Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• fluorophore scaffold, and the sensing signal is primarily colorimetric, with some examples also producing dual colorimetric/fluorescent outputs. The absence of Co2+ in the body can increase the PA risk, as the central Co2+ in the corrin ring of VB12 plays a pivotal role in iron metabolism to synthesize

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• most promising among them are photocatalytic processes that utilize titanium dioxide nanoparticles under UV radiation. These are very efficient degradation processes for degrading plastics to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water [43]. Fenton reactions, involving a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and iron

• systems that combine nanotechnology with biological components (e.g., enzymes), are emerging as environmentally benign solutions in addition to independent nanoparticles. Enzyme–nanoparticle conjugates can target certain plastic polymers, enabling more rapid and targeted breakdown. Iron oxide

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• ). After curing for 1 h at 80 °C, a transverse section of the mounted tubes was finely ground with SiC grit 800 abrasive suspensions on a high-flatness cast-iron lapping plate. The sections were then polished in three steps on textile cloths soaked with diamond suspensions of 6, 3, and 1 µm, respectively

• fixative used, as shown by Gruet et al. [10], and this could also explain the differences reported between studies. It is worth noting that a previous study conducted on S. alveolata found small amounts of iron and manganese in the glands’ periphery [10]. However, these metals were not detected in this

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• formation of iron oxide nanowires was reported only in case of ablation with a 248 nm laser of iron powder suspended in methanol, while other solvents (including water, ethanol, isopropanol, and glycol) resulted in only spherical NPs. Moreover, ablation using a 532 nm laser produced spherical NPs in all the

• solvents including methanol. The authors explained the influence of the methanol environment on the nanomaterial shape by attributing it to chemical reactions between iron and methanol molecules, which resulted in the formation of goethite (FeO(OH)) and subsequently led to nanowire growth: Since iron oxide

• ] prepared nanosheets of mixed nickel and iron hydroxide with a complex composition ([Ni1−xFex(OH)2](NO3)y(OH)x−y·nH2O). The authors used nanosecond ablation of the dispersed metal powders in a salt solution of the second element. The effect of hydrogen ions formed as a result of a liquid decomposition was

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• biomaterials [16][17]. Owing to their high adaptability to various metals, including silver, zinc, iron, and platinum, their operational simplicity, and the ability to control nanoparticle size and morphology by selecting plant extracts and reaction conditions, green synthesis is gaining increasing prominence

• in optical and photocatalytic applications, particularly in regenerative procedures and dental coatings [48][49]. The sparse use of other metals such as magnesium, iron, selenium, and cerium oxides suggests ongoing exploration of less conventional materials with niche properties, possibly linked to

• iron oxide nanoparticles doped with silver (Ag-Fe2O3) exhibited dual properties, that is, antimicrobial protection and stimulation of osteoblastic activity. In prosthodontics, biogenic nanoparticles have been incorporated into denture base resins and soft liners, demonstrating significant antifungal

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• exchange of Ca2+ ions with Na+ [144]. The complementary characteristics of chitosan and alginate have been utilized to develop nanocarriers for the release of proteins and/or peptides, such as bovine lactoferrin (LF). LF is a cationic glycoprotein involved in iron transport, with immunomodulatory and

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• ) describes the formation of metal–organic co-assembly nanoparticles without a carrier. The formulation contains sorafenib, a molecularly targeted anticancer drug, ursolic acid as an API, and iron ions. Ursolic acid, a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoid, exhibits a variety of biological activities

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• emerged as a promising approach. Materials such as silver, ZnO, TiO2, and iron oxide are frequently used in membrane construction due to their high reactivity and effective catalytic behaviour. These membranes are not only simple to engineer but also exhibit strong antibacterial activity. Additionally

Modeling magnetic properties of cobalt nanofilms used as a component of spin hybrid superconductor–ferromagnetic structures

• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Olesya Severyukhina,
• Anastasia Salomatina and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1557–1566, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.110

• technologies [5][6][7] based on Josephson junctions. It is well established that the properties of nanostructures can significantly differ from those of bulk samples. Currently, close attention is paid to thin-film magnetic structures, which include cobalt and iron [8][9][10]. Thus, in [1], the crystal

