P3HT:PCBM blend films phase diagram on the base of variable-temperature spectroscopic ellipsometry

• Barbara Hajduk,
• Henryk Bednarski,
• Bożena Jarząbek,
• Henryk Janeczek and
• Paweł Nitschke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1108–1115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.102

• the ellipsometric angle Δ at 280 nm to the temperature changes. By comparing the temperature dependence of the film thickness with the corresponding dependence of tanΨ (850 nm) and Δ (280 nm), we show that raw data of Δ at 280 nm are most convenient to determine the phase diagram of P3HT:PCBM blend

• cause seems to be more likely. In Figure 6, all characteristic temperatures for P3HT/PCBM blend films with different PCBM content, found in Figure 4 are shown. This phase diagram can be rationalized as follows: We draw on it three horizontal straight lines passing through the glass transition

• transitions connected with the crystallization of P3HT, because this thermal transition is also present in P3HT. The identification of remaining transitions is ambiguous due to complex morphology of our P3HT:PCBM blend films. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the phase diagram determined by us is in a

Facile phase transfer of gold nanorods and nanospheres stabilized with block copolymers

• Yaroslav I. Derikov,
• Georgiy A. Shandryuk,
• Raisa V. Talroze,
• Alexander A. Ezhov and
• Yaroslav V. Kudryavtsev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 616–627, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.58

• ]. Nanoparticles suitable for this purpose should be stable against aggregation, miscible with at least one of the copolymer blocks and should match the copolymer domain size and shape. The major part of the block copolymer phase diagram is occupied by cylinder and lamellar phases [5], which are intrinsically

Magnetic field induced orientational transitions in liquid crystals doped with carbon nanotubes

• Danil A. Petrov,
• Pavel K. Skokov and
• Alexander N. Zakhlevnykh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2807–2817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.280

• such a theory for LCs doped with diamagnetic particles. The planar layer of LC doped with CNTs in an external magnetic field, choice of the coordinate system. The structure of the orientational phases: (a) planar phase, (b) angular phase and (c) homeotropic phase. Diagram of the orientational state of

Ferrocholesteric–ferronematic transitions induced by shear flow and magnetic field

• Dmitriy V. Makarov,
• Alexander A. Novikov and
• Alexander N. Zakhlevnykh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2552–2561, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.255

• begins to increase strongly when the critical values hc or uc are approached. Finally, the values of the pitch diverge. As can be seen in the phase diagram in Figure 5, the threshold values hc < hc0 and uc < uc0. Here, hc0 is the critical value of the magnetic field strength of the cholesteric–nematic

Ta₂N₃ nanocrystals grown in Al₂O₃ thin layers

• Krešimir Salamon,
• Maja Buljan,
• Iva Šarić,
• Mladen Petravić and
• Sigrid Bernstorff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2162–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.215

• phase diagram with several crystal structures and various stoichiometries [16][20]. The Ta2N3 phase is a relatively unknown phase, properly described just recently by Ganin et al. [20], and it exhibits some interesting properties [21][22]. In our recent works, we produced mono-layered Ta2N3 thin films

Comprehensive Raman study of epitaxial silicene-related phases on Ag(111)

• Dmytro Solonenko,
• Ovidiu D. Gordan,
• Guy Le Lay,
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn and
• Patrick Vogt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1357–1365, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.137

• epitaxially grown on Ag(111) were obtained using in situ Raman spectroscopy. Due to the obvious 2D nature of various epitaxial silicene structures, their fingerprints consist of similar sets of Raman modes. The reduced phase diagram also includes other Si phases, such as amorphous and crystalline silicon

• spectroscopy; phase diagram; Introduction Epitaxial silicene, an elemental 2D silicon allotrope [1][2][3] grown on a supporting substrate such as Ag(111), has attracted considerable interest since its first discovery in 2012 [4][5][6]. Yet, the investigation of epitaxial silicene on Ag(111) remains

• challenging because of the complex phase diagram upon the formation of Si structures on Ag(111). It was shown that different substrate temperatures during Si deposition result in the formation of various 2D Si phases [7][8] with (3×3)/(4×4) and / symmetry, where the first part refers to the translational

Self-assembly of silicon nanowires studied by advanced transmission electron microscopy

• Marta Agati,
• Guillaume Amiard,
• Vincent Le Borgne,
• Paola Castrucci,
• Richard Dolbec,
• Maurizio De Crescenzi,
• My Alì El Khakani and
• Simona Boninelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 440–445, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.47

• ) under conditions of an abundance of Si content, as established by the Fe–Si binary phase diagram [13]. It is well known that metal-containing particles located at the top of SiNWs are a distinctive feature of VLS-grown SiNWs, which occurs on crystalline Si substrates [14][15]. Hence, we argue that the

