Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• poor physicochemical and organoleptic properties. This study aimed to develop and optimize a topical microemulsion (ME) system incorporating P. setacea seed oil using quality by design principles to address formulation challenges. The oil was extracted via Soxhlet and characterized by gas

• cytotoxicity and skin irritation [8]. Furthermore, the optimization of microemulsion formulations may be time-consuming and costly, and their stability is often sensitive to environmental factors (e.g., pH, salinity, and temperature). These challenges highlight the importance of a comprehensive understanding

• variability and supporting the systematic optimization of the formulation [10][12]. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop and optimize a low-surfactant microemulsion containing PEG-30 castor oil and Span® 80, based on the approach described by Dourado et al. (2022) [13], as a topical delivery system

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• preformed polymers are the most commonly used techniques. Methods based on the polymerization of monomers include emulsion polymerization, miniemulsion, microemulsion, and interfacial polymerization, which differ in initiation mechanisms and stabilization strategies. Emulsion polymerization, for instance

• , can occur in organic or aqueous continuous phases, with the latter offering a reduction of toxic solvent residues. Miniemulsion and microemulsion methods provide better control over particle size and distribution, although microemulsion polymerization often requires higher concentrations of

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• , microemulsion and inverse microemulsion, hydrothermal method, seeding, sonoelectrodeposition, and coprecipitation can be implemented for the synthesis of nanoparticles [98]. In the context of cancer treatment, nanoparticles promote enhanced biocompatibility, reduced toxicity, and increased stability and

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• encapsulation in SLNs include high-pressure homogenization and microemulsion techniques. In these processes, drugs are incorporated in the melted lipid before nanoparticle formation, leading to high entrapment efficiency within the solidified lipid matrix, whereas hydrophilic drugs may be partitioned at the

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• bactericidal, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic effects. Therefore, this study aims to obtain a microemulsified formulation containing the essential oil of Cymbopogon flexuosus (EOCF) and to evaluate its antioxidant and antidiabetic activity in diabetic rats. The microemulsion (ME) was

• . Additionally, the ME was able to provide additional benefits, such as reduced liver damage, improved renal function, reduced systemic inflammation, and increased high-density lipoprotein levels. Overall, the results show that EOCF was efficiently incorporated into the microemulsion, improving its antioxidant

• activity and showing promising results for use in the treatment of DM via the oral route. Keywords: diabetes mellitus; essential oil; lemongrass; microemulsion; Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the main public health problems. It affects around 463 million people worldwide, and it could

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery

• Elina E. Mansurova,
• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Anzhela A. Mikhailova,
• Polina V. Mikshina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2

• delivering an antidote (i.e., atropine) and functions as a synthetic esterase to hydrolyze acetylcholine. The nanocarrier was synthesized through microemulsion polycondensation of phenylboronic acid with resorcinarenes containing hydroxy, imidazole, and carboxylic groups on the upper rim. The nanocarrier

• diverse receptors and sensors, notably for ACh [23][24][25][26][27]. Here, we report the development of a new nanocarrier that can both carry Atr and act as a synthetic esterase to degrade excess ACh. The nanocarrier was synthesized via microemulsion polycondensation of phenylboronic acid with

• present in Figures S1 and S2 of Supporting Information File 1. The nanocarrier (p(Hist-CA)) was prepared, using the microemulsion technique [32][33], through the condensation of CA-RA and Hist-RA with phenylboronic acid (BA) in phosphate buffer (PB) at pH 8.5 [34][35]. CA-RA and Hist-RA are amphiphilic

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• into the solid lipid NPs using the microemulsion-probe ultrasound method, while mannose 6-phosphate was conjugated to albumin. The mannose 6-phosphate-conjugated albumin was then decorated onto the surface of matrine-loaded solid lipid NPs, and its HSC-targeting efficiency was evaluated in vitro and in

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• and polymer in the presence of divalent ions such as calcium or zinc. The microemulsion protocol is another technique that can be used to prepare alginate nanoparticles. The hydrogel formation method is yet another method for preparing alginate–polymer nanoparticles [56]. Another method for preparing

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• pharmaceutical technology such as lyophilization, micrometerization, microemulsion, the inclusion of surfactants, solid dispersion, and the use of complexing agents such as cyclodextrins, Zer-Os tablet innovation, soft gels, and triglas [32]. Nanomedicines can also be used to increase the oral bioavailability of

Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review

• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Edijane Matos Sales and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 37–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.4

• 120.4 ± 7.7 nm and displayed a good stability profile over 73 days. The in vivo studies demonstrated that after two weeks of treatment, BALB/c mice infected with L. amazonensis showed a decrease in paw lesions (about two-fold) in response to microemulsion, compared to the untreated group. Additionally

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

Cardiomyocyte uptake mechanism of a hydroxyapatite nanoparticle mediated gene delivery system

• Hiroaki Komuro,
• Masahiro Yamazoe,
• Kosuke Nozaki,
• Akiko Nagai and
• Tetsuo Sasano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1685–1692, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.150

