NanoE-Tox: New and in-depth database concerning ecotoxicity of nanomaterials

• Katre Juganson,
• Angela Ivask,
• Irina Blinova,
• Monika Mortimer and
• Anne Kahru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1788–1804, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.183

• , crustaceans and mammalian cells in vitro Ivask et al. [39] showed that the toxicity of 20, 40, 60 and 80 nm monodisperse citrate-coated Ag NPs could fully be explained by released Ag ions whereas 10 nm Ag NPs proved more toxic than predicted. Analysis of the data in NanoE-Tox database revealed that the

A facile method for the preparation of bifunctional Mn:ZnS/ZnS/Fe₃O₄ magnetic and fluorescent nanocrystals

• Houcine Labiadh,
• Tahar Ben Chaabane,
• Romain Sibille,
• Lavinia Balan and
• Raphaël Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1743–1751, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.178

• nanocrystals were nearly monodisperse and of spherical shape. The average diameter of these QDs was determined to be 3.8 ± 0.7 nm (Figure 3a,b,e). The TEM and HR-TEM micrograph of Mn:ZnS/ZnS/Fe3O4 (1.5) crystals shows almost spherical particles with an average size of 4.4 ± 0.9 nm (Figure 3c,d,f). The measured

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro biocompatibility study of Au/TMC/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites as a promising, nontoxic system for biomedical applications

• Hanieh Shirazi,
• Maryam Daneshpour,
• Soheila Kashanian and
• Kobra Omidfar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1677–1689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.170

• important that the Fe3O4 nanoparticles are stable under physiological conditions that are necessary for biomedical applications, it is crucial to use controllable synthesis conditions in order to obtain monodisperse, uniform nanoparticles with desired properties [18]. Despite their low toxicity, fine

• this study to achieve the optimum results presented by the reaction: 2FeCl3 + FeCl2 + 8NaOH → Fe3O4(s) + 4H2O + 8NaCl. As the TEM image in Figure 1a shows, the typical uncoated Fe3O4 nanoparticles had an average diameter of 10 nm and were monodisperse and partially aggregated because of their magnetic

• biocompatible and nontoxic to the cells. Conclusion In summary, this study reports the preparation of two nanocomposites using a three step procedure. The monodisperse, uniform, Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized through a co-precipitation method resulting in a diameter of about 10 nm, followed by surface

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro effects of 7 nm alloyed silver–gold nanoparticles

• Simon Ristig,
• Svitlana Chernousova,
• Wolfgang Meyer-Zaika and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1212–1220, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.124

• ) showed spherical, monodisperse, colloidally stable silver–gold nanoparticles of ≈7 nm diameter with measured molar metal compositions very close to the theoretical values. The examination of the nanoparticle cytotoxicity towards HeLa cells and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) showed that the toxicity

• size and morphology of the nanoparticles were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential centrifugal sedimentation (DCS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). TEM showed that the nanoparticles were nearly monodisperse, quasi-spherical, polycrystalline, and had a uniform diameter

• order to compare the samples, the total amount of metal was chosen as the fixed parameter. The actual nanoparticle concentration, shown in Table 3, was calculated on the basis of the measured nanoparticle diameter from DCS and the assumption that the particles are perfectly spherical and monodisperse

Experimental determination of the light-trapping-induced absorption enhancement factor in DSSC photoanodes

• Serena Gagliardi and
• Mauro Falconieri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 886–892, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.91

• form a compact monolayer coating all the available titania surface. The available surface was calculated by representing the PA as a parallelepiped filled with titania spheres. In a simplified scheme, the nanoparticles were assumed to be monodisperse with a fixed packing density (0.64 according to [17

Pulmonary surfactant augments cytotoxicity of silica nanoparticles: Studies on an in vitro air–blood barrier model

• Jennifer Y. Kasper,
• Lisa Feiden,
• Maria I. Hermanns,
• Christoph Bantz,
• Michael Maskos,
• Ronald E. Unger and
• C. James Kirkpatrick

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 517–528, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.54

• cytotoxicity following interaction with lung surfactant, we investigated and compared aSNPs with three different surface modifications (aSNP–plain, –NH2, –COOH). Material and Methods Nanoparticles: Sicastar Red, which were already described in Kasper et al. [10][11] are monodisperse amorphous silica