Cubic chemically ordered FeRh and FeCo nanomagnets prepared by mass-selected low-energy cluster-beam deposition: a comparative study

• Veronique Dupuis,
• Anthony Robert,
• Arnaud Hillion,
• Ghassan Khadra,
• Nils Blanc,
• Damien Le Roy,
• Florent Tournus,
• Clement Albin,
• Olivier Boisron and
• Alexandre Tamion

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1850–1860, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.177

• magnetic moments measured from XMCD are reached by using the sum rules [28][29]. Discussion At first, it is to notice that FeRh and FeCo samples are all ferromagnetic at low temperatures. In contrast to the anti-ferromagnetic order expected for the B2 phase in the bulk FeRh phase diagram (Figure 1a), we

• FeCo clusters with their environment can profoundly affects their structure and magnetic properties in complete contradiction with thermodynamic predictions [36]. More generally, the binary phase diagram and Néel/Curie temperature interplay, observed in bulk materials, still complicate the predictions

• of the size-dependent phase diagrams and magnetic behaviour in nanoalloys. (a) Bulk magnetic FeRh phase diagram. Notice that metamagnetic transitions in bulk B2 FeRh are expected from the anti-ferromagnetic (AFM) to the ferromagnetic (FM) state at 96 °C and to the paramagnetic (PM) state at 380 °C

A new approach to grain boundary engineering for nanocrystalline materials

• Shigeaki Kobayashi,
• Sadahiro Tsurekawa and
• Tadao Watanabe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1829–1849, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.176

• alloy [3] reported by other researchers. The state of the supersaturated solid solution in as-electrodeposited Ni–4.4 mass % P alloy specimens was confirmed, although the Ni–P phase diagram [65] indicates that the solubility limit of phosphorus into nickel matrix is 0.17 mass %. Accordingly, the Ni3P

Thickness-modulated tungsten–carbon superconducting nanostructures grown by focused ion beam induced deposition for vortex pinning up to high magnetic fields

• Ismael García Serrano,
• Javier Sesé,
• Isabel Guillamón,
• Hermann Suderow,
• Sebastián Vieira,
• Manuel Ricardo Ibarra and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1698–1708, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.162

• showed a rich phase diagram [52]. These W–C films are also convenient for fundamental studies regarding the nature of the vortex-glass to vortex-liquid transition under one-dimensional pinning potential given that previous studies in flat W–C films without artificial pinning have shown good scaling

Thickness dependence of the triplet spin-valve effect in superconductor–ferromagnet–ferromagnet heterostructures

• Daniel Lenk,
• Vladimir I. Zdravkov,
• Jan-Michael Kehrle,
• Günter Obermeier,
• Aladin Ullrich,
• Roman Morari,
• Hans-Albrecht Krug von Nidda,
• Claus Müller,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko,
• Siegfried Horn,
• Rafael G. Deminov,
• Lenar R. Tagirov and
• Reinhard Tidecks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 957–969, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.88

• solubility of Nb in Cu is extremely small under ambient conditions, the Nb–Ni phase diagram shows a certain solubility of Nb in Ni and vice versa [69]. In this case the bilayer with the thinnest Cu41Ni59 layer would show the largest reduction of mat. However, the opposite is observed. There may be several

Determination of the compositions of the DIGM zone in nanocrystalline Ag/Au and Ag/Pd thin films by secondary neutral mass spectrometry

• Gábor Y. Molnár,
• Shenouda S. Shenouda,
• Gábor L. Katona,
• Gábor A. Langer and
• Dezső L. Beke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 474–483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.41

• order to get clear conclusions about the validity of above predictions it is plausible to make a distinction between systems forming solid solutions and systems forming compound. In the latter cases the DIGM drives the system to phase equilibrium, dictated by the bulk phase diagram [19][20], and the

Charge and heat transport in soft nanosystems in the presence of time-dependent perturbations

• Alberto Nocera,
• Carmine Antonio Perroni,
• Vincenzo Marigliano Ramaglia and
• Vittorio Cataudella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 439–464, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.39

• linear behaviour (not shown), meaning that in this regime the non-equilibrium electronic bath provides an effective temperature proportional to the bias eVbias. As already stated in [76], by using the kinetic energy of the oscillator one can build a phase diagram of the model defining the range of

• validity of the adiabatic approximation. By comparing the average kinetic energy with the vibrational energy and the characteristic electronic energy , one can define a quantum region (QR) (), a classical adiabatic region (CAR) (), and finally a classical non-adiabatic region in the phase diagram (CNAR

• ) (). The analysis is reported in Figure 4. We expect that the adiabatic approximation is reliable in the intermediate classical adiabatic region that occupies the majority of the area shown in Figure 4a, where the phase diagram in the plane (VG, eVbias) is shown. The quantum region is confined in a striped

