Porous N- and S-doped carbon–carbon composite electrodes by soft-templating for redox flow batteries

• Maike Schnucklake,
• László Eifert,
• Jonathan Schneider,
• Roswitha Zeis and
• Christina Roth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1131–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.113

• obtained inside the macroporous carbon felt. For the investigation of electrode structure and porosity X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nitrogen sorption (BET) were used. The electrochemical performance of the carbon felts was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry

• the nitrogen sorption isotherms of the carbonized felt and the N-doped composite electrode is shown. The curves appear distinctively different with a significant hump observed for the doped electrode. With the soft-templating approach it is possible to enhance the surface area of the felts by a factor

• electrode and corresponding colored mappings of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Nitrogen sorption isotherms of the synthesized composite electrode with nitrogen doping (upper line) and the carbonized carbon felt (lower line). High-resolution XPS spectra including the fitting of the carbonized carbon

Glucose-derived carbon materials with tailored properties as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction

• Rafael Gomes Morais,
• Natalia Rey-Raap,
• José Luís Figueiredo and
• Manuel Fernando Ribeiro Pereira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1089–1102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.109

• adsorption at −196 °C performed in a Quantachrome Autosorb iQ automated gas sorption analyzer. All samples were degassed under vacuum at 150 °C for 12 h before the analysis. The specific surface area (SBET) was determined according to the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) equation, the total pore volume (Vp) was

Ultrathin hydrophobic films based on the metal organic framework UiO-66-COOH(Zr)

• Miguel A. Andrés,
• Clemence Sicard,
• Christian Serre,
• Olivier Roubeau and
• Ignacio Gascón

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 654–665, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.65

• pattern, SEM image and N2 sorption isotherms at 77 K). Langmuir films of pure MOF sMPs obtained at the air–water interface using diluted suspensions in chloroform showed a lack of reproducibility, which could be ascribed to poor suspension stability, mostly associated with particle aggregation (see

• radiation source operated at 40 kV and 80 mA (average Kα radiation λ = 1.5418 Å). The sorption measurements were performed at 77 K on a BEL Japan Belsorp Mini apparatus using N2 as the probing gas. The samples were outgassed at 50 °C under vacuum for 24 h (BEL Japan, Belsorp Prep). Scanning electron

• mN·m−1 and drop-cast films were also analyzed. Comparative analysis of contact angles of hydrophobic MOFs reported in the literature. Supporting Information PXRD, SEM and N2 sorption isotherm characterization of UiO-66-COOH(Zr) submicrometer particles. Description of the optimization process of

Topochemical engineering of composite hybrid fibers using layered double hydroxides and abietic acid

• Liji Sobhana,
• Lokesh Kesavan,
• Jan Gustafsson and
• Pedro Fardim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 589–605, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.60

• absorption capacity measurements To investigate the hydrophobicity of the modified cellulose fibers, pine oil was selected for sorption experiments. The sorption experiments were carried out at room temperature as follows: Small pieces of the pre-weighed cellulose handsheet samples were dipped in oil (10 mL

• unrefined fibers are brighter than refined fibers, as there are less empty space of pores that reduce the reflectance. The present investigation of pulp fibers can be taken to the next level at which the improved hydrophobicity and tensile strength could be utilized for applications in the field of sorption

Improving control of carbide-derived carbon microstructure by immobilization of a transition-metal catalyst within the shell of carbide/carbon core–shell structures

• Teguh Ariyanto,
• Jan Glaesel,
• Andreas Kern,
• Gui-Rong Zhang and
• Bastian J. M. Etzold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 419–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.41

• partial conversion [15][26]. Figure 2b shows the pore structure of the partially converted carbide at 800 °C characterized by N2 sorption analysis. The adsorption–desorption curve shows a similar shape compared to a typical fully CDC material synthesized at 800 °C but features a lower uptake due to the

• °C [29]. Influence of nickel loading on the pore structure of the final carbon material Figure 6a shows the resulting nitrogen-sorption isotherms for varying amounts of nickel loading. The material without graphitization catalyst (CDC-Ni0) shows an isotherm with a wider knee in the low-pressure range

• in the range of 3–4 nm, which are not present in the CDC-Ni0 sample. The structural properties (specific surface area (SSA), total pore volume (VT) and mean pore size (dm)) are summarized in Table 1. There are two types of SSA, SSAN2 and SSACO2, obtained from nitrogen and carbon dioxide sorption