• assumptions about sample properties (i.e., about size distribution), the data analysis method "Monodisperse" was used for the evaluation of the measurements. The results are summarized in Table 1. These results are comparable to previously reported data for particles of this manufacturer [10]: No significant

Caveolin-1 and CDC42 mediated endocytosis of silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles in HeLa cells

• Nils Bohmer and
• Andreas Jordan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 167–176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.16

• . Fluorescent silica coated iron oxide nanoparticles (SCIONs) SCIONs were provided and characterized by the National Institute of Health (Maryland, USA). They were monodisperse at pH 7 and had a hydrodynamic diameter of 17 nm with a surface charge of 50 ± 5 mV. For detection in confocal fluorescence microscopy

• nanoparticle suspensions, involvement of more than one specific pathway is not surprising. Endocytosis through Caveolin-1 and CDC42 is characterized by vesicles of 30 to 80 nm [27][28], which excludes bigger agglomerates from uptake. For future experiments monodisperse and well-defined particle species would

The distribution and degradation of radiolabeled superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and quantum dots in mice

• Denise Bargheer,
• Artur Giemsa,
• Barbara Freund,
• Markus Heine,
• Christian Waurisch,
• Gordon M. Stachowski,
• Stephen G. Hickey,
• Alexander Eychmüller,
• Jörg Heeren and
• Peter Nielsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 111–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.11

• isotopes and basic parameters regarding their biodistribution and degradation were studied. It was previously shown that oleic acid-stabilized, hydrophobic, monodisperse, iron oxide cores can easily incorporate water-free 59FeCl3 [24]. This results in the stable labeling of the core and allows a quasi “on

• appropriate radionuclide into the core or an inner shell during chemical synthesis in order to guarantee the full stability of the label. Experimental Nanoparticle synthesis Monodisperse, oleic acid-stabilized SPIOs were synthesized according to Yu et al. [43]. Briefly, a mixture of 2 mmol FeOOH, 8.0 mmol

• remove water and traces of hydrochloric acid. Next, previously synthesized, monodisperse, oleic acid-stabilized SPIOs were added (1 mg dry weight in 400 µL CHCl3). The solution was stirred at room temperature for at least 24 h before using the SPIOs for further experiments (i.e., embedding in lipid

Chemoselective silicification of synthetic peptides and polyamines

• Maryna Abacilar,
• Fabian Daus and
• Armin Geyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 103–110, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.10

• ] are in use today for the synthesis of largely monodisperse silica particles with entrapped enzymes for NMR studies [2] or numerous other applications [3]. Generally, one or more molecular species are exposed to orthosilicic acid at pH 7 or higher. Slow or inefficient precipitation is accompanied by

The fate of a designed protein corona on nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo

• Denise Bargheer,
• Julius Nielsen,
• Gabriella Gébel,
• Markus Heine,
• Sunhild C. Salmen,
• Roland Stauber,
• Horst Weller,
• Joerg Heeren and
• Peter Nielsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 36–46, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.5

• Chemistry, University Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany Molecular and Cellular Oncology, ENT/University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.6.5 Abstract A variety of monodisperse superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIOs) was designed in which the

• used as model hydrophobic monodisperse iron oxide nanoparticles, obtained from a high-temperature synthesis, which were transferred into aqueous medium by encapsulation with the well-characterized amphiphilic polymer, poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene) [24][25]. These particles are negatively

• ” [10]. In the present study we used polymer-coated monodisperse SPIOs (11 nm core, total hydrodynamic diameter about 25 nm), as well as PEGylated variants as model nanoparticles. The iron oxide cores were labelled with 59Fe and we used an iodination kit to label also transferrin or albumin with 125I to

Proinflammatory and cytotoxic response to nanoparticles in precision-cut lung slices

• Stephanie Hirn,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Matthias Epple,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Markus Rehberg and
• Fritz Krombach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2440–2449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.253

• zinc oxide (ZnO-NPs) nanoparticles as well as quartz particles were used because these materials have been previously shown in several in vitro and in vivo studies to induce a dose-dependent cytotoxic and inflammatory response. PCLS were exposed to three concentrations of 70 nm monodisperse

