Atomic layer deposition for efficient oxygen evolution reaction at Pt/Ir catalyst layers

• Stefanie Schlicht,
• Korcan Percin,
• Stefanie Kriescher,
• André Hofer,
• Claudia Weidlich,
• Matthias Wessling and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 952–959, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.79

• the subsequent measurements, an inert gas flow was maintained over the surface of the liquid electrolyte. Following this pretreatment, the electrochemical analyses consisted of linear sweep voltammograms (LSV) recorded from 0.7 to 1.6 V vs NHE (three scans, 1 mV·s−1). Before every LSV scan a

A 3D-polyphenylalanine network inside porous alumina: Synthesis and characterization of an inorganic–organic composite membrane

• Jonathan Stott and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 938–951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.78

• roughness of the outer surface [52][53][54]. where θ is the Young contact angle on smooth surfaces, rf is the roughness ratio, which is defined by the ratio of the true surface area and the apparent surface area of the solid–liquid interface, and f is the fraction of the projected area of the solid that is

• wetted by the liquid. Equation 1 shows that the Young contact angle on smooth and hydrophobic surfaces (θ > 90°) is further increased by increasing the surface roughness ratio rf. If the fraction of the projected area of the outer surface (which is wetted by the water droplet) becomes about 100% (f = 1

Three-dimensional solvation structure of ethanol on carbonate minerals

• Hagen Söngen,
• Ygor Morais Jaques,
• Peter Spijker,
• Christoph Marutschke,
• Stefanie Klassen,
• Ilka Hermes,
• Ralf Bechstein,
• Lidija Zivanovic,
• John Tracey,
• Adam S. Foster and
• Angelika Kühnle

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 891–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.74

• surfaces interact with a large variety of organic molecules, which can result in surface restructuring. This process is decisive for the formation of biominerals. With the development of 3D atomic force microscopy (AFM) it is now possible to image solid–liquid interfaces with unprecedented molecular

• mode [25]. The quantities given in this work are labelled as introduced in [26]. After cleaving calcite (Korth Kristalle, Germany) and magnesite (SurfaceNet, Germany) in air, ethanol (Sigma Aldrich, article number 32205, purity ≥ 99.8%) was injected in the liquid cell. Since the ethanol was exposed to

Key for crossing the BBB with nanoparticles: the rational design

• Sonia M. Lombardo,
• Marc Schneider,
• Akif E. Türeli and
• Nazende Günday Türeli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 866–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.72

• applications of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) for brain delivery are using the intranasal pathway [164][165][166][167], some studies have shown that NLC are also able to deliver drugs to the brain through the BBB. NLC are lipid-based particles composed of a liquid lipid phase inside a solid lipid phase

• [27]. The liquid lipid phase allows for a better solubilization of APIs and thus for a higher drug loading capacity than that of SLNs [168]. NLCs loaded with itraconazole prepared with PS80 were able to almost double the itraconazole concentration in the brain compared to the drug alone [169]. In

Transition from freestanding SnO₂ nanowires to laterally aligned nanowires with a simulation-based experimental design

• Jasmin-Clara Bürger,
• Sebastian Gutsch and
• Margit Zacharias

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 843–853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.69

• laterally aligned nanowires, indicating that the nanowire growth takes place in a transient period of the gas exchange. Keywords: finite element method simulation; laterally aligned nanowires; planar growth; tin oxide; vapor–liquid–solid nanowire growth; Introduction Since the first reports in 1964 by

• Wagner and Ellis about the possibility to use a vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) process to grow semiconductor nanowires (NWs), significant work has been published on the production of nanowires [1][2]. It was demonstrated that NWs of different materials can be grown on different substrates and can be

Epitaxial growth and superconducting properties of thin-film PdFe/VN and VN/PdFe bilayers on MgO(001) substrates

• Wael M. Mohammed,
• Igor V. Yanilkin,
• Amir I. Gumarov,
• Airat G. Kiiamov,
• Roman V. Yusupov and
• Lenar R. Tagirov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 807–813, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.65

• ], indicating the high purity and structural quality of our VN film. The superconducting transition temperature Tc of the VN film is 7.7 K (see Table 1), which is well above the temperature of liquid helium, LHeT = 4.2 K. Figure 5b shows a very sharp resistive transition at T = 7.7 K with a small width of 25 mK

• , well above the liquid helium temperature of 4.2 K and, therefore, suitable for superconducting spintronics. The superconducting transition stays sharp with a somewhat larger width of ΔTc = 50 mK. Moreover, there is no resistive tail towards lower temperatures. These results, in our opinion, indicate