Removal of toxic heavy metals from river water samples using a porous silica surface modified with a new β-ketoenolic host

• Said Tighadouini,
• Smaail Radi,
• Abderrahman Elidrissi,
• Khadija Haboubi,
• Maryse Bacquet,
• Stéphanie Degoutin,
• Mustapha Zaghrioui and
• Yann Garcia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 262–273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.25

• pH and fast adsorption was reached within 25 min. The maximum sorption capacities for Zn(II), Pb(II), Cd(II) and Cu(II) were 96.17, 47.07, 48.30 and 32.15 mg·g−1, respectively. Furthermore, the material proved to be very stable – its adsorption capacity remained greater than 98% even after five

• and NaOH solution. Selectivity. The selectivity sorption of Zn(II) ion was studied using solution containing: Zn(II), Pb(II), Cd(II) and Cu(II) ions (100 mg·L−1 of each, pH 6). Then, 10 mg of SiNL was added into 10 mL of the metal solution at room temperature for 60 min. The atomic adsorption

• the pH on Zn(II), Pb(II), Cd(II) and Cu(II) sorption onto SiNL was investigated in the range of pH 1–7 using the batch method as shown in Figure 5. The absorption of the metal ions increases with pH. When the pH is low, the retention of metal ions by SiNL is negligible. This is presumably due to the

pH-mediated control over the mesostructure of ordered mesoporous materials templated by polyion complex micelles

• Emilie Molina,
• Mélody Mathonnat,
• Jason Richard,
• Patrick Lacroix-Desmazes,
• Martin In,
• Philippe Dieudonné,
• Thomas Cacciaguerra,
• Corine Gérardin and
• Nathalie Marcotte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.14

• . The textural properties of the materials were determined from the nitrogen sorption isotherms recorded at 77 K using a Micrometics Tristar 3000 apparatus. Prior to analysis, the samples were outgassed for 14 h under vacuum (0.08 mbar) at 250 °C for calcined materials and at 45 °C for hybrid materials

• ) and (210) diffraction planes of long-range ordered hexagonally packed cylindrical structures (Table S1a, Supporting Information File 1). It should also be mentioned that the N2 sorption isotherms (Figure S3 in Supporting Information File 1) exhibited the typical type-IV shape of mesoporous materials

• the (100), and (200) planes of the lamellar/hexagonal structure and a weaker peak that could correspond to the (110) plane of the hexagonal structure. The nitrogen sorption isotherm (Figure 4b) exhibits a very low adsorption step, in good agreement with this mixture of mesostructures. When further

New micro/mesoporous nanocomposite material from low-cost sources for the efficient removal of aromatic and pathogenic pollutants from water

• Emmanuel I. Unuabonah,
• Robert Nöske,
• Jens Weber,
• Christina Günter and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 119–131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.11

• -nitrophenol and E. coli bacteria, we prepared an initial set of materials with MgCl2 and ZnCl2 at a reaction temperature of 500 °C. Figure 1a shows the nitrogen sorption isotherms of 1M-HYCA, 1Z-HYCA, and 2Z-HYCA (see experimental part for sample labels). The shape of the isotherms suggests the presence of

• synthesis temperature. Overall, nitrogen sorption analysis indicates that the porosity does not directly correlate with the synthesis conditions as soon as the threshold temperature of 500 °C is passed. As stated above, a high surface area is a key requirement for a material to work in water treatment. The

• processes cannot be separated here. TGA/DTA data analysis therefore indicates that the reaction temperature is indeed a key parameter to obtain a stable material that will resist rapid attrition during use. Comparison with the nitrogen sorption data suggests that a reaction temperature of ≈500 °C is

Hydrogen-induced plasticity in nanoporous palladium

• Markus Gößler,
• Eva-Maria Steyskal,
• Markus Stütz,
• Norbert Enzinger and
• Roland Würschum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3013–3024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.280

• in combination with the internal-stress plasticity mechanism leads to a peculiar strain response upon hydrogen sorption and desorption. Critical potentials for the formation of PdHα and PdHβ in npPd are determined. The theoretical concepts to assess the plastic strain response of nanoporous samples

• -phase (hydride, PdHβ) starts to form. At concentrations above 0.6 (H/Pd) only PdHβ is present. These critical concentrations were reported for bulk palladium samples at room temperature and may vary for nanoscaled or stressed systems [22]. The lattice constant increases during hydrogen sorption from

