Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• frequently adapted from frameworks originally designed for bulk materials. These are inadequate for addressing the unique physicochemical properties, size-dependent behaviors, and long-term risks associated with nanoscale materials. As a result, scientifically appropriate, dedicated regulations for

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• poor physicochemical and organoleptic properties. This study aimed to develop and optimize a topical microemulsion (ME) system incorporating P. setacea seed oil using quality by design principles to address formulation challenges. The oil was extracted via Soxhlet and characterized by gas

• undesirable physicochemical and organoleptic properties. These include (i) unfavorable sensorial characteristics (e.g., greasy texture, poor spreadability), (ii) strong odor, and (iii) susceptibility to oxidative degradation, which can negatively impact patient compliance and therapeutic efficacy [5]. To

• of the physicochemical properties and interactions of their constituents [7][9]. In this context, the quality by design (QbD) framework provides a systematic and scientifically grounded approach for pharmaceutical formulation development. QbD emphasizes predefined quality objectives, product and

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• nanotubes, and carbon dots, have attracted considerable interest as nanocarriers for drug delivery due to their unique physicochemical properties. Their high surface area, biocompatibility, and modifiable surface chemistry make them highly attractive for a range of biomedical applications. However, concerns

• nanomaterials (CNMs) have been largely developed as nanocarriers for drug delivery due to their biocompatibility, high surface area, tuneable physicochemical properties, and targeting capabilities [13][14]. However, CNMs also present a subset of challenges, including toxicity concerns, expensive and time

• remains substantial. This perspective uses oncology as a representative model for CNM nanocarriers, owing to cancer’s global health burden and the breadth of available studies [15][16]. Nevertheless, the underlying considerations, including synthesis, physicochemical and biological evaluation, and

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• critical gap persists in thoroughly understanding the complex polymer–lipid interactions, particularly in systems designed for the simultaneous co-encapsulation of compounds with vastly different physicochemical properties, such as hydrophilic HA and lipophilic βCp. An in-depth understanding of these

• important physicochemical properties of these structures are highly related to conformational changes in the polymeric chain caused by the spinning process [49][53]. Initially, the influence of the travel distance of the polymer jet on fiber formation was examined (Figure 4). This critical parameter exerts

• removal tests, which indicated the effective isolation of the bioactive components by the PLA shell. From a physicochemical perspective, the fibers presented good thermal stability without compromising the properties of the base polymer. The variation of electrospinning parameters revealed that small

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• ablation results in predominance of cubic shapes. However, the ablation of Ti in similar conditions in octane still only results in spherical NPs, which can be attributed to the difference of physicochemical processes occurring in both cases. These results demonstrate that the mechanisms and underlying

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• chains arrange on the nanoparticle surface and the potential impacts on LNPs’ physicochemical properties by varying surface PEG density or PEG chemistry. Subsequently, PEG conformations are discussed in terms of their modulation of protein corona formation, cellular uptake, and immunogenic responses

• review first reveals the localization and conformation of PEG lipids on the LNP surface, which is fundamental for understanding how PEG lipids contribute to nanoparticle stability and surface interactions. It then demonstrates how PEG density and chemical structure may influence the physicochemical

• lipid surface density and structure on LNP physicochemical properties Understanding the spatial organization of lipid components within LNPs is critical for optimizing their physicochemical characterization and stability. In particular, the localization of PEG lipids plays a significant role in

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• at 25 °C for 30 days. The nanoemulsion showed physicochemical stability with an initial average size of 64.1 nm (±6.3), polydispersity index of 0.21 (±0.04), and initial pH of 5.8. After 30 days, the average size increased to 71.8 ± 8.3 nm, with a polydispersity index of 0.18 ± 0.03 and pH of 4.9

• the Amazon region. The chemical composition of the oil was dominated by p-cymene (27.70%) and α-pinene (22.31%), compounds recognized for their insecticidal activity [126][127]. The nanoemulsion was obtained by a low-energy method, presenting ideal physicochemical characteristics, with an average