Light–matter interactions in two-dimensional layered WSe₂ for gauging evolution of phonon dynamics

• Avra S. Bandyopadhyay,
• Chandan Biswas and
• Anupama B. Kaul

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 782–797, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.63

• collect the data throughout this study. The temperature-dependent Raman and PL measurements were conducted using liquid nitrogen (LN2) in a THMS600 Linkam temperature cell at ambient pressure. During the temperature-dependent measurements, the sample was first cooled gradually using LN2 from room

Nickel nanoparticles supported on a covalent triazine framework as electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reactions

• Secil Öztürk,
• Yu-Xuan Xiao,
• Dennis Dietrich,
• Beatriz Giesen,
• Juri Barthel,
• Jie Ying,
• Xiao-Yu Yang and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 770–781, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.62

• nanoparticles supported on CTF-1 in the ionic liquid (IL) [BMIm][NTf2] using a microwave-assisted synthesis. The obtained material Ni/CTF-1 was investigated as a catalyst for electrochemical OER and ORR for the first time and showed a superior OER performance compared to commercial RuO2 under alkaline

• a fast and efficient microwave synthesis within 10 min from Ni(COD)2 and the CTF substrate in an ionic liquid. The choice of the CTF substrate enables the control over nitrogen doping by selecting appropriate aromatic nitriles as monomers [32][37][40]. Also, it has been proven that the use of CTFs

• ABCR. All materials were used without further purification. 1-Methylimidazole (>99%) was obtained from Sigma Aldrich, purified via fractional distillation and dried over molecular sieves for several days. Water was purified using the Millipore® system. The ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium

Hexagonal boron nitride: a review of the emerging material platform for single-photon sources and the spin–photon interface

• Stefania Castelletto,
• Faraz A. Inam,
• Shin-ichiro Sato and
• Alberto Boretti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 740–769, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.61

• excitation at room and low temperature was performed, confirming similar results of spectral linewidths of h-BN SPEs in flakes narrower than 1 GHz with an average spectral diffusion time of around 100 ms [133]. h-BN flakes were investigated at liquid helium temperature and using off and on resonance

A novel dry-blending method to reduce the coefficient of thermal expansion of polymer templates for OTFT electrodes

• Xiangdong Ye,
• Bo Tian,
• Yuxuan Guo,
• Fan Fan and
• Anjiang Cai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 671–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.53

• remain high [19]. Hence, we propose a novel dry-blending method, in which the nanomaterial is filled into the grooves of a patterned template first, and then the liquid polymer is poured on the template. As the polymer will permeate into the gaps of the nanomaterial to form the composite, the resultant

Exfoliation in a low boiling point solvent and electrochemical applications of MoO₃

• Matangi Sricharan,
• Bikesh Gupta,
• Sreejesh Moolayadukkam and
• H. S. S. Ramakrishna Matte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 662–670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.52

• mV·s−1. Keywords: 2-butanone; liquid-phase exfoliation; low-boiling point solvent; molybdenum trioxide (MoO3); supercapacitors; Introduction The advent of graphene has opened a new area of research in the field of two-dimensional materials [1]. The extraordinary properties of graphene have led

• crucial to exfoliate MoO3 for improved performance in a variety of applications. Liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) has been shown to be an effective technique for obtaining dispersions of two-dimensional materials. It also offers the advantages of low cost and scalability [2]. The LPE process is initiated

• either by ultrasonic vibrations or shearing in a liquid medium that facilitates the exfoliation. To influence the energies relevant for the exfoliation in aqueous media, additives such as surfactants and polymers are used [8]. However, their removal is quite tedious and the remnants are detrimental for

Silver-decorated gel-shell nanobeads: physicochemical characterization and evaluation of antibacterial properties

• Marta Bartel,
• Katarzyna Markowska,
• Marcin Strawski,
• Krystyna Wolska and
• Maciej Mazur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 620–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.49

• supplemented with 0.45% glucose and MBIC of 0.5 µg/mL of the nanobeads. Then the biofilms were grown on glass microscope dishes for 24 h at 37 °C. After incubation, the liquid medium was removed and the biofilms were gently rinsed with distilled water twice. Bacterial cells were stained with SYTO-9 and

Soybean-derived blue photoluminescent carbon dots

• Shanshan Wang,
• Wei Sun,
• Dong-sheng Yang and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 606–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.48

• nm from soy milk also at 180 °C. Laser ablation in liquid (LAL) has been used to produce nanomaterials with special morphologies, microstructures, and phases and with various functionalized nanostructures [23][24][25]. For example, carbon-based nanoparticles with fewer side-products have been