Two-phase equilibrium states in individual Cu–Ni nanoparticles: size, depletion and hysteresis effects

• Aram S. Shirinyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1811–1820, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.185

• temperature–composition phase diagram occur. Our calculations for individual Cu–Ni nanoparticle show that one must differentiate the solubility curves and the equilibrium loops (discussed here in term of solidification and melting loops). For the first time we have calculated and present here on the

• temperature–composition phase diagram the nanomelting loop at the size of 80 nm and the nanosolidification loop at the size of 25 nm for an individual Cu–Ni nanoparticle. So we observe the difference between the size-dependent phase diagram and solubility diagram, between two-phase equilibrium curves and

• solubility curves; also intersection of nanoliquidus and nanosolidus is available. These findings lead to the necessity to reconsider such basic concepts in materials science as phase diagram and solubility diagram. Keywords: chemical depletion; nanomelting and nanosolidification loops; phase diagram of

Thermal energy storage – overview and specific insight into nitrate salts for sensible and latent heat storage

• Nicole Pfleger,
• Thomas Bauer,
• Claudia Martin,
• Markus Eck and
• Antje Wörner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1487–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.154

• Tsolidus. A measurement system detects the liquid phase above Tsolidus. The scheme of the phase diagram in Figure 8 shows that the molten salt composition is mainly the eutectic composition Xeu at the temperature Tmax. Following the detection of the liquid phase it is extracted via a filter and a valve. To

• phase diagram of a common salt mixture (KNO3 + NaNO3) and the temperature characteristic during the charging process for the salt mixture with 30 wt % potassium nitrate and 70 wt % sodium nitrate. The temperature of the storage material increases during the charging process, which is characteristic for

• phase diagram with eutectic mixture. Schematic of the novel experimental method and apparatus to synthesize new salt mixtures. Density of NaNO3 [16][30][31][32]. Thermal conductivity of NaNO3 in the liquid range [10][11][13][14][31][33]. Phase diagram of KNO3–NaNO3 [34] and the phase dependent enthalpy

Magnetic properties of iron cluster/chromium matrix nanocomposites

• Arne Fischer,
• Robert Kruk,
• Di Wang and
• Horst Hahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1158–1163, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.117

• is determined strongly by the phase diagram limiting the extent of deviation from the well-defined thermodynamic equilibrium, which, for example, determines the volume fraction of precipitates or second phase particles and the composition of the matrix phase. Oxide dispersion strengthened alloys (ODS

Tunable magnetism on the lateral mesoscale by post-processing of Co/Pt heterostructures

• Oleksandr V. Dobrovolskiy,
• Maksym Kompaniiets,
• Roland Sachser,
• Fabrizio Porrati,
• Christian Gspan,
• Harald Plank and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1082–1090, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.109

• Figure 2. As will be shown below by TEM, it is this nanoporosity which allows Co to penetrate into the Pt layer during the Co deposition and to form a Co/Pt alloy phase. Considering the Co–Pt binary phase diagram [47], for a Co/Pt-ratio of 1:1, the CoPt L10 phase can form. This phase is a hard

From lithium to sodium: cell chemistry of room temperature sodium–air and sodium–sulfur batteries

• Philipp Adelhelm,
• Pascal Hartmann,
• Conrad L. Bender,
• Martin Busche,
• Christine Eufinger and
• Juergen Janek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1016–1055, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.105

• limit is reached. The need to protect the lithium anode from direct contact with water is experimentally challenging, so most research has been devoted to lithium–oxygen batteries with an aprotic electrolyte. Some possible discharge products can be directly predicted from the Li–O phase diagram shown in

• with a mixed aprotic/aqueous electrolyte and cells based on solid electrolytes. A sodium–oxygen battery can be designed exactly the same way but the phase diagram (Figure 3b) shows that in addition to Na2O2 and Na2O, sodium superoxide (NaO2) can also be formed (although possibly only kinetically stable

• whether the relative stability of the different alkali oxides is correctly represented in the phase diagrams, as the influence of water may have been overlooked. It is well known that even small amounts of water can stabilize oxide phases, which are otherwise absent in the phase diagram [17]. The

Chains of carbon atoms: A vision or a new nanomaterial?