Synthesis and characterization of fluorescence-labelled silica core-shell and noble metal-decorated ceria nanoparticles

• Rudolf Herrmann,
• Markus Rennhak and
• Armin Reller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2413–2423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.251

• which appear in the exhaust gases and finally interact with biological systems including humans. The control of the degree of agglomeration of small ceria nanoparticles is the basis for their synthesis. Almost monodisperse agglomerates (40 ± 4–260 ± 40 nm diameter) can be prepared and decorated with

• other reaction conditions), and then starts to decrease slowly. Higher ethanol/water ratios lead to smaller final agglomerates. Below 2:1 the size distribution starts to broaden, and in pure water, the agglomerates are no longer monodisperse but a mixture of the expected large (>200 nm) and rather small

• the two components is less important; as long as PVP is still soluble in the solvent mixture, there is no appreciable change in size provided that the PVP/Ce(III) nitrate ratio remains constant. The monodisperse agglomerates are ideal starting materials for the synthesis of metal-decorated models for

Inorganic Janus particles for biomedical applications

• Isabel Schick,
• Steffen Lorenz,
• Dominik Gehrig,
• Stefan Tenzer,
• Wiebke Storck,
• Karl Fischer,
• Dennis Strand,
• Frédéric Laquai and
• Wolfgang Tremel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2346–2362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.244

• choice of the organometallic precursor. In a subsequent step to the formation of gold particles, the hydrophobic oleate-capped metal oxide domains were heteroepitaxially grown on the preformed seeds by adapting the synthetic parameters for the formation of monodisperse, isotropic metal oxide

• synthesis of monodisperse, well-defined hetero-nanostructures requires non-hydrolytic reaction conditions, as established for the isotropic analogues. Therefore, it is necessary to exchange the hydrophobic surface functionalization of the nanoparticles by hydrophilic ligands to secure colloidal stability in

• highly monodisperse with sizes of Rh(Au) = 6.5 nm, Rh(Au@Fe3O4) = 12.8 nm, and Rh(Au@Fe3O4@SiO2) = 19.5 nm. The progressive increase of the hydrodynamic radii is in good accordance with the increase in particle diameter. The thickness of the silica shell was determined by TEM, and matches the expected

Effect of silver nanoparticles on human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation

• Christina Sengstock,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Matthias Epple,
• Thomas A. Schildhauer and
• Manfred Köller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2058–2069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.214

• comparing studies on the biological effects of nano-silver is the difference in the nature of the respective particle. In addition to the size, shape, or surface charge, the surface coating or functionalization used to stabilize the monodisperse nature is of critical importance. An important requirement is

PVP-coated, negatively charged silver nanoparticles: A multi-center study of their physicochemical characteristics, cell culture and in vivo experiments

• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Alexandra Antonopulos,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Ralf Dringen,
• Matthias Epple,
• Rebekka Flöck,
• Wolfgang Goedecke,
• Christina Graf,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Jens Helmlinger,
• Fabian Herzog,
• Frederike Heuer,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Christian Johannes,
• Stefanie Kittler,
• Manfred Köller,
• Katrin Korn,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Fritz Krombach,
• Jürgen Lademann,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Eva M. Luther,
• Marcelina Malissek,
• Martina C. Meinke,
• Daniel Nordmeyer,
• Anne Pailliart,
• Jörg Raabe,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Carsten Schleh,
• Andreas Seibel,
• Christina Sengstock,
• Lennart Treuel,
• Annika Vogt,
• Katrin Weber and
• Reinhard Zellner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1944–1965, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.205

• , which is indicative for a monodisperse system. The particles were negatively charged with a zetapotential of −20 mV. These particles were used in all described experiments after thorough chemical and colloid-chemical characterization. Dissolution of dispersed silver nanoparticles Silver nanoparticles

The surface properties of nanoparticles determine the agglomeration state and the size of the particles under physiological conditions

• Christoph Bantz,
• Olga Koshkina,
• Thomas Lang,
• Hans-Joachim Galla,
• C. James Kirkpatrick,
• Roland H. Stauber and
• Michael Maskos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1774–1786, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.188

• fact that several challenging issues can occur [27]. First, in the case of samples being not truly monodisperse, one must extrapolate q2 → 0 to reveal the true value of the inverse z-average of the sphere-equivalent hydrodynamic radius, . As the scattering vector, q, mainly depends on the scattering