• ) is one of the most stable forms of CaP, and diverse methods for preparing HAp nanoparticles have been reported. Among these methods, the microemulsion method has the advantage of controlling the spherical-like morphology and the size of nanoparticles by using a surfactant solution [11][12]. Therefore

High-responsivity hybrid α-Ag₂S/Si photodetector prepared by pulsed laser ablation in liquid

• Raid A. Ismail,
• Hanan A. Rawdhan and
• Duha S. Ahmed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1596–1607, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.142

• hydrothermal methods, chemical bath deposition, laser ablation in liquid reverse microemulsion, electrospinning, sol–gel, electrochemical method, template method, sonochemical method, and hydrochemical bath deposition [10][11][12][13]. The size of Ag2S NPs depends on the preparation conditions [14]. Ag2S NPs

Antimicrobial metal-based nanoparticles: a review on their synthesis, types and antimicrobial action

• Matías Guerrero Correa,
• Fernanda B. Martínez,
• Cristian Patiño Vidal,
• Camilo Streitt,
• Juan Escrig and
• Carol Lopez de Dicastillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1450–1469, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.129

• , which involves the reaction of an organic chemical with water, has been used to obtain ellipsoidal monocrystallites of CeO2 with an average size of ≈7 nm [48][49]. The reverse micelle technique, also known as the microemulsion technique, is used to synthesize nanoparticles of various materials with

Influence of the magnetic nanoparticle coating on the magnetic relaxation time

• Mihaela Osaci and
• Matteo Cacciola

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1207–1216, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.105

• applicability of the magnetic nanoparticles. In this regard, the optimized microemulsion method can be used to obtain a homogenous silica coating on Fe3−xO4 nanoparticles [14]. This method controls the thickness of the coating layer, enabling a higher average separation among particles when compared to the

Facile biogenic fabrication of hydroxyapatite nanorods using cuttlefish bone and their bactericidal and biocompatibility study

• Satheeshkumar Balu,
• Manisha Vidyavathy Sundaradoss,
• Swetha Andra and
• Jaison Jeevanandam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 285–295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.21

• literature that synthetic and conventional Hap has been prepared by various chemical procedures such as hydrothermal, sol–gel, mechanochemical, reverse microemulsion and precipitation methods, and the resulting material has been proposed to be highly beneficial in hard tissue treatments [3][4][5]. However

Coating of upconversion nanoparticles with silica nanoshells of 5–250 nm thickness

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Maysoon Saleh,
• Bastian Rühle,
• Ute Resch-Genger and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2410–2421, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.231

• + upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) is presented. The concept enables the precise adjustment of shell thicknesses for the preparation of thick-shelled nanoparticles for applications in plasmonics and sensing. First, an initial 5–11 nm thick shell is grown onto the UCNPs in a reverse microemulsion. This is

• -core particles are obtained. This strategy can be easily transferred to other nanomaterials for the design of plasmonic nanoconstructs and sensor systems. Keywords: reverse microemulsion; silica coating; stepwise growth; thick shells; upconversion nanoparticles; Introduction Lanthanide-based

• microemulsion method. The Stöber method refers to the process of preparing silica via the hydrolysis and condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) within an alcohol–ammonia–water system [25]. Related methods are widely used for coating NPs that are dispersible in polar media [26][27]. Modified Stöber

A highly efficient porous rod-like Ce-doped ZnO photocatalyst for the degradation of dye contaminants in water

• Binjing Hu,
• Qiang Sun,
• Chengyi Zuo,
• Yunxin Pei,
• Siwei Yang,
• Hui Zheng and
• Fangming Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1157–1165, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.115

• decarboxylation. Generally, zinc oxide materials can be synthesized via a hydrothermal process [18], sol–gel method [19], microemulsion method [20], among others. Due to its narrow band, the application of zinc oxide is limited, thus it is common to modify ZnO using rare-earth ions [9]. Koao et al. [21

Enhanced antineoplastic/therapeutic efficacy using 5-fluorouracil-loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles

• Shanid Mohiyuddin,
• Saba Naqvi and
• Gopinath Packirisamy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2499–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.233

• MCF-7 cells [21]. Herein we report the synthesis of calcium phosphate nanoparticles loaded with 5-FU (CaP@5-FU NPs) with the goal of demonstrating enhanced efficacy in lung and colorectal cancer treatment in cell lines. The simple and reproducible reverse micellar microemulsion method was employed for

• the synthesis of CaP@5-FU NPs. Results and Discussion Synthesis of CaP@5-FU NPs The microemulsion reverse micelle method [12] was adopted for the effective synthesis of calcium phosphate nanoparticles. Furthermore, in situ loading of the anticancer drug (5-FU) during the synthesis yielded efficient

• uniformly dispersed in oil, forming a water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsion system [24]. Highly monodisperse, stable, size controllable and chemically reproducible nanoparticles can be formed by adopting the aforementioned method. The anionic surfactant (AOT) in the organic solvent forms the oil dispersion media

