Calibration of piezo actuators and systems by dynamic interferometry

• Knarik Khachatryan and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2086–2091, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.143

• stabilized so that the working point is the inflection point and center of symmetry of the time-dependent interferometer signal [16], implying that the mean cavity length is d0 = , where m is an odd integer and λ is the vacuum wavelength of the light used for interferometer operation in a UHV environment. As

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• current and duration of the experiments were adjusted (within a range of 1 to 10 nA for the ion current, and 10 s to 10 min the irradiation) in order to achieve the optimal ion fluence necessary for the decomposition of the entire precursor layer. Time-dependent changes in the morphology of the irradiated

Programmable soliton dynamics in all-Josephson-junction logic cells and networks

• Vsevolod I. Ruzhickiy,
• Anastasia A. Maksimovskaya,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Maxim V. Tereshonok,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.131

• sign, and all summands with φk,j(h) are written with a plus sign. Additional currents (e.g., the bias current or the time-dependent current from the generator) are also included as components. After writing down Equation 6 for each node, a system of second-order diffeomorphic equations are obtained

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• exhibited significant time-dependent leishmanicidal activity against Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes, with lower IC50 values (up to five times lower at 48 hours) and up to 75% parasite death after 48 hours, showing greater antiparasitic activity compared to that of free phytol. Although the use of

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• approaches are blind to the time-dependent dynamics that govern film nucleation and early growth. Operando APXPS overcomes this limitation, enabling direct observation of surface reactions cycle-by-cycle in real time [53]. ALD typically operates in the 10−3 to 1 mbar pressure range, ideally matched to the

Few-photon microwave fields for superconducting transmon-based qudit control

• Irina A. Solovykh,
• Andrey V. Pashchenko,
• Natalya A. Maleeva,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Olga V. Tikhonova and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1580–1591, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.112

• rapid and can be performed on the sub-nanosecond time scale. Indeed, Figure 8 demonstrates the time-dependent probability of excitation of considered transmon states calculated for each state at its own optimal detuning. The obtained results demonstrate a very fast excitation with probability equal to

• numerical calculation results, see Table 1 for details. A demonstration of the rapid control of the states with n = 1–4 of the designed transmon (from (a) to (d), respectively). The panels show the time-dependent population of transmon states at the selected optimal frequency detuning. The parameters for

• energy in Equation 14 becomes non-zero, providing a different energy state that leads to additional preferred values of the frequency detuning. To demonstrate more precisely the possibility of highly efficient excitation of any transmon state “on demand” by frequency detuning, we calculate the time

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• electronics. Active degradation has emerged as a complementary strategy alongside conventional encapsulation. Unlike passive and time-dependent degradation, active degradation involves materials that remain stable under normal physiological conditions but are designed to break down in response to specific

• overcome these challenges, active degradation strategies based on stimuli-responsive materials rather than passive, time-dependent breakdown have emerged as a promising complementary approach. As these strategies mature, they may enable the development of intelligent encapsulation layers capable of sensing

• bioresorbable electronics. If these technological challenges can be addressed, bioresorbable electronics are expected to evolve beyond the current paradigm of single-use, time-dependent devices into intelligent, autonomous systems capable of real-time self-assessment and self-regulated degradation. By

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• interaction studies Cell viability assay The concentrations and exposure-time-dependent cell viability data for the cells treated with hBNs, hBNs+US, BaTiO3, and BaTiO3+US are shown in Figure 2. As observed, none of the tested concentrations of the NMs exhibited cytotoxicity on HOb cells over a 48 h period

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• this work, we employ SICM to investigate the shape, dynamics, and nanomorphology of metabolically active, isolated mitochondria, with a specific focus on the outer mitochondrial membrane. Furthermore, we identify and characterise two distinct dynamic effects observed in time-dependent topography data

• small and primarily influenced by instrumental factors. Furthermore, its time-dependent behaviour should resemble that of metabolically inactive objects. This hypothesis is validated in the subsequent analysis. Figure 6a shows a difference image of a fixed mitochondrion and Figure 6b the TEV as a

Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

• static component in Equation 3, the electrostatic force has periodic time-dependent components at frequencies ωe and 2ωe, which correspond to Equation 4 and Equation 5, respectively. In the case of an oscillating AFM tip, the tip–sample distance z and, thereby, the tip–sample capacitance and its

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• in a time-dependent manner. In vitro mucus interaction studies To analyze the interactions of nanoparticles with mucins in vitro, mucus-secreting AGS cells [69] were used. The mucus secretion of cells under our culturing conditions were determined via the PAS stain assay. The evaluation of mucin

• cells were seeded into 12-well plates and treated with F-EudAlg nanoparticles (1 mg/mL). Two incubation intervals were used in the study (1 and 4 h) to study the internalization of nanoparticles in a time-dependent manner. At the end of incubation, the cells were washed twice with PBS and fixed in 4

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• , evident from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data (Figure 5B). Impedance, measured in an electrochemical setup, is the time-dependent opposition to alternating current stemming from the combined effect of ohmic resistance, capacitance, and phase elements in an electronic circuit. Impedance is