• (CV) in 1 M KOH (see Figure 1). A CV probes the current as a function of the potential, which is varied up and down triangularly at a certain scan rate, which represents the slope of this potential variation. Potentiostatic hydrogen sorption The CV (black) in Figure 1 is typical for palladium and has

Ternary nanocomposites of reduced graphene oxide, polyaniline and hexaniobate: hierarchical architecture and high polaron formation

• Claudio H. B. Silva,
• Maria Iliut,
• Christopher Muryn,
• Christian Berger,
• Zachary Coldrick,
• Vera R. L. Constantino,
• Marcia L. A. Temperini and
• Aravind Vijayaraghavan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2936–2946, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.272

• decomposition, which is assigned to strong interactions between the two components [8]. Besides, rGO presents defects and functional groups on its surfaces that are sites for catalysis or sorption of substrates [9]. Considering the confirmed synergistic effects of PANI/hexNb and PANI/rGO binary nanocomposites

ZnO-nanostructure-based electrochemical sensor: Effect of nanostructure morphology on the sensing of heavy metal ions

• Marina Krasovska,
• Vjaceslavs Gerbreders,
• Irena Mihailova,
• Andrejs Ogurcovs,
• Eriks Sledevskis,
• Andrejs Gerbreders and
• Pavels Sarajevs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2421–2431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.227

• working electrode surface area, and consequently, large number of active links that raises the overall sorption capability. Our research team performed a series of experiments aimed at determining the influence of hydrothermal growth conditions on the parameters of the obtained nanostructures, as well as

• to 2 mM). The reduction peak current for the highest concentration can be explained by mass crystallization in the solution, in parallel with the sorption process. It is the threshold above which crystallites of lead oxides become visible on the ZnO nanostructured surface by SEM. In order to visually

Uniform cobalt nanoparticles embedded in hexagonal mesoporous nanoplates as a magnetically separable, recyclable adsorbent

• Can Zhao,
• Yuexiao Song,
• Tianyu Xiang,
• Wenxiu Qu,
• Shuo Lou,
• Xiaohong Yin and
• Feng Xin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1770–1781, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.168

• morphology and specific surface area of the as-prepared NPLs can be tailored by adjusting the initial dopamine concentration and carbonization temperature. The mesoporous NPLs exhibit excellent sorption of rhodamine B (RhB) dye and fast magnetic separation in aqueous solution. Over 95% of RhB can be adsorbed

• of the as-prepared NPLs, including the good distribution of metal nanoparticles, strong magnetic response, fast adsorption rate, high adsorption capacity, and easy regeneration, provide opportunities for designing new composites with enhanced sorption behavior. This hexagonal magnetic mesoporous NPL

Controllable one-pot synthesis of uniform colloidal TiO₂ particles in a mixed solvent solution for photocatalysis

• Jong Tae Moon,
• Seung Ki Lee and
• Ji Bong Joo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1715–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.163

• were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis using a Rigaku D/mas-2200 diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å). The pore property was characterized using the nitrogen adsorption/desorption technique at 77 K using a nitrogen sorption instrument (ASAP 2000, Micromertics). Catalytic

Sheet-on-belt branched TiO₂(B)/rGO powders with enhanced photocatalytic activity

• Huan Xing,
• Wei Wen and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1550–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.146

• spectra were examined using a UV–vis near-infrared spectrometer (UV-3150, Shimadzu). The low temperature nitrogen sorption measurement was conducted at 77 K using a Nova 3000e (Quantachrome Instruments, USA) with Quantachrome V11.0 software. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) approach using adsorption data

Noble metal-modified titania with visible-light activity for the decomposition of microorganisms

• Maya Endo,
• Zhishun Wei,
• Kunlei Wang,
• Baris Karabiyik,
• Kenta Yoshiiri,
• Paulina Rokicka,
• Bunsho Ohtani,
• Agata Markowska-Szczupak and
• Ewa Kowalska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 829–841, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.77

• nourishment for mould fungi is probably caused by sorption of macromolecules (e.g., proteins and sugars) on titania, as suggested by Raffaini and Ganzoli [77] and Ellingsen [78]. On the other hand, our previous study showed that Au-modified faceted titania was inactive against C. albicans, in contrast to the

Synthesis and characterization of two new TiO₂-containing benzothiazole-based imine composites for organic device applications