• ultrasonication (40 kHz). This formulation demonstrated physicochemical stability, with good optical transparency and absence of phase separation. Characterization by TEM revealed spherical droplets with sizes between 20 and 40 nm. In the larvicidal bioassay, fourth-instar larvae of Ae. aegypti were exposed to

Self-assembly and adhesive properties of Pollicipes pollicipes barnacle cement protein cp19k: influence of pH and ionic strength

• Shrutika Sawant,
• Anne Marie Power and
• J. Gerard Wall

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1863–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.129

• protein forms amyloid fibres, potentially with diverse morphologies, under a variety of physicochemical conditions. Lysozyme and BSA (negative controls) and heat-denatured lysozyme (positive control) were used to validate the assay (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3). Adhesion analysis rPpolcp19k

• study investigates the physicochemical conditions of fibril formation by recombinant P. pollicipes cp19k, a key protein involved in barnacle underwater adhesion. The results identify a combination of low pH and high salt concentration as optimal for fibril formation, whereas previous reports with cp19k

• quartz crystal microbalance-dissipation (QCM-D)-based studies of the adhesive properties of rPolcp19k-his monomers and fibres formed under different physicochemical conditions, as well as after a similar pH switch, are planned. Conclusion This study identifies a low pH and high salt concentration

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• ; sustainable development; Introduction Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary field of science that involves the manipulation of materials at the nanoscale, typically ranging from 1 to 100 nm in inorganic nanomaterials, to generate structures with unique physicochemical properties [1][2][3]. Among the most

• of both physicochemical properties and biological effects (Figure 6). The most frequently reported biological activity among the selected studies was the inhibition of microbial growth (80.0%; n = 44), highlighting its prominence as a primary target in antimicrobial research. The studies primarily

• potential cytotoxicity of these nanoparticles within the complex and dynamic oral environment [15][20]. A significant number of selected studies (n = 23; 24.1%) also failed to perform advanced physicochemical characterizations, such as FTIR, SEM, or XRD, which are essential for confirming nanoparticle

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• performed. The results revealed nanodroplets with spherical and oval shapes and a homogeneous size distribution, with diameters up to 250 nm, consistent with the dynamic light scattering (DLS) data (Figure 1c,d). Colloidal and physicochemical stability The colloidal and physicochemical stability of the NEs

• period of up to 15 days. At the end of the 30-day stability study, both blank-NE and PHYT-NE remained stable with no changes in their initial macroscopic appearance (opaque, white, milky, and with low viscosity) and remained unchanged even after centrifugation. Among the physicochemical parameters

• in the treatment against cutaneous leishmaniasis. Although no permeation assay was conducted in the present study, the physicochemical profile of PHYT-NE supports its potential for efficient skin interaction and warrants further investigation in permeation studies. As a future perspective, ex vivo

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• multifunctional behavior of polymer systems. Keywords: ERDA; graphene oxide; ion implantation; photocatalysis; polyimide; RBS; Introduction Silver ion implantation is an effective strategy for controlling modification of the physicochemical properties of polymers and graphene-based materials. This method allows

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• in the application of polymers as oral nanocarriers, emphasizing key natural and synthetic polymers that enhance stability, bioavailability, and release. The physicochemical properties, biodegradability, and chemical modifications of these polymers, which promote mucoadhesion and epithelial

• particles. Materials reduced to this scale exhibit alterations in their physicochemical properties, enhancing their interactions with molecular and cellular processes. Consequently, nanotechnology has diverse pharmaceutical applications, as the nanoencapsulation of drugs improves solubility and

• made PNs a topic of growing interest in light of their small size and unique physicochemical properties [22][23]. These systems offer advantages for drug delivery, including the ability to protect labile compounds, control release kinetics, improve drug solubility and stability, enhance oral