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• involves applying a sinusoidal stress or strain to the material and measuring the resulting strain or stress, allowing for the characterization of time-dependent deformation of the material. The parameters varied in the tests include oscillation amplitude and frequency, while DMTA tests include temperature

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• evaluated. In the study of Zhang et al. [77] in which cellular accumulation and cytotoxicity of NDs, MWCNTs, and GO in HeLa cells were compared, concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxicity was observed, with an uptake via non-specific mechanisms and rates in the following order: NDs > MWCNTs > GO. The

• exclude their molecular interactions with the GBM cells and a contribution to the cytotoxicity of the formulations. Despite the evidence for excellent biocompatibility of PEG, there are papers demonstrating that PEG (depending on the molecular weight) may show selective dose- and time-dependent cytostatic

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• affect NP internalization. They actively engulf NCs and accelerate their clearance, acting differentially in a time-dependent manner and altering the fate of nanomaterials [26]. In addition to immune-related barriers, the physicochemical properties of the nanomaterial itself can impair the NCs’ ability

Modeling and simulation of carbon-nanocomposite-based gas sensors

• Roopa Hegde,
• Punya Prabha V,
• Shipra Upadhyay and
• Krishna S B

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 90–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.9

• settings for time-dependent and stationary analyses. In the solving phase, simulations are executed to generate results, followed by post-processing to analyse and present the outcomes in 1D and 3D plots. The sensor layer where the adsorption of the gas occurs and thus participate in detecting the CO gas

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery

• Elina E. Mansurova,
• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Anzhela A. Mikhailova,
• Polina V. Mikshina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2

• (Fl) = 0.01 mM; PB, pH 7.4, 37 °C. 1H NMR spectra for Atr@p(Hist-CA): (a) dialysate after synthesis of Atr@p(Hist-CA), (b) dialysate after addition of ACh, and (c) the rest of dialyzing solution, C(ACh) = 5 mM, m(Atr) = 10 mg, PB, pH 7.4, 25 °C. Time-dependent Atr release from Atr@p(Hist-CA) without

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• nanoparticles showed excellent serum stability and revealed sustained drug release characteristics. Cell culture experiments suggested that the developed PLHNPs exhibited a much higher dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity against both MCF-7 and HepG2 cells. After intravenous administration in SD rats, the

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• vivo permeation studies. The PLGA NPs showed size- and time-dependent uptake mechanisms. For instance, PLGA NPs with particle sizes of 80 and 175 nm were taken up after only 5 min in the lamina propria; after 15 min, PLGA NPs with a particle size of 520 nm were associated with nuclei. Additionally, the

Enhanced catalytic reduction through in situ synthesized gold nanoparticles embedded in glucosamine/alginate nanocomposites

• Chi-Hien Dang,
• Le-Kim-Thuy Nguyen,
• Minh-Trong Tran,
• Van-Dung Le,
• Nguyen Minh Ty,
• T. Ngoc Han Pham,
• Hieu Vu-Quang,
• Tran Thi Kim Chi,
• Tran Thi Huong Giang,
• Nguyen Thi Thanh Tu and
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1227–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.99

• effectiveness of this reaction hinges on the catalytic surface, influenced by both reagent adsorption and product desorption. We monitored the in situ reduction of organic dyes using the nanocatalyst via time-dependent UV–vis absorption measurements at ambient temperature. Confirmation of reduction was

A low-kiloelectronvolt focused ion beam strategy for processing low-thermal-conductance materials with nanoampere currents

• Annalena Wolff,
• Nico Klingner,
• William Thompson,
• Yinghong Zhou,
• Jinying Lin and
• Yin Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1197–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.97

• numerical heat transfer approach A 3D numerical heat transfer approach was used to include the effect of multiple ion impacts. A time-dependent heat equation was used to assess the effects of global and local heat damage for 5 keV Ga ions when using picoampere and nanoampere ion beam currents. The surface

• samples is orders of magnitude higher than that of the thermally low conductive materials used in this report. Conclusion The effects of acceleration voltage and ion energy on the heat damage during FIB processing was assessed using Monte Carlo simulations, finite element simulations, time-dependent

• simulations for 5 keV gallium ions in collagen The finite element simulator COMSOL was used to simulate the interaction of 5 keV Ga+ with collagen using the time-dependent differential equation of heat conduction for a stationary, homogeneous, and isotropic solid, The time evolution of a single gallium ion’s

Synthesis, characterization and anticancer effect of doxorubicin-loaded dual stimuli-responsive smart nanopolymers

• Ömür Acet,
• Pavel Kirsanov,
• Burcu Önal Acet,
• Inessa Halets-Bui,
• Dzmitry Shcharbin,
• Şeyda Ceylan Cömert and
• Mehmet Odabaşı

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1189–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.96

• was highest at 41 °C and pH 7.4 (Figure 4B). The temperature and pH sensitivity eliminates the need for other external stimuli. The time-dependent DOX release experiments conducted here under different conditions demonstrated that the dual response of the SNPs may improve the DD performance compared

• . The data shows that smart nanopolymers can be used to create new types of doxorubicin-based drugs. Solutions utilized during polymerization. FTIR spectra of SNPs and DOX-SNPs. SEM image of SNPs. (A) Loading capacity of DOX at different initial concentrations. (B) Time-dependent release of DOX under