• of 90° are usually given. Roughly estimated, samples with μ2 values smaller than 0.05 are considered to be monodisperse, whereas samples with μ2 values greater than 0.2 are considered to be polydisperse [29]. Calculations of size distributions and polydispersity values from μ2 should be treated with

• particles are typically relatively monodisperse. Standard deviations are found in the range of 15 to 30% for silica sols and in the range of 5 to 15% for Stöber particles. For both methods, this depends on the synthesis conditions and on the particle size. In contrast, pyrogenic silica particles exhibit

In vitro and in vivo interactions of selected nanoparticles with rodent serum proteins and their consequences in biokinetics

• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Stefanie Fertsch-Gapp,
• Martin Schäffler,
• Blair D. Johnston,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Christian Pfeiffer,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Carsten Schleh,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Manuela Semmler-Behnke,
• Matthias Epple and
• Wolfgang J. Parak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1699–1711, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.180

• ; details are given in [5]. We chose nano-sized and submicrometer-sized carbon black versus 50 nm monodisperse polystyrene NP with surface modifications of either carboxyl groups (negative charge), or amino groups (positive charge) or plain surface (neutral charge) as measured by their zeta potential and

• binding of the proteins after an in vitro 24-hour incubation of monodisperse, negatively charged gold spheres (AuNP) of 5, 15 and 80 nm core diameter and surface modified with bis(p-sulfonatophenyl)phenylphosphine in diluted mouse serum in PBS (1:50 v/v) by a two-step analysis: proteomic protein

• concentrations of AuNP suspensions were used representing different available AuNP surface areas (Figure 3). Based on the total surface area of all AuNP expressed as the sum of the individual surface areas of all monodisperse AuNP, the three AuNP showed size-dependent protein-binding capacities for given total

Different endocytotic uptake mechanisms for nanoparticles in epithelial cells and macrophages

• Dagmar A. Kuhn,
• Dimitri Vanhecke,
• Benjamin Michen,
• Fabian Blank,
• Peter Gehr,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1625–1636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.174

• larger polydispersity (Figure 1). Both methods confirm the experimentally obtained values. Measurements were carried out in water and unsupplemented RPMI medium and showed that all analyzed particles remained stable and monodisperse in biological medium. The zeta potential indicated a negative charge for

Silica nanoparticles are less toxic to human lung cells when deposited at the air–liquid interface compared to conventional submerged exposure

• Alicja Panas,
• Andreas Comouth,
• Harald Saathoff,
• Thomas Leisner,
• Marco Al-Rawi,
• Michael Simon,
• Gunnar Seemann,
• Olaf Dössel,
• Sonja Mülhopt,
• Hanns-Rudolf Paur,
• Susanne Fritsch-Decker,
• Carsten Weiss and
• Silvia Diabaté

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1590–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.171

• concentrations were generated by using a commercial electrospray generator or an atomizer. Only the electrospray method allowed for the generation of an aerosol containing monodisperse NPs. However, the deposited mass and surface dose of the particles was too low to induce cellular responses. Therefore, we

• from exposure studies with animals or even humans. Experimental Materials Aerosil®200 powder was kindly provided by Evonik (Essen, Germany). The SiO2-50 nm NPs without or with labelling with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) supplied as a monodisperse solution of 25 mg/mL in water were from Postnova

• microscopy (TEM) were from Plano GmbH (Wetzlar, Germany). Aerosol generation and characterisation For cell exposure to nanoparticle monomers the monodisperse SiO2-50 nm NP suspensions were dispersed into synthetic air (Air Liquide, 20% O2 in N2, less than 3 ppm impurities) by using an electrospray aerosol

Growth evolution and phase transition from chalcocite to digenite in nanocrystalline copper sulfide: Morphological, optical and electrical properties

• Priscilla Vasthi Quintana-Ramirez,
• Ma. Concepción Arenas-Arrocena,
• José Santos-Cruz,
• Marina Vega-González,
• Omar Martínez-Alvarez,
• Víctor Manuel Castaño-Meneses,
• Laura Susana Acosta-Torres and
• Javier de la Fuente-Hernández

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1542–1552, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.166

• example, the reaction temperature modified the shape, size and optical properties of monodisperse Cu2S obtained from a simple one-pot route [15]. In fact, there exists wide research about the synthesis of copper sulfide nanostructures obtaining different Cu/S ratios [9][11][16][20][23][24][25][26

In vitro interaction of colloidal nanoparticles with mammalian cells: What have we learned thus far?

