Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• the anisotropic growth and self-assembly of nanostructures with the formation of nanorods and nanosheets. It is currently agreed that media surrounding the particles also influence the surface energy dependence on nanoparticle size. If ions or surfactants are present in the solution, their absorption

• colloid, preventing aggregation [7]. Charge manipulation can be achieved by applying electric fields or varying laser beam polarization. It can also be used at later stages of the NP formation, ensuring self-assembly and growth into oriented structures. In general, the growth of NPs produced by laser

• room temperature. At an intermediate stage, the particles are organized in a network structure. The self-assembly processes can result in one-dimensional nanomaterials as well. Yang et al. [31] fabricated ZnSe nanowires through the self-assembly of ≈ 50 nm seed NPs, which were first generated by

Self-assembly and adhesive properties of Pollicipes pollicipes barnacle cement protein cp19k: influence of pH and ionic strength

• Shrutika Sawant,
• Anne Marie Power and
• J. Gerard Wall

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1863–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.129

• Sciences, University of Galway H91 TK33, Ireland 10.3762/bjnano.16.129 Abstract Marine organisms such as barnacles rely on a complex underwater adhesive system, driven by self-assembly and intermolecular associations between cement proteins, for permanent attachment to a variety of surface types. In this

• study, we investigated the influence of environmental parameters on the self-assembly of recombinant cp19k, a key adhesive protein in Pollicipes pollicipes. Using TEM imaging, a low pH (4.0) and high salt concentration (600 mM NaCl) environment, mimicking P. pollicipes gland conditions, was identified

• morphology, the differences from both other published results with cp19k homologues [29] and the present study underscore the importance of protein construct design as well as environmental parameters in determining the self-assembly behaviour of cp19k. We also investigated the adhesive properties of the

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• patents analyzed primarily focused on carrier-free self-assembly nanoparticle technology, which was present in eight inventions. Other types of nanotechnology, including nanovaccine, polymeric nanocapsules, and nanodrug complexes, were each identified in a single publication. The 14 inventions based on

• polymeric nanoparticles, and the remaining inventions used carrier-free self-assembly nanoparticles. The greater number of inventions based on nanoparticles can be attributed to the longer period over which this carrier system has been studied and utilized. Indeed, the scientific literature contains reports

• , nanoparticles can be subdivided into various structures, such as carrier-free self-assembly nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, polysaccharide nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, and quantum dot nanoparticles. Carrier-free self-assembly nanoparticles Carrier-free self-assembly nanoparticles are formed

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• equilibrium towards the formation of PDA, which is rich in phenol and amino groups [37]. Additionally, free radical polymerization and physical self-assembly pathways contribute the formation of cross-linked PDA with multiple active sites (e.g. phenol and secondary amino groups) [36][38][39]. The phenol and

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• self-assembly of monomers into micelles with a hydrophobic core of polypropylene oxide (PPO) and a hydrophilic corona of polyethylene oxide (PEO), creating an environment suitable for the encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs such as PpIX [15]. These micelles enhance drug solubility, protect against

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• . Technologies that facilitate the conversion of these materials, not limited to typical soft materials, into more advanced assemblies include self-assembly via supramolecular chemistry [60][61][62][63][64], the creation of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) through coordination chemistry [65][66][67][68][69], and

• materials is achieved through the selection and combination of a range of techniques, including the manipulation of atoms and molecules, physical and chemical material transformation, self-assembly and self-organization, orientation and organization by external forces and fields, micro- and nanoscale

• molecules and their two-dimensional films. The structure and quality of the films are pivotal parameters for any molecular electronics application, thus making them indispensable for the development of nanoscale electronic devices. In particular, these findings on the controlled self-assembly of

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• assembly, and surface hydration [10][11][12]. In our previous works, a number of graphene-based hydrogels (RGO-SnO2, RGO-ZnO, and RGO) were synthesized to evidence the reversible self-assembly of graphene-based nanosheets thanks to water intercalation in the hydrated ensembles [13][14][15][16][17