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• , thus destabilizing bilayer formation. Conversely, lecithins with a higher proportion of saturated phospholipids are more likely to organize into stable bilayer vesicles like liposomes. These structural features of lecithin play a crucial role in determining the physicochemical properties of the

• using R v.4.5.1 [60], specifically the packages “tidyverse” v.2.0.0 [61] and “rstatix v.0.7.2 [62]. Supplementary statistical data are provided in spreadsheets and can be accessed in Supporting Information File 2. Results and Discussion Physicochemical properties of linseed oil The identification and

• optimal surfactant utilization. Finally, the third phase (illustrated by pre-formulations O/W(L-4%) and O/W(L-5%)) manifests an overabundance of lecithin, resulting in the formation of micellar structures within the pre-formulations. As electrical conductivity is a physicochemical parameter modulated by

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• immunotherapy is nanotechnology, as it presents physicochemical benefits for drugs. Among the advantages, nanotechnology can eliminate the limitations of using bioactive compounds in cancer treatment formulations, leading to increased bioavailability and pharmacokinetics [55]. The mechanisms behind the

• containing immunomodulators and checkpoint inhibitors to achieve a synergistic effect and consequently expand the clinical potential of nanotechnology containing natural products. Patent KR20220169108 was discussed in the article published by Dhandapani et al., which addresses the synthesis, physicochemical

• compounds must have properties that contribute to a stable formulation, difficulty in controlling physicochemical characteristics, such as particle size, which can affect reproducibility and scalability, and problems related to rapid clearance and interaction with non-target tissues, mainly due to the

Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion

• Philippe de Castro Mesquita,
• Karla Samara Rocha Soares,
• Manoela Torres-Rêgo,
• Emanuell dos Santos-Silva,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115

• physicochemical characterization of the nanoparticles revealed mean diameters below 230 nm, positive zeta potentials, and PDI below 0.3, corroborating other reports of PLA–PEI systems [14][38]. In addition, the high encapsulation efficiency can be attributed to the functionalizing agent (PEI), which demonstrates

• routes are very common for the administration of proteins with pharmacological activity and with particle sizes of around 200 nm [40]. Regarding stability, only minimal changes in physicochemical parameters were observed, indicating colloidal stability of the nanoparticle formulation. This is

• probably explain the immune response improvement since different nanoparticle types generated stronger Th1 and Th2 immune responses compared to other antigen types [45]. Although the present study provides physicochemical and immunological data supporting the potential of PLA–PEI nanoparticles as antigen

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• high water flux of 196.7 L·h−1·m−2·kPa−1 was recorded, surpassing or matching the performance of most membranes fabricated from unmodified two-dimensional nanomaterials. The material exhibits physicochemical stability, excellent permeability, and superior MP removal capabilities; hence, h-Ti3C2Tx

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• al. [2] in one of the first reviews on laser ablation published in 2004. Their discussion addresses the physicochemical insights into key stages of these processes, including the behavior of the laser target, the formation of the plume, and the initial laser–target interactions. It offers a

• obtained. These mechanisms play a crucial role in determining the characteristics of the final products, whether they be spherical NPs, QDs, or other nanostructures, depending on the specific goals of the synthesis. NPs exhibit distinct mechanical and physicochemical properties that are influenced by

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• -MBA) as a probe molecule. In this study, AgNPrs were synthesized photochemically using green LED 10 W irradiation. Seeds were prepared using 1 mM AgNO3 and stabilized with a trisodium citrate (TSC)/AgNO3 molar ratio of 5. Physicochemical analyses confirmed the successful formation of AgNPrs with high

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• wastewater [18][19][20][21]. Recent studies exploring the use of BC for MP remediation have yielded promising results, further emphasizing its potential for addressing environmental contamination. Recent evaluations of MP removal methods have classified biological, physicochemical, and biochar-based