• Anna Różycka,
• Agnieszka Iwan,
• Krzysztof Artur Bogdanowicz,
• Michal Filapek,
• Natalia Górska,
• Damian Pociecha,
• Marek Malinowski,
• Patryk Fryń,
• Agnieszka Hreniak,
• Jakub Rysz,
• Paweł Dąbczyński and
• Monika Marzec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 721–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.67

• calculate the surface area, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory was applied, while for porosity, the evaluation employing the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) method was used. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) defines six types of physical sorption isotherms (I–VI), where the

• shape analysis of isotherm gives information about the characterization of surface area and porosity of the material [44]. The obtained titanium dioxide isotherms are shown in Figure 1a. The results revealed that the shape of the TiO2 isotherm is a combination of type II and type IV. Type II sorption

Photocatalytic and adsorption properties of TiO₂-pillared montmorillonite obtained by hydrothermally activated intercalation of titanium polyhydroxo complexes

• Mikhail F. Butman,
• Nikolay L. Ovchinnikov,
• Nikita S. Karasev,
• Nataliya E. Kochkina,
• Alexander V. Agafonov and
• Alexandr V. Vinogradov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 364–378, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.36

• nitrogen as an adsorbent [40][41]. At P/P0 ratios close to 1 the isotherms of the samples TiO2-PMMHx feature a sharp rise of the sorption curve indicating the presence of large pores in the pillared samples, which is confirmed by the average pore diameter data (Dav) (Table 5). The values of specific

• follows: where Ce (mg/L) is the equilibrium liquid phase concentration of the adsorbate; Qe (mg/g) the equilibrium solid phase concentration of adsorbate; qL (mg/g) is the maximum sorption capacity; KL (L/mg) and KF (mg/g) are the Langmuir and Freundlich constants, respectively; Qm (mg/g) and KS (L/mg

Bombyx mori silk/titania/gold hybrid materials for photocatalytic water splitting: combining renewable raw materials with clean fuels

• Stefanie Krüger,
• Michael Schwarze,
• Otto Baumann,
• Christina Günter,
• Michael Bruns,
• Christian Kübel,
• Dorothée Vinga Szabó,
• Rafael Meinusch,
• Verónica de Zea Bermudez and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 187–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.21

• equation was done using the HighScore Plus V.4.0 (4.0.0.19037) software from PANalytical B.V. Nitrogen sorption measurements were performed on a BELSORP-max with N2 at 77 K using 40 measurement points. Prior to all measurements, samples were ground and dried at 90 °C for at least 24 h until the weight

• , the fraction of TiO2 in TPS is ca. 8% higher than in TS. Figure 7 shows nitrogen sorption data obtained from the Au-free and Au-modified samples. All samples show a type IV(a) isotherm with a type H2(a) hysteresis loop; the hysteresis loop is typical for materials with pore diameters wider than 4 nm

• 170 m2/g (TS) and 180 m2/g (TS_Au2.5) respectively. Table 1 summarizes the surface areas and pore volumes. As SEM and TEM also show the presence of macropores, nitrogen sorption was complemented with Hg intrusion porosimetry. Figure 8 shows that TPS ground to a powder prior to the measurements has a

One-step chemical vapor deposition synthesis and supercapacitor performance of nitrogen-doped porous carbon–carbon nanotube hybrids

• Egor V. Lobiak,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva,
• Ekaterina O. Fedorovskaya,
• Yury V. Shubin,
• Pavel E. Plyusnin,
• Pierre Lonchambon,
• Boris V. Senkovskiy,
• Zinfer R. Ismagilov,
• Emmanuel Flahaut and
• Alexander V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2669–2679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.267

• Information File 1). Since the average pore size determined from the N2 sorption measurements was ≈12 nm for all samples, we conclude that this carbon material was templated by MgO nanoparticles. The nanotubes permeate the porous carbon (Figure 2a,c,f) and connect the flakes (Figure 2b). The supported metals

Preparation of thick silica coatings on carbon fibers with fine-structured silica nanotubes induced by a self-assembly process

• Benjamin Baumgärtner,
• Hendrik Möller,
• Thomas Neumann and
• Dirk Volkmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1145–1155, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.116

• sorption measurements. The overall morphology is more or less preserved for the immobilization of these modified aggregates on the carbon fiber surface. Addition of copper(II) ions leads to two-dimensional, fan like structures located on the fiber surface, whereas calcium(II) ions redirect the morphology