• Florian Banhart

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 559–569, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.58

• carbyne could be the stable phase of carbon in a certain temperature-pressure regime, leading to its appearance in the phase diagram of carbon at very high temperatures [3]. Indications for natural carbynes have been reported in shock-compressed graphite in an impact crater [14], in meteorites [15], and

Exploiting the hierarchical morphology of single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotube films for highly hydrophobic coatings

• Francesco De Nicola,
• Paola Castrucci,
• Manuela Scarselli,
• Francesca Nanni,
• Ilaria Cacciotti and
• Maurizio De Crescenzi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 353–360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.34

• petals [2] in which micropapillae are made of nanopapillae, improves the hydrophobic behavior of carbon nanotube coatings compared to bare SWCNT and MWCNT films. Moreover, we report for the first time the experimental Wenzel/Cassie–Baxter phase diagram [8][12][17] for a carbon nanotube surface, showing

• ) there is an intersection point between the two curves in Figure 4a, beyond which the SWCNT/MWCNT surface becomes more lipophilic than the MWCNT surface. That point corresponds to the transition point from Wenzel to Cassie–Baxter state in the lipophilic region of the Wenzel/Cassie–Baxter phase diagram

• place at the surface on which they are cast. In this case, the contact angle can be only defined on average. (a) Contact angle of the SWCNT/MWCNT (blue squares) and MWCNT (red dots) films as a function of ethanol concentration in water. (b) Wenzel/Cassie–Baxter phase diagram of the SWCNT/MWCNT surface

Intake of silica nanoparticles by giant lipid vesicles: influence of particle size and thermodynamic membrane state

• Florian G. Strobl,
• Florian Seitz,
• Christoph Westerhausen,
• Armin Reller,
• Adriano A. Torrano,
• Christoph Bräuchle,
• Achim Wixforth and
• Matthias F. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2468–2478, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.256

• of a membrane bud [21]. The results of this model are nicely described by the phase diagram depicted in Figure 2. It involves three different phases: no interaction, partial wrapping, full ingestion. Moreover, in some studies the interaction of membranes and colloids and cooperative phenomena due to

• in Table 1. An endocytosis-like uptake of particles involves three major steps: adhesion (1), engulfment (2), and fission (3). During the last process a membrane defect is induced, which will heal over time. Phase diagram describing the interaction of particles with a spherical vesicle with initially

Current state of laser synthesis of metal and alloy nanoparticles as ligand-free reference materials for nano-toxicological assays

• Christoph Rehbock,
• Jurij Jakobi,
• Lisa Gamrad,
• Selina van der Meer,
• Daniela Tiedemann,
• Ulrike Taylor,
• Wilfried Kues,
• Detlef Rath and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1523–1541, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.165

• compositions are required, whose synthesis is reviewed in the next chapter. Laser-fabricated alloy nanoparticles with controlled composition In order to synthesize alloy nanoparticles with controlled elemental compositions AuAg proves to be an ideal model system as the phase diagram of gold and silver is

Designing magnetic superlattices that are composed of single domain nanomagnets

• Derek M. Forrester,
• Feodor V. Kusmartsev and
• Endre Kovács

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 956–963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.109

• parameter a is shown through the phase diagram of Figure 1a for the two coupled nanomagnets systems that were also considered in [15]. In this phase diagram the AF1 phase occurs when [15] In this system the average magnetization, that evolves with the application of an external magnetic field, has a

• pertinent phase is shown. The phase diagrams in Figure 1a–c are found through the use of the quasi-static techniques described in [15]. The fourth phase diagram, Figure 1d, is found from the dynamical analysis by using the LLG equations (Equation 6). From Figure 1d one can see that the AP phase is the least

• solutions. In Figure 1b, the phase diagram for three coupled nanomagnets is shown. Again there are AF (1,2), AP, and P regimes. When the anisotropy is in the range there is an AF1 spin-flop phase. Whereas, when the system of three nanomagnets is designed with anisotropies in the range, the AF2 phase is

Oriented attachment explains cobalt ferrite nanoparticle growth in bioinspired syntheses

• Annalena Wolff,
• Walid Hetaba,
• Marco Wißbrock,
• Stefan Löffler,
• Nadine Mill,
• Katrin Eckstädt,
• Axel Dreyer,
• Inga Ennen,
• Norbert Sewald,
• Peter Schattschneider and
• Andreas Hütten

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 210–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.23

• evaluation. A tertiary phase diagram of the system CoFeO at room temperature needs to be determined before a useful evaluation of the phase transformations can be conducted. Further theoretical studies are therefore required to understand the underlying principles of these transformations. The fact that some

Plasticity of nanocrystalline alloys with chemical order: on the strength and ductility of nanocrystalline Ni–Fe

• Jonathan Schäfer and
• Karsten Albe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 542–553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.63

• embedded-atom (EAM) type potential which reproduces the phase diagram of Ni–Fe [20]. The hybrid method allows for structural relaxation by MD and for chemical equilibration by interleaving MC steps, yielding structurally equilibrated samples with an equilibrium distribution of the constituents. The MC

• , which show an ordered L12 structure inside the grains, lie outside the phase field of the L12 structure (at 600 K) in the bulk phase diagram reproduced by the interatomic potential [20]. The stability range of the ordered L12 structure in the phase diagram is therefore widened at reduced average grain