• (Figure 3h and 3i). Although GO-SG-ZH nanosheets agglomerated into microstructures (Figure 3h), the self-assembly of graphene-based nanosheets was different from the stacked morphology of the GO-SG-ZH powder. At a higher magnification of 20,000×, SEM image in Figure 3i revealed the porous structure with

• cm−1 is attributed to the bending vibration of Zn-O-Si bonds in the GO-SG-ZH nanocomposite [44]. Supramolecular systems with non-covalent interactions and reversible cross-links are recognized to provide extraordinary properties and applications [45][46][47]. Reversible self-assembly is an advantage

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• of clarity never before possible [6][7]. In nanotechnology, different nanofiber production techniques are used such as template synthesis, electrospinning, solution blowing, drawing, thermally induced phase segregation, and self-assembly [8][9]. Among these techniques, electrospinning is the most

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• apoptosis rates in human cancer cell lines [134]. Klajnert and coworkers further explored the ability of Mal and Mal-III-modified PPI G4 dendrimers to protect anti-HIV ASOs from nucleolytic degradation under physiological conditions (Figure 9) [135]. Similarly, Maly et al. investigated the self-assembly

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• , phase separation, self-assembly, and electrospinning. Electrospinning is considered the most versatile and widely used technique for nanofiber fabrication, offering greater control over fiber structures, higher productivity, simplicity, lower cost, and potential for industrial use [69][70

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• molecule dyes can be modulated by intramolecular rotation or intermolecular interactions [63]. By using nanocarrier encapsulation and self-assembly strategies, the water solubility and stability of organic small molecule dyes can be improved, and photobleaching can be reduced [64]. Materials that undergo

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• includes the following steps: (1) synthesis of layered zeolite by self-assembly using CTAB as an organic structural guiding agent that creates regular mesopores, (2) introduction of TEOS molecules into the interlayer space, (3) hydrolysis and formation of pillars of amorphous SiO2 separating the layers of

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery

• Elina E. Mansurova,
• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Anzhela A. Mikhailova,
• Polina V. Mikshina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2

• degradation products, and hydrolysis products of phenylboronate esters. Resorcinarenes are known for their self-assembly properties [18]. The electrical conductivity plotted against RA concentration shows a nonlinear relationship for free Hist-RA, CA-RA, and their mixture in water, indicating a critical

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

• Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
• Tien Dat Doan,
• Huy Hieu Luu,
• Hoang Anh Nguyen,
• Thi Thu Ha Vu,
• Quang Hai Tran,
• Ha Tran Nguyen,
• Thanh Binh Dang,
• Thi Hai Yen Pham and
• Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

• sensor was presented by You et al. in 2002 [22]. MOFs are crystalline hybrid materials with network structures formed by the self-assembly of metal ions or metal clusters and organic ligands, which give them ultrahigh porosity and enormous internal surface area. However, using MOFs for electrochemical

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• catalytic and enzymatic peroxidase mimicking activity was synthesized via self-assembly. The decorated Fe3O4@AMALG12@Ag was incorporated into an agarose hydrogel structure, and o-phenylenediamine (OPD) was used as a peroxidase substrate to detect H2O2 calorimetrically (Figure 6). The solid kit demonstrated

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• the literature including inter-surface polymerization, phase separation, drawing, self-assembly, melt blowing, template melt extrusion, forcespinning, and electrospinning [36][37][38][39][40]. Only electrospinning will be further explained in detail in order to remain within the scope. Electrospinning

Directed growth of quinacridone chains on the vicinal Ag(35 1 1) surface

• Niklas Humberg,
• Lukas Grönwoldt and
• Moritz Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 556–568, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.48

• step edges. Keywords: Ag(100); intermolecular hydrogen bonds; one-dimensional aggregates; organic nanostructures; quinacridone; step-molecule interactions; vicinal surface; Introduction A versatile and powerful method to create nanostructures on surfaces is the self-assembly of atoms and molecules

• . Here, the physical and chemical properties of the substrate and the adsorbate are the key that can be tuned to create nanostructures that fit specific needs [1][2][3][4]. A research focus over the recent years has been the self-assembly of molecules or atoms into one-dimensional (1D) linear aggregates