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

• Shoronia N. Cross Katalin V. Korpany Hanine Zakaria Amy Szuchmacher Blum Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada 10.3762/bjnano.16.106 Abstract The preparation of multimodal nanoparticles by capping magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• erroneous conclusions about the efficacy of conjugation reactions, which can have detrimental impacts on the functionality and safety of IONPs in biomedical applications. Keywords: click chemistry; copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition; disulfide reduction; iron oxide nanoparticles; thiol–maleimide

• Michael addition; Introduction Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been the subject of an immense body of research in the field of biomedicine, where their magnetic properties are appealing for such applications as MRI contrast agents [1], tumor hyperthermia [2], and magnetic drug delivery [3

Nanomaterials for biomedical applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Filippo Pierini,
• Seda Kizilel and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1499–1503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.105

• ]. Polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and carbon-based structures such as carbon nanotubes are very promising when it comes to delivering drugs and genes to certain parts of the body [3]. Conversely, metallic nanoparticles such as gold and iron oxide, and fluorescent quantum dots have applications in

• color upon detecting the virus. Their capability to attach to specific antibodies or DNA strands makes them perfect for detecting even faint traces of disease [18]. Moreover, magnetic nanoparticles specially made from iron oxide are also being used in medical imaging. They are usually employed as

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• efficiency of BC in MP removal. Specifically, MBC derived from sludge and red mud has demonstrated improved adsorption capacity for nanoplastics [43]. Furthermore, modifying feedstock with urea, ascorbic acid, and iron salts before pyrolysis enhances iron and nitrogen content, improving microbial community

• structure, facilitates enhanced physical and chemical adsorption, as well as electrostatic interactions, thereby improving the removal of small MP particles [34]. Additionally, PS adsorption mechanisms suggest that MP self-polymerization and the strengthened metal–O bonding in nano-iron-modified biochar

• relatively high removal efficiency of 94.12%, its low adsorption capacity (4.5 mg·g−1) necessitates the use of a large quantity of adsorbent to ensure effective removal [78]. Notably, aluminum anodes have shown superior performance compared to iron anodes, with removal efficiencies, varying according to MP

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• proteins, ligand exchange kinetics comparable to those of platinum complexes, their two predominant oxidation states (II and III), and their ability to mimic iron when interacting with biological molecules [124]. However, their therapeutic application is hindered, as in most of the metallodrugs, by poor

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• Ferroptosis has shown potential therapeutic effects in tumor therapy as an iron-dependent programmed cell death. The induction of ferroptosis is based on lipid peroxidation, the accumulation of iron and reactive oxygen species, and the depletion of glutathione. Nowadays, various nanoparticles are reported for

• methods that have been developed to reduce mortality, alleviate chronic pain, and improve quality of life [5]. In 2021, Dixon initially introduced the concept of a new form of cell death called ferroptosis [6]. This form of cell death relies on iron and is not related to apoptosis, distinguished by the

• inducing ferroptosis through various pathways to enhance cancer therapy. We also discuss stimuli-responsive liposomes and evaluate their effects on the immune system. 2 Ferroptosis A recently recognized regulated condition of iron-dependent cell death is called ferroptosis [7][22]. The Latin term “ferrum

Deep-learning recognition and tracking of individual nanotubes in low-contrast microscopy videos

• Vladimir Pimonov,
• Said Tahir and
• Vincent Jourdain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1316–1324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.96

• , horizontally aligned carbon nanotubes (HA-CNTs) were synthesized inside a miniature chemical vapor deposition (CVD) cell with an optical window (Linkam TS1500). ST-cut quartz and iron nanoparticles served as substrate and catalyst, respectively. Ethanol and argon were, respectively, used as carbon precursor

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• is the effective mass of the electron. Stainless steel has a more complex electron density than pure metals because it is composed of a mix of iron, chromium, nickel, and other elements. Stainless steel’s electron density varies depending on the composition and microstructure of the alloy, typically

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• iron transport protein and possesses a hollow cage-like structure, which offers high drug loading. Initially, ferritin was only used as a template to develop diagnostic agents [96]. Later, it was used to encapsulate a wide range of therapeutic agents. Importantly, ferritin receptors are overexpressed