• analysis (TGA) was performed with a TA Instruments Q500 Thermogravimetric Analyzer. Nitrogen gas sorption isotherms of LPEI/silica composite particles at 77 K were recorded with a Quantachrome NOVA 2000 Series instrument. Prior to measurements, the samples were heated for 2 h in vacuum at 110 °C (LPEI

Needs and challenges for assessing the environmental impacts of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs)

• Michelle Romero-Franco,
• Hilary A. Godwin,
• Muhammad Bilal and
• Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 989–1014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.101

Modeling adsorption of brominated, chlorinated and mixed bromo/chloro-dibenzo-p-dioxins on C₆₀ fullerene using Nano-QSPR

• Piotr Urbaszek,
• Agnieszka Gajewicz,
• Celina Sikorska,
• Maciej Haranczyk and
• Tomasz Puzyn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 752–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.78

• unprecedented properties of such organic nanomaterials (in particular their large surface area) gained extensive attention for their potential use as organic pollutant sorbents. Sorption interactions can be very hazardous and useful at the same time. This work investigates the influence of halogenation by

• bromine and/or chlorine in dibenzo-p-dioxins on their sorption ability on the C60 fullerene surface. Halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PXDDs, where X = Br or Cl) are ever-present in the environment and accidently produced in many technological processes in only approximately known quantities. If all

• (AhR) toxicity mechanism. Therefore, the effectiveness of fullerenes as sorbent agents may be underestimated as sorption could be less effective for toxic congeners than previously believed. Keywords: brominated; chlorinated; dioxins; fullerenes; QSPR; sorption; Introduction Dioxin congeners are

First examples of organosilica-based ionogels: synthesis and electrochemical behavior

• Andreas Taubert,
• Ruben Löbbicke,
• Barbara Kirchner and
• Fabrice Leroux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 736–751, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.77

• cycle. Heating and cooling cycles were repeated three times for reproducibility. Pore analysis. Nitrogen sorption experiments were carried out at 77 K on a Quantachrome Autosorb-1. Prior to measurements the samples were degassed in vacuum overnight at 80 °C. Surface areas were calculated via the

• Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method [34]. Determination of average pore diameters was done using the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) approach using the desorption branch of the sorption isotherms [35]. X-ray scattering. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) intensities were recorded at room temperature with a

• ) pattern. All SAXS patterns show a strong scattering signal with a typical q−4 behavior indicating an amorphous, mesoporous system with strong phase boundaries and cylindrical pores, but without ordered mesopores [37]. This is confirmed by nitrogen sorption measurements, Figure 6. All monoliths show a type

Tailoring bifunctional hybrid organic–inorganic nanoadsorbents by the choice of functional layer composition probed by adsorption of Cu²⁺ ions

• Veronika V. Tomina,
• Inna V. Melnyk,
• Yuriy L. Zub,
• Aivaras Kareiva,
• Miroslava Vaclavikova,
• Gulaim A. Seisenbaeva and
• Vadim G. Kessler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 334–347, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.36

• molecular structure of the surfaces. It was demonstrated that the introduction of short hydrophobic (methyl) groups improves the kinetic characteristics of the samples during the sorption of copper(II) ions and promotes fixation of aminopropyl groups on the surface of silica microspheres. The introduction

• of long hydrophobic (perfluoroctyl) groups changes the nature of the surface, where they are arranged in alternately hydrophobic/hydrophilic patches. This makes the aminopropyl groups huddled and less active in the sorption of metal cations. The size and aggregation/morphology of obtained particles

• was optimized controlling the synthesis conditions, such as concentrations of reactants, basicity of the medium, and the process temperature. Keywords: copper(II) ions; methyl groups; N- and F-containing functional groups; silica nanospheres; sol–gel processes; sorption; surface chemistry

In situ formation of reduced graphene oxide structures in ceria by combined sol–gel and solvothermal processing

• Jingxia Yang,
• Johannes Ofner,
• Bernhard Lendl and
• Ulrich Schubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1815–1821, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.174

• TG 209 C in a platinum crucible in synthetic air with a heating rate of 10 °C/min. Nitrogen sorption measurements were performed on an ASAP 2020 (Micromeritics). The samples were degassed in vacuum at room temperature for at least 5 h prior to measurement. The total surface area was calculated