Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• breast cancers. Its small molecular weight and good aqueous solubility facilitate encapsulation in diverse DDSs, while its instability and short half-life, due to rapid deamination and phosphorylation, highlight the need for protective nanocarriers to improve bioavailability. These features make

• stabilising surface coatings are employed to preserve nanoparticle stability over time. The degree of functionalisation is also a key consideration as surface modifications can enhance solubility, targeting ability, and biocompatibility. Consistent functionalisation is necessary to ensure reproducibility and

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• inflammatory response during wound healing [32][33]. Chemically, βCp is characterized as a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene found in several plants and essential oils, and as expected for compounds of this class, it exhibits characteristic volatility and low solubility in water [34]. To address these limitations

• impregnated with HA and βCp nanoemulsion. The use of βCp in practice is questioned due to its low aqueous solubility, low viscosity, extreme volatility, and sensitivity to temperature, oxygen, and light [38]. The production of a nanoemulsion was developed as a nanocarrier system designed to enhance both the

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• solubility, high volatility, and intrinsic oxidation sensitivity. Thus, the development of novel formulations to efficiently deliver bioactives represents an innovative approach for Aedes aegypti control. In this context, nanothecnology provides smart formulations with improved drug solubility, controlled

• ]. Furthermore, they increase the water solubility of poorly soluble compounds, improve the dispersion of essential oils in vector control, and provide a controlled release of the bioactives. Finally, these systems can be obtained at low cost and through more sustainable technologies [36]. Given these advantages

• , pharmaceutical nanotechnology strategies such as nanoemulsions have been used as tools for vector control [79]. Numerous studies have shown that nanoemulsions can increase the solubility and prolong the larvicidal and/or repellent activity of essential oils, making them a promising solution to improve the

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• attracted attention due to their broad biological activities. To increase their solubility, stability, and cell delivery, nanotechnology-based systems, such as nanoemulsions (NEs), represent a promising approach. In this study, soybean oil nanoemulsions loaded with phytol (PHYT-NE) were developed using the

• pharmaceutical application by reducing bioavailability [18]. To overcome these limitations, the incorporation of phytol into nanostructured delivery systems, has been proposed to improve its solubility, stability, and intracellular delivery efficiency [19]. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems that

Piezoelectricity of layered double hydroxides: perspectives regarding piezocatalysis and nanogenerators

• Evgeniy S. Seliverstov,
• Evgeniya A. Tarasenko and
• Olga E. Lebedeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1812–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.124

• emerging area of catalysis utilizes the ability of piezoelectric materials to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy for subsequent electrochemical reactions [13]. Liu et al. suggested that ultrathin Ni/Fe-LDH modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) for better water solubility and

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• particles. Materials reduced to this scale exhibit alterations in their physicochemical properties, enhancing their interactions with molecular and cellular processes. Consequently, nanotechnology has diverse pharmaceutical applications, as the nanoencapsulation of drugs improves solubility and

• made PNs a topic of growing interest in light of their small size and unique physicochemical properties [22][23]. These systems offer advantages for drug delivery, including the ability to protect labile compounds, control release kinetics, improve drug solubility and stability, enhance oral

• solubility and permeability in the cell membrane both in vitro and in vivo, demonstrated the importance of these characteristics for the pharmacokinetic performance of drugs and developed the “Biopharmaceutical Classification System” (BCS), which remains widely used today by regulatory agencies, research

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• obstacles to their safe application. Hence, ongoing research explores strategies to optimize the solubility and targeting ability of anti-EC drugs, and aptamers [25] represent a distinct class of molecular tools. Aptamers are small nucleotide or peptide sequences screened by “systematic evolution of ligands

• drug nanocarriers (AFDNs), based on ApDCs, encapsulate drugs for protection and exhibit specific chemical modifications. AFDNs are not only helpful to improve drug solubility, ability to cross various biological barriers, and circulation time in vivo, but also achieve highly specific targeting with the

• delivery of gene-silencing therapeutics; (2) direct intercalation of aptamers with small-molecule chemotherapeutic drugs (e.g., DOX), forming stable complexes; (3) co-encapsulation of aptamers and hydrophobic drugs into nanoparticles (e.g., liposomes or polymeric micelles) to improve drug solubility and

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• improvement in bioavailability and pharmacokinetics are based on increased solubility, observed, for example, by Chittasupho et al., improved permeation through biological barriers, as seen in the work of Huang et al., and protection against premetabolism and early elimination, as analyzed by Miguel et al

• characterization, and therapeutic evaluation of nanotechnology [92]. The formulation of patent CN114470229 was discussed in an article by Guo et al., which showed that the nanoparticle, as in the patent, achieved better solubility, synergistic effect, and better targeting [93]. In addition, the article published