• . The LAL processing of the annealed-HTC carbon particles in the NH4OH solution was performed with a pulse energy of 100 mJ for 1 h. After the LAL processing, the liquid that remained in the vial was collected and filtered with a 0.45 µm syringe prior to analysis. After all solvents were evaporated, ≈4

• the surface N-functionalization of carbon nanoparticles derived from biomass and biowaste and for the production of carbon nanoparticles with stable PL characteristics and excellent water-wettability. Schematic of the setup for laser ablation in liquid. TEM images of soybean-derived nanoparticles: (a

Adsorptive removal of bulky dye molecules from water with mesoporous polyaniline-derived carbon

• Hyung Jun An,
• Jong Min Park,
• Nazmul Abedin Khan and
• Sung Hwa Jhung

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 597–605, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.47

• -presence of activating agents such as KOH, H3PO4 or ZnCl2 [39]. Even though PANI-derived carbon (PDC) was used in gas-phase adsorption [40][41], it has been scarcely applied in liquid phase adsorption. Only recently we applied PDC for the possible purification of water contaminated with organics and fuel

Interfacial charge transfer processes in 2D and 3D semiconducting hybrid perovskites: azobenzene as photoswitchable ligand

• Nicole Fillafer,
• Tobias Seewald,
• Lukas Schmidt-Mende and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 466–479, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.38

• only by a length variation but also by a significant change of the dipole moment [33][34]. Azobenzenes were used in various materials namely as liquid crystals, optical switches or for data storage [35][36]. Because of the chemical and physical changes associated with the switching process, the

Brome mosaic virus-like particles as siRNA nanocarriers for biomedical purposes

• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Pierrick G. J. Fournier,
• Danna L. Arellano,
• Ana G. Rodriguez-Hernandez,
• Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 372–382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.28

• morphology of the VLP-siRNA was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Copper grids (400 mesh, Ted Pella) were used, in which 6 μL of the sample was placed at a concentration of 0.1 μg/μL and after two minutes the liquid excess was removed by using Whatman No. 2 filter paper. Negative contrast was

An advanced structural characterization of templated meso-macroporous carbon monoliths by small- and wide-angle scattering techniques

• Felix M. Badaczewski,
• Marc O. Loeh,
• Torben Pfaff,
• Dirk Wallacher,
• Daniel Clemens and
• Bernd M. Smarsly

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 310–322, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.23

• impregnated with a liquid or dissolved carbon precursor, and thus the carbonization of the precursors takes place within the pores. Template removal is typically performed with concentrated aqueous solutions of NaOH or HF. The hierarchical pore system and the bimodal distribution of pore sizes provide a high

• liquid coal-tar pitch (“Pitch”) or a liquid resole (“Resin”). The carbonization was conducted under nitrogen atmosphere and at a maximum heat treatment temperature of 800 °C. The SiO2 template was etched by exposure to hydrofluoric acid, and the graphitization took place in an Acheson furnace at 3000 °C

• the macropore space. A 1:1 copy of the pristine SiO2 macropore space is obtained (Figure 1, top). In case of the mesopores the filling is based on a substantial capillary pressure, capturing the nonpolar liquid precursor within the mesopores, which are then replicated. The corresponding SEM images

Understanding nanoparticle flow with a new in vitro experimental and computational approach using hydrogel channels

• Armel Boutchuen,
• Dell Zimmerman,
• Abdollah Arabshahi,
• John Melnyczuk and
• Soubantika Palchoudhury

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 296–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.22

• hydrogel channels were formed via a facile experimental technique using a newly constructed syringe and plastic tube assembly (Figure 4). The liquid gel was allowed to solidify overnight within the syringe–tube assembly and slowly removed from the assembly after solidification. The resultant final product

• mL DI water. A plastic syringe and tube assembly was constructed to fabricate the cylindrical hydrogel flowpath. The liquid pHEMA hydrogel mixture was transferred to a 3 mL plastic syringe (Fisher). The thin plastic tube of diameter 4 mm was inserted through the open end of the syringe to form the

Using gold nanoparticles to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms: toward liquid biopsy

• María Sanromán Iglesias and
• Marek Grzelczak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 263–284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.20

• possibility of detecting genetic mutations rapidly in physiological media through liquid biopsy has attracted the attention within the materials science community. The physical properties of nanoparticles combined with robust transduction methods ensure an improved sensitivity and specificity of a given assay