• phage for targeted drug delivery. In a recent study, the DNA of the M13 phage was modified to encode for SPARC binding peptide and cathepsin B cleavage peptide. Then, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were covalently bonded to cathepsin B expressed on M13 phages to track their intracellular

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

• Taisei Himeda,
• Risako Kunitomi,
• Ryosuke Nabeya,
• Tamotsu Zako and
• Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

• phthalocyanine (AlClPc, 98%), iron(II) phthalocyanine (FePc, 95%), zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc, >95%), and 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DBPF) were purchased from TCI Chemicals. All materials were used without further purification. Aqueous solution samples were prepared with deionized water. Fabrication and

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• (Figure 6) [241]. The presence of two salts and two surfactants ensures the stability of the lyotropic liquid crystal mesophase even at elevated salt concentrations. The calcium and iron salts act as eutectic solvents, facilitating the assembly of surfactants into the lyotropic liquid crystal phase

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite

• Sumanta Sahoo,
• Ankur Sood and
• Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

• 710 F/g. The MW-assisted approaches have been further explored for the synthesis of binary NCs based on rGO and iron oxides. In one of our earlier reports, such an MW irradiation-based approach was adopted to synthesize Fe2O3/rGO NC, using hemin as the precursor. Owing to its 3D network structure, the

• NCs of iron oxide and graphene through the MW route. For example, Kumar et al. demonstrated the MW-assisted rapid synthesis of a ternary NC based on rGO, carbon nanotubes, and Fe3O4 NPs, using ferrocene as the Fe-containing precursor [15]. The NC exhibited its potential to be used for EMI shielding

• irradiation process. It is important to note that ferrocene was used as the precursor for the iron oxide. In a typical process, graphite oxide (100 mg), V2O5 powder (50 mg), and ferrocene (50 mg) were thoroughly mixed in a mortar pestle. Finally, the mixed powder was MW irradiated at a power of 700 W for 90 s

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• coating of diamond surface with a metal catalyst has been explored to reduce the temperatures required for the initiation of the graphitization process. Nickel [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24], iron [25][26][27][28], copper [29][30], gallium [31], and molybdenum [32] allow the fabrication of graphene-on

• indicates that the majority of graphite layers is predominantly located on the outermost surface of Ni-free diamond at a large angle, close to a right angle. A similar angular behavior of the NEXAFS spectrum was previously observed for the iron-coated (100) face of a polished SCD after vacuum annealing at

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• an aqueous solution of iron chloride (30 wt %) for 2 h to dissolve the copper foil. The remaining free PyC film was washed twice in dilute HCl (10 wt %) and then in deionized water until neutral pH was reached. The floating PyC film was trapped either on bare or MoS2-covered SiO2/Si substrates and

Facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Ni/NiO on stainless steel for an efficient electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction

• Ha Huu Do,
• Khac Binh Nguyen,
• Phuong N. Nguyen and
• Hoai Phuong Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 837–846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.63

• electrocatalytic applications [30]. For instance, Wang et al. deposited nickel–iron on SS, which was used as a high-performance electrode for water oxidation [31]. Hence, in this study, we utilized commercial 304 SS and coated it with the Ni/NiO catalyst through a one-step radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• Monterrey, Apodaca, Nuevo León, 66629, México Centro de Investigación en Innovación en Ingeniería Aeronáutica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Carretera a Salinas Victoria K.M. 24.5, Apodaca, Nuevo León 66600, México 10.3762/bjnano.16.60 Abstract This work reports the synthesis of pyrite (iron

• synthesized by PLAL. FeS2 NPs were successfully synthesized in five different solvents, along with a minor phase of iron sulfide (FeS). Additionally, by combining electrophoretic deposition and spin-coating techniques, thin film photodiodes of FeS2 were fabricated on an n-type Si substrate utilizing the

• oxidizable sulfide ion coexist in iron sulfides, making their synthesis more difficult than that of iron oxide [17]. Unlike FeS2, there are reports on the synthesis of other iron-based oxides via PLAL. These studies have demonstrated the successful production of Fe3O4 nanoparticles by ablating iron plates in