Effective intercalation of zein into Na-montmorillonite: role of the protein components and use of the developed biointerfaces

• Ana C. S. Alcântara,
• Margarita Darder,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1772–1782, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.170

• biopolymer films were prepared by casting methods (Figure 7). For this it is necessary to add a certain amount of glycerol as plasticizer component in the blank films to reduce their high brittleness. The light transmittance of zein bionanocomposites was higher for films containing Z-MMT_S2, but in the

• shift values were referenced to tetramethylsilane. The qualitative analysis of protein fractions (λ = 250–600 nm) and the UV–vis transmittance (λ = 200–800 nm) of bionanocomposite films (rectangular shape, 2 cm × 4 cm) were determined using a Shimadzu UV-1201 spectrophotometer. Surface morphology was

Surface-enhanced infrared absorption studies towards a new optical biosensor

• Lothar Leidner,
• Julia Stäb,
• Jennifer T. Adam and
• Günter Gauglitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1736–1742, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.166

• nanoparticles deposit onto the polymer causing backscattering. There is nonzero transmittance from medium 1 (polymer film) to medium 2 (water). The transmitted light absorbs, interacts with the nanoparticles and is partially backscattered. As there is a wavelength dependent absorption, there is also a

Role of RGO support and irradiation source on the photocatalytic activity of CdS–ZnO semiconductor nanostructures

• Suneel Kumar,
• Rahul Sharma,
• Vipul Sharma,
• Gurunarayanan Harith,
• Vaidyanathan Sivakumar and
• Venkata Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1684–1697, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.161

• conductivity (5000 W·m−1·K−1) [30]. Its optical transmittance is about 97.7% and possesses superior electron mobility (200000 cm2·V−1·s−1), which makes it an ideal material for photocatalyst support [31]. Several semiconductor nanocomposites supported on graphene have been used as photocatalysts for the

Sb₂S₃ grown by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and its application in a hybrid solar cell

• Erki Kärber,
• Atanas Katerski,
• Ilona Oja Acik,
• Arvo Mere,
• Valdek Mikli and
• Malle Krunks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1662–1673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.158

• laterally and in height, the approximate sizes of the flakes are presented in the caption of Figure 2. The resulting increase of the overall coverage density is in correspondence with the decrease of the optical transmittance (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3). For the calculation of the absorption

• of ca. 105 cm−1 in a wide region of optical photon energies, and the high