Cryochemical synthesis of ultrasmall, highly crystalline, nanostructured metal oxides and salts

• Elena A. Trusova and
• Nikolai S. Trutnev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1755–1763, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.166

• NiO nanocrystals (4.1–4.7 nm) incorporated into the pore space of mesoporous titanium silicate [13]. We developed a method for the preparation of ultradispersed NiO based on the combination of the microemulsion method and cryochemical technology. NiO crystallites were obtained by cryotreatment of the

• that of the same composition prepared directly from an as-prepared microemulsion. In [14] we reported on a method for producing metal oxides (CeO2, Fe2O3 and NiO) with a crystallite size less than ≤10 nm by a combination of the sol–gel method and cryotechnology. The essence of the method is to create

Closed polymer containers based on phenylboronic esters of resorcinarenes

• Tatiana Yu. Sergeeva,
• Rezeda K. Mukhitova,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Polina D. Klypina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Alexander I. Konovalov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1594–1601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.151

• were introduced at the upper rim of the macrocycle using the procedure described previously [39]. The microemulsion method was applied to obtain p(SRA-B). Mixing an aqueous solution of SRA (2.5 mM), phenylboronic acid (BA, 5 mM) with styrene (0.5–3 vol %) and potassium carbonate (pH 10.2) results in

• the formation of a microemulsion in which SRA and BA are located at the oil–water interface (Scheme 2). The charged sulfonate groups of SRA are directed into the water phase while the tails in the low rim are pointed to BA in the oil phase. The microemulsion was held for 12 h at 100 °C in order to

Understanding the performance and mechanism of Mg-containing oxides as support catalysts in the thermal dry reforming of methane

• Nor Fazila Khairudin,
• Mohd Farid Fahmi Sukri,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1162–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.108

• material supported on alumina via the reverse microemulsion method and impregnation method in a comparative study. Mg was proven to stabilize Ni on the catalyst surface by preventing the diffusion of Ni particles into the alumina lattice, indirectly suppressing carbon deposition. Table 4 shows the average

• particle size of Ni and carbon content in the catalysts after the reaction. The NiMg/Al2O3 catalyst synthesized using the microemulsion method recorded a lower particle size (16 nm) and carbon content (0.5 wt %) compared with that of the NiMg/Al2O3 catalyst prepared via the impregnation method (20 nm for

• 71% at a reaction temperature of 700 °C. The NiMg/Al2O3 catalyst synthesized via reverse microemulsion showed a CH4 conversion of 58%, which was higher than that of the catalyst prepared via other methods. The obtained ratios of H2/CO for the catalysts prepared using both methods were not markedly

Evaluating the toxicity of TiO₂-based nanoparticles to Chinese hamster ovary cells and Escherichia coli: a complementary experimental and computational approach

• Alicja Mikolajczyk,
• Natalia Sizochenko,
• Ewa Mulkiewicz,
• Anna Malankowska,
• Michal Nischk,
• Przemyslaw Jurczak,
• Seishiro Hirano,
• Grzegorz Nowaczyk,
• Adriana Zaleska-Medynska,
• Jerzy Leszczynski,
• Agnieszka Gajewicz and
• Tomasz Puzyn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2171–2180, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.216

• /Pd-TiO2 nanoparticles Titania (TiO2) modified with nanoparticles was obtained by hydrolysis of TIP in a water/AOT/cyclohexane microemulsion containing Au and Pd precursors in water cores. Mixing was carried out for 1 h under nitrogen; Au and Pd were then reduced by dropwise addition of a

• microemulsion containing the reducing agent (hydrazine). Titanium isopropoxide was added into the microemulsion system containing Au and Pd nanoparticles. The microemulsions were mixed and purged with nitrogen for 24 h and the obtained precipitate was washed, dried and calcined for 3 h at different temperatures

Fabrication of carbon nanospheres by the pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile–poly(methyl methacrylate) core–shell composite nanoparticles

• Dafu Wei,
• Youwei Zhang and
• Jinping Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1897–1908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.190

• inhibit the production of secondary PMMA nanoparticles – thus realizing the selective growth of the PMMA layer on the PAN seed. Hu et al. [40] reported the synthesis of PAN–PMMA latex at a total monomer concentration of 138 g/L and a surfactant content of 10.9% by a differential microemulsion

Low-temperature CO oxidation over Cu/Pt co-doped ZrO₂ nanoparticles synthesized by solution combustion

• Amit Singhania and
• Shipra Mital Gupta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1546–1552, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.156

• milling, precipitation, combustion, and reverse microemulsion [30][31][32][33]. Vahidshad et al. [34] synthesized sol–gel-derived Cu–ZrO2 nanoparticles. Similarly, Saha et al. [35] prepared CuO-doped ZrO2 nanoparticles via ball milling. Among the described methods, solution combustion is used frequently