• displayed in Figure 1b. The self-assembly of QA has already been investigated on some nominally flat surfaces such as Ag(111) [22], Ag(100) and Cu(111) [23], and graphene and MoS2 [24][25]. These studies have shown that QA grows in long one-dimensional chains connected by H-bonds. The chains exhibit a small

Potential of a deep eutectic solvent in silver nanoparticle fabrication for antibiotic residue detection

• Le Hong Tho,
• Bui Xuan Khuyen,
• Ngoc Xuan Dat Mai and
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 426–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.38

• stirring, the obtained Ag NPs-DES were washed with DI water several times, and the pellets were re-dispersed in DI water for further use. The Ag NPs-DES thin film was prepared following the procedure for self-assembly monolayer construction. A clean glass substrate was treated with oxygen plasma to form

Investigating ripple pattern formation and damage profiles in Si and Ge induced by 100 keV Ar⁺ ion beam: a comparative study

• Indra Sulania,
• Harpreet Sondhi,
• Tanuj Kumar,
• Sunil Ojha,
• G R Umapathy,
• Ambuj Mishra,
• Ambuj Tripathi,
• Richa Krishna,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi and
• Yogendra Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 367–375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.33

• photoluminescence spectroscopy. Stupp et al. [14] have explored possible applications of self-assembly of biomolecules with controlled stereochemistry in materials technology. However, the fundamental reasoning behind how this self-organization process evolves in terms of defect creation or damage still needs to be

• understood. Despite controlled fabrication of patterns has been achieved, details that influence the process of self-assembly still remain open. Ion beam sputtering is an important method for inducing topographical changes in specific materials. For silicon, self-organized dots, ripples, and cones have been

Two-dimensional molecular networks at the solid/liquid interface and the role of alkyl chains in their building blocks

• Suyi Liu,
• Yasuo Norikane and
• Yoshihiro Kikkawa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 872–892, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.72

• related to energy and environment, among others. However, the fabrication of ordered nanoarchitectures remains a challenge, even in two dimensions. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the self-assembly processes and substantial factors for building ordered structures is critical for tailoring flexible

• synthesis of molecular building blocks have enabled the construction of well-organized nanoarchitectures with various dimensions [8][9][10][11]. These characteristic structural formations are governed by self-assembly processes via non-covalent intermolecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, metal

• monolayers can be prepared by simply placing the sample solution on a freshly cleaved HOPG surface. The self-assembly at the solid/liquid interface is characterized by the following properties: (i) The correlation between the molecular structure and resultant 2D arrangements can be revealed by STM with high

Silver-based SERS substrates fabricated using a 3D printed microfluidic device

• Phommachith Sonexai,
• Minh Van Nguyen,
• Bui The Huy and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 793–803, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.65

• expensive and time-consuming photolithography. The resulting devices were utilized to produce uniformly distributed silver nanoparticles that were then applied to the surface of a porous silicon substrate via a self-assembly technique. This created SERS substrates detecting RhB and MLM with detection limits

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
• Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
• Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

• extremely low densities (0.1–1 g·cm−3), the highest specific surface areas (165–7800 m2·g−1) currently known, tunable surface properties, good mechanical and thermal stability, intriguing and controllable morphologies, and uniform yet tunable pores that are created by the self-assembly of metal ions or

Nanoarchitectonics to entrap living cells in silica-based systems: encapsulations with yolk–shell and sepiolite nanomaterials

• Celia Martín-Morales,
• Jorge Fernández-Méndez,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 522–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.43

• nanoarchitectonics approach involves the manipulation at the nanometre or molecular level, using chemical reactions, processes of self-assembly and self-organization, as well as modulation under external stimuli. This strategy represents a path of great interest to develop new biohybrid materials harbouring

• systems studied during the past decades were based on the encapsulation of enzymes and yeast spores within silica gels for the design of biosensors and bioreactors [9][10][11][12]. Biological entities can be considered themselves excellent examples of self-assembly occurring in nature [13]. Based on these

• but attached to its surface. There are also some silica nanoparticles (LUDOX® TMA) covering the cells in contact with the silica gel fragment. This indicates that for yolk–shell formation, the previous incubation with protamine is crucial for adequate self-assembly of a silica nanoparticle envelope