• simple blood test, setting thus a milestone of “liquid biopsy”. Liquid biopsy has the potential to accelerate the early cancer diagnosis by the detection of biomolecules such as cell-fee DNA directly in blood samples. Currently, the development of liquid biopsies is directly linked to the state-of-the

• techniques are without parallel in the analysis of genetic material and the detection of mutations, they require an operation by specialized personnel in large infrastructures such as hospitals or research centers. The democratization of liquid biopsy and therefore the advancement of personal medicine needs

Phase inversion-based nanoemulsions of medium chain triglyceride as potential drug delivery system for parenteral applications

• Eike Folker Busmann,
• Dailén García Martínez,
• Henrike Lucas and
• Karsten Mäder

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 213–224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.16

• drug delivery systems such as solid lipid or polymeric nanoparticles, nanocapsules, liquid nanoemulsions, liposomes and micelles can be used to carry poorly water soluble ingredients of pharmaceuticals for parenteral applications [1][2][3]. Thereby, the physical entrapment of the active ingredients

Size effects of graphene nanoplatelets on the properties of high-density polyethylene nanocomposites: morphological, thermal, electrical, and mechanical characterization

• Tuba Evgin,
• Alpaslan Turgut,
• Georges Hamaoui,
• Zdenko Spitalsky,
• Nicolas Horny,
• Matej Micusik,
• Mihai Chirtoc,
• Mehmet Sarikanat and
• Maria Omastova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 167–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.14

• , Philips). The nanocomposite microstructures were examined at a cryofractured surface in liquid nitrogen, and then coated with a thin layer of gold. XRD analyses (X’Pert PRO, Philips) were performed to determine the overall phase and crystalline structure of the samples. The XRD patterns were recorded at 5

Nonclassical dynamic modeling of nano/microparticles during nanomanipulation processes

• Moharam Habibnejad Korayem,
• Ali Asghar Farid and
• Rouzbeh Nouhi Hefzabad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 147–166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.13

• manipulation process by considering two fields on the nanometer and micrometer scale related to the nanoparticle and cantilever, respectively, Korayem et al. modeled the manipulation in vacuum, liquid and humid environments. Their proposed model contained a nonclassical model of MCST for the cantilever and tip

Molecular architectonics of DNA for functional nanoarchitectures

• Debasis Ghosh,
• Lakshmi P. Datta and
• Thimmaiah Govindaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 124–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.11

• of detergent-resistant 0.8 µm-long liquid crystalline DNA nanotubes organized from a 7.3 kb scaffold strand and >170 short oligonucleotide-long staple strands. The liquid crystalline matrices of six helix DNA origami bundles induced a weak alignment of proteins within the plasma membrane. The

• solubilization and weak alignment of proteins within plasma membrane are crucial to measure the residual dipolar couplings (RDCs), and the RDCs are crucial to obtain NMR structural information on membrane-bound proteins. As reported, DNA origami-based liquid crystalline media can overcome detergent-related

A review of demodulation techniques for multifrequency atomic force microscopy

• David M. Harcombe,
• Michael G. Ruppert and
• Andrew J. Fleming

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 76–91, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.8

• particularly suited to intermittent-contact AFM [9] when tip–sample contact is gentle. Environmental damping has a large effect on the quality factor (Q) of the cantilever. Values can range from as low as Q ≈ 1 in liquid [10], up to Q ≈ 10,000 in ultra-high vacuum [11]. This affects the mechanical bandwidth of

• components. Small interaction forces associated with higher-harmonic AFM have been imaged in free air [18] as well as liquid [19]. This has lead to relatively large biological objects being imaged including viruses [20] and cells [21]. Multimodal AFM, where two or more resonance frequencies are driven, has

An investigation on the drag reduction performance of bioinspired pipeline surfaces with transverse microgrooves

• Weili Liu,
• Hongjian Ni,
• Peng Wang and
• Yi Zhou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 24–40, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.3

• circulation medium was tap water, and the flow rate could be changed by a control valve. During the entire experimental procedure, the liquid level of water tank 2 remained at overflow to guarantee a consistent water head height for the contrast experiment. In order to ensure that the test section was in a

• microvortexes gathered in the microgroove to form a vortex ‘cushioning’ effect, like a rolling bearing. Consequently, the external fluid flew through the microgrooves without contacting the solid wall. The sliding friction between the solid and the liquid interface in the smooth pipe flow changed into rolling

• friction between two liquid interfaces in the bionic pipe flow. In addition, extra frictional drag formed between the vortexes and grooved wall, whose direction was the same as the flow direction. This resulted in the frictional drag having a ‘driving’ effect on the fluid flow. As such, the reduction of