• Moritz Nazarenus,
• Qian Zhang,
• Mahmoud G. Soliman,
• Pablo del Pino,
• Beatriz Pelaz,
• Susana Carregal-Romero,
• Joanna Rejman,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Martin J. D. Clift,
• Reinhard Zellner,
• G. Ulrich Nienhaus,
• James B. Delehanty,
• Igor L. Medintz and
• Wolfgang J. Parak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1477–1490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.161

• on physicochemically defined NPs, i.e., solutions of monodisperse NPs with a defined ligand shell attached, and without residual “left-over” impurities of the NP synthesis [13][18]. Review How do particles enter cells and where do they go? Virtually all cell lines internalize NPs, which are dispersed

• currently possible. Concerning the NPs, this is, unfortunately, hampered by our incapability to synthesize “defined” NPs. For quantitative studies NPs and their bioconjugates should be as monodisperse as possible with regard to all relevant parameters, such as charge and size, well-defined and well

• fact that specific targeting still is possible [84], enough ligands still are biologically active. For highly defined NPs, such as nearly monodisperse NPs overcoated with a shell of an amphiphilic polymer [135], the corona formed by special model proteins can be surprisingly well organized. By using

The protein corona protects against size- and dose-dependent toxicity of amorphous silica nanoparticles

• Dominic Docter,
• Christoph Bantz,
• Dana Westmeier,
• Hajo J. Galla,
• Qiangbin Wang,
• James C. Kirkpatrick,
• Peter Nielsen,
• Michael Maskos and
• Roland H. Stauber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1380–1392, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.151

• measurements with a goniometer setup by ALV. The values of µ2 as a measure for the size polydispersity are derived directly from the cumulant analysis of DLS autocorrelation data. As a rough estimation, µ2 values smaller than 0.05 indicate a strict monodisperse size distribution, whereas µ2 values above 0.1

Template-directed synthesis and characterization of microstructured ceramic Ce/ZrO₂@SiO₂ composite tubes

• Jörg J. Schneider and
• Meike Naumann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1152–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.126

• combination of electrospinning and exotemplating leading to hollow CeO2/ZrO2@SiO2 composite tubes. Firstly, after electrospinning of polystyrene fibers, the fibers were covered by an exotemplating step with a sol solution containing monodisperse silica particles obtained from a Stoeber process. This is

Optical and structural characterization of oleic acid-stabilized CdTe nanocrystals for solution thin film processing

• Claudio Davet Gutiérrez-Lazos,
• Mauricio Ortega-López,
• Manuel A. Pérez-Guzmán,
• A. Mauricio Espinoza-Rivas,
• Francisco Solís-Pomar,
• Rebeca Ortega-Amaya,
• L. Gerardo Silva-Vidaurri,
• Virginia C. Castro-Peña and
• Eduardo Pérez-Tijerina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 881–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.100

• its capability to process nearly-monodisperse nanocrystals of a variety of semiconductor materials at low temperatures and using non sophisticated equipments [1][2]. It has been extensively used to prepare binary [3][4][5], ternary [6][7][8] and quaternary [9][10] semiconductors for applications in

Injection of ligand-free gold and silver nanoparticles into murine embryos does not impact pre-implantation development

• Ulrike Taylor,
• Wiebke Garrels,
• Annette Barchanski,
• Svea Peterson,
• Laszlo Sajti,
• Andrea Lucas-Hahn,
• Lisa Gamrad,
• Ulrich Baulain,
• Sabine Klein,
• Wilfried A. Kues,
• Stephan Barcikowski and
• Detlef Rath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 677–688, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.80

• in water, which generates colloidal particles of maximal purity [43][44][45]. Without compromising this purity, monomodal and monodisperse gold colloids can easily be fabricated in micromolar saline water with defined AuNP sizes [46]. Alternatively, this method also provides particles displaying a