• 2022, reflecting efforts to mitigate MP pollution through biochar application in terrestrial and aquatic environments. From 2022 to 2024, terms like “community structure”, “agriculture”, and “impact” suggest a shift toward investigating biochar's influence on the physicochemical properties of soil and

• physicochemical properties, remediation efficiency, and environmental stability of MPs. Evaluating biochar’s potential for MP remediation in agricultural soils, focusing on improvements in soil properties, crop yield, gene expression, and microbial communities. Examining biochar’s adsorption mechanisms and MP

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• delivery mechanism are broadly categorized into passive and active targeting [38]. Passive targeting is controlled by size, charge, and composition of the nanoparticle, which influences the localization, cell penetration, and release of the drug as physicochemical features of pathogenic tissues facilitate

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• hydrophobic phospholipid bilayer and a hydrophilic core. Depending on the physicochemical properties of the drug, this type of structure allows the entrapment of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs [1]. Liposomes, like other nanosystems, have many benefits, such as prolonged systemic blood circulation

• physicochemical properties of liposomes, including size, surface charge, EE, and stability, directly influence their biological interactions and therapeutic potential. These characteristics are particularly crucial in designing liposomes for ferroptosis induction, as they determine the efficiency of iron delivery

• delivery. Effective lipid binding of medications and genes is necessary to overcome this obstacle [126]. Moreover, the increasing number of physicochemical variables in liposomal formulations makes it difficult to evaluate their pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicology after administration, which

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• , nutraceutical, and industrial applications. However, due to the chemical and physicochemical characteristics as well as the solubility and stability of this oil, it was decided to make a nanoemulsion to enhance its already known therapeutic benefits. Nanoemulsions are nanoemulsified systems, either oil-in-water

• ]. Physicochemical characterization of Acrocomia aculeata fruit pulp oil The physicochemical parameters of bocaiúva oil, such as acidity index, iodine index, and refractive index, were analyzed. The acidity index indicates the state of conservation of oils and fats and is related to the oxidation process. Our

• upon formulation with the surfactant system characterized by a hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) value of 12. These physicochemical parameters are critical for defining the kinetic stability and structural integrity of the nanoemulsion system. Surfactants or emulsifiers are characterized by their

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• physicochemical and biological properties, and incredible potential of being therapeutic agent carriers for biomedical applications [10][11]. They are capable to deliver a range of therapeutics including genes, vaccines, biological macromolecules, hydrophobic/hydrophilic drugs, and proteins to certain organs such

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• and enhanced food safety [30]. Results and Discussion Physicochemical properties FTIR spectroscopy (Figure 1a) was used to study the PVA/glycerol biopackaging (BP), NC-reinforced BP (rBP), and PE-CEO-containing rBP (rCBP) composite films. BP exhibited characteristic peaks at 3330 cm−1 (O–H stretching

• physicochemical properties of the films. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) (Figure 2c) shows how increasing the PE-CEO concentration may affect the thermal stability of the sample. At lower PE-CEO concentration, almost no variation between the rCBP samples can be observed. At 10% (v/w) PE-CEO concentration, a

• cast onto a mold and dried at 70 °C for 12 h. All concentrations were based on the mass of PVA. Characterization Physicochemical properties Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra were recorded in the range of 4000–500 cm−1 using a Bruker ALPHA II spectrometer (Germany) at a spectral

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• - Vila Carli, Guarapuava – PR, Brazil Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.16.90 Abstract Drug delivery systems (DDSs) are an important tool for obtaining medicines with improved physicochemical properties, especially for drugs with

• of methodologies designed to obtain them. In addition to optimizing the physicochemical methods used to prepare nanogels and hydrogels, the application of precision engineering principles has proven essential to enhance the therapeutic performance of these formulations [63][64]. In developing

• thermodynamic activity of the system). Thus, the physicochemical properties related to the first approach involve only the interactions between drugs and vehicles. On the other hand, changing the drug solubility and/or its diffusion through SC is much more complex and comprises multiple interactions among drug