront of basic research and technological innovation, captivating researchers and engineers from

• [15][16][17]. However, achieving consistently accurate manipulation of NPs has inherent limitations due to limited knowledge of the exact geometry of the AFM tip as well as the complex interactions involving surface contact area and interfacial friction between the AFM tip, NPs, and the substrate [18

• ]. Further, the yield strength effects are also entirely omitted. In addition, neither chemical interactions with the substrate nor its mechanical response are considered. For small NP diameters (2–4 nm), the predicted deformation seems clearly overestimated, as the theoretical contact radius exceeds the NP

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• ratios [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] and polarization anisotropy [30][31]. In biological applications involving fluorescent nanothermometry, light–tissue interactions must be carefully considered for an accurate temperature measurement. To address this, a wide range of luminescent

• electrostatic interactions between the cationic PEI coating and negatively charged cell surfaces. The positive charge of PEI can be enhanced at lower pH levels, such as those found in parts of the C. elegans digestive tract [60], potentially promoting further endocytosis. In contrast, the UCNPs@lipids

Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size

• Dounia Louaguef,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Sébastien Diliberto,
• Klaus M. Seemann,
• Thomas Gries,
• Joelle Bizeau,
• Damien Mertz,
• Eric Gaffet and
• Halima Alem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157

• Zn2+ into tetrahedral sites, which strengthens the Fe3+–O bond through enhanced covalency and changes in cation distribution, leading to shorter and stiffer bonds. The additional upward shift to 730 cm−1 in the core–shell structure reflects interfacial strain and electronic interactions between the

• observed peak positions and their shift, highlighting the impact of lattice distortions, bond strengthening, and interfacial interactions on the vibrational properties of the material [18]. The presence of peaks at ≈2850 cm−1 and ≈2920 cm−1 is associated with the C–H stretching vibrations from surface

Visualizing nanostructures in supramolecular hydrogels: a correlative study using confocal and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy

• Shaun M. Smith,
• Ferdinando Malagreca,
• Jacqueline Hicks,
• Giuseppe Mantovani,
• David B. Amabilino,
• Christopher Parmenter and
• Lluïsa Pérez-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2274–2284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.156

• nitrogen atoms are functionalized with carboxymethyl groups, providing aqueous solubility and enabling favourable interactions with the cationic imidazolium-based moieties in the gel network. Together, these probes enable complementary insights into the gel network’s morphology and probe–gel interactions