• inflammatory and oxidative effects, posing a risk to the lungs, liver, and kidneys [27]. Regarding the use of natural products, nanoparticles can increase the bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and selectivity of compounds toward cancer cells, thereby improving their solubility and delivery [103]. Moreover

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

• should be detectable directly by UV–vis spectroscopy. Unfortunately, we could not detect binding with any of these dyes (results not shown). All three dyes showed relatively low aqueous solubility, and have their primary amine attached directly to an aromatic ring structure, which may contribute to both

• , also did not result in any detectable dye loading on the IONPs. We also tried using Remazol Brilliant Blue R (Figure 6d), a commercially available primary amine-containing dye with sulfonate groups, which impart excellent aqueous solubility, and once again, detected no dye on the IONPs. We thus

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• metalloantibiotics to reach clinical application [21]. One of the main characteristics of metallodrugs is their low aqueous solubility; this, combined with their typically short in vivo half-lives, results in inadequate bioavailability and low accumulation at the therapeutic site [22]. Another limiting factor is the

• enabling controlled release and selective accumulation at the infection site, as well as facilitating the delivery of antibiotics to intracellular bacterial reservoirs [54][55]. Altogether, these advantages contribute to enhanced therapeutic efficacy, improved solubility of poorly water-soluble compounds

• , such as biocompatibility and drug protection, while avoiding many of their limitations. In comparison to conventional colloidal carriers, SLNs demonstrate reduced toxicity, greater surface area, enhanced biocompatibility, extended drug release, improved cellular uptake, and increased drug solubility

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• hydrophilic and hydrophobic therapeutic agents, they improve the solubility and efficacy of drugs, especially those with poor aqueous solubility. Liposomes reduce the impact on healthy tissue while delivering strong drug concentrations directly to the tumor, minimizing the harmful side effects of chemotherapy

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• , nutraceutical, and industrial applications. However, due to the chemical and physicochemical characteristics as well as the solubility and stability of this oil, it was decided to make a nanoemulsion to enhance its already known therapeutic benefits. Nanoemulsions are nanoemulsified systems, either oil-in-water

• emulsified systems loaded with plant extracts have better pharmacological activity than extracts when used naturally [22]. For example, plant oil-loaded nanoemulsions exhibit high water solubility, improved permeability, and enhanced bioavailability [23]. This contrasts with the limited solubility and poor

• , quality indicators such as refractive index, solubility in different organic solvents, and relative density showed that the bocaiúva oil used in that study had good purity [35]. Coimbra and Jorge analyzed Acrocomia aculeata oil and found refractive index values similar to those in this study (1.46 ± 0.01

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• systems [1][2]. Cancer treatment has been revolutionized, yet cancer is treated with traditional methods, that is, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical intervention, accompanied by several lethal implications along with low solubility, poor bioavailability, and fatal off-target effects [3][4]. In

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• biodegradability [1][2][3]. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has been shown to provide better biodegradability compared to other polymers such as polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polystyrene [4][5][6] due to its secondary alcohol groups being susceptible to enzymatic oxidation and its water solubility enhancing

• degradation byproducts [8][9]. One problem is that the hydrophilic structure of PVA gives it a high water-solubility, water uptake, and worse mechanical properties [10][11]. Different filler and nanomaterials including silica [12][13][14], graphene [15][16], and metals [17][18] have been added to PVA to

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• drug solubility in the SC [170], and/or (iii) enhancing the drug diffusion through the SC [169][178]. The first approach can be carried out by simply increasing the drug concentration in the vehicle or by changing the formulation to eventually decrease the drug solubility (i.e., by changing the

• thermodynamic activity of the system). Thus, the physicochemical properties related to the first approach involve only the interactions between drugs and vehicles. On the other hand, changing the drug solubility and/or its diffusion through SC is much more complex and comprises multiple interactions among drug

• ., they promote the disruption of the SC intercellular matrix [175] and/or extraction of the SC lipids [180]). Moreover, some penetration enhancers may operate by more than one permeation mechanism, which involves modifying either the diffusion of the drug in the SC or the solubility of the drug in the

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• evaluate the solubility of PpIX in distinct solvent systems to support the development of novel pharmaceutical formulations. The shake-flask method was employed, using purified water, 50% ethanol (EtOH50), 77% ethanol (EtOH77), absolute ethanol (EtOHabs), and polymeric systems containing 10% (w/w

• min. The dissolution profiles of the micellar systems were also evaluated using the Korsmeyer–Peppas model with lag time (tlag), which indicated a Fickian diffusion mechanism, preceded by a thermodynamically driven accommodation stage of PpIX into the micelles. The solubility of PpIX ranged from 0.138

• mg/mL in water to 0.593 mg/mL in water containing 10% (w/w) P407. The solubility of PpIX in EtOH50 and EtOH77 with 10% (w/w) P407 was 0.503 and 0.507 mg/mL, respectively, while EtOHabs yielded the lowest solubility among ethanolic solvents (0.179 mg/mL). These results indicate that water and EtOHabs

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• constituting elements to carbon or carbon solubility [40][95][96]. Note that the degradation of solvent molecules is even higher for ps-LAL than for ns-LAL [54], meaning that the resulting structural differences in HEA NPs do not occur due to a higher availability of carbon. Diffusing carbon into a metallic

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• . Compound 2 and its non-nitrosated precursor 2b were characterized by 1D NMR (Figures S8,S9, Supporting Information File 1). Self-assembling and spectroscopic properties of 1 Due to the polycationic structure, compound 1 showed good water solubility as evidenced by its absorption spectrum dominated by the

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• °, 34.03°, 35.65°, and 37.63° (marked with asterisks in Figure 4). According to [27][28], they reflect ascorbic acid present in this sample. The lack of these peaks in the pattern of the FST sample is related to the solubility of ascorbic acid in saline. The diffraction peaks (dot marks) in Figure 4

• about the solubility of calcium alginate in the solution of water and NaCl. The N 1s and C 1s lines presented in Figure 12e,f also deserve a comment. Among the substances in the sample composition, nitrogen atoms are contained in vitamins B2, B6, B12, and B9; thus, the N 1s spectrum is most probably

Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• inherent limitations of different classes of therapeutics, ranging from small molecule drugs, to biologicals such as proteins and nucleic acids. Nanoparticles can enhance the solubility and stability of their payload, prolong its circulation time, and improve its biodistribution to increase their safety

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• (–CH2COOH) groups. The introduction of carboxymethyl groups greatly enhances the water solubility of CMC relative to that of cellulose. CMC, recognized as one of the most promising cellulose derivatives, was first synthesized in 1918 [18]. Owing to its unique surface properties, high mechanical strength

• approximately 0.1. A substantial decrease in X4 leads to a corresponding decline in the dependent variable Y, particularly in the X1‒X4 and X3‒X4 interactions. This effect arises because a reduction in X4 decreases water solubility and hinders the formation of a homogeneous cellulose mixture. Additionally

• hydroxy groups interact with the functional groups of the cross-linking agent, reducing the polymer’s water solubility while increasing its stiffness and chemical stability [35][36]. Glutaraldehyde (GA), a linear five-carbon dialdehyde, is regarded as a more effective cross-linking agent compared to

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• nutraceuticals aiming at solubility enhancements. However, current discontinuously operated fragmentation setups suffer from chemical degradation by multipulse laser excitation at high fluence and do not allow for systematic studies of the fragmentation mechanisms. In this work, continuous-flow microparticle

• goes along with an elevated specific surface area that improves solubility and bioavailability of these nutraceuticals. Consequently, the amount of degradation products per generated surface area within one laser passage is a particularly interesting assessment criterion for process efficiency

• . Moreover, the created surface area is also a descriptor highly relevant for application (as the solubility of hydrophobic particle dispersions in water is proportional to the surface [67][68]). For simplified calculations of the total surface created by LFL, we assumed all particles to be ideal spheres

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• )amine] (PTAA) [24]. These compounds exhibit favorable solubility, reasonable energetic alignment with most perovskites, and an amorphous nature. The main issues that arise from their usage involve poor conductivity and mechanical stability [25], the existence of pinholes, and a poor adhesion with the

• solubility in solvents orthogonal to the underlying perovskite active layer. Such an alternative compound is tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (BCF), which is an electrophilic Lewis acid that interacts with the organic semiconductor and increases its conductivity. Here, we performed a dedicated study for the HTL

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• , Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, United Kingdom 10.3762/bjnano.16.50 Abstract Objectives of the present study are the development of aprepitant (APT)-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) using the polymers poloxamer 407 and β-cyclodextrin for enhanced solubility and their pharmacokinetic

• analysis. APT-loaded SLNs were prepared by the precipitation method and characterized by physicochemical studies including particle size and zeta potential measurements, drug content, encapsulation efficiency and solubility studies, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron

• concentration of β-CD showed the highest drug solubility (93.50% ± 3.73%) in PBS (pH 7.4) and drug content (96.75% ± 0.24%); particle size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index of APT-CD-NP4 were 121.1 ± 0.72 nm, −18.8 ± 0.94 mV, and 0.15 ± 0.35, respectively. SEM analysis showed that APT was converted from

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• after in vivo administration [8]. Among these systems, microemulsions (MEs) stand out for their ability to increase the solubility, absorption, and bioavailability of lipophilic compounds such as EOs. MEs are transparent, thermodynamically stable, low-viscosity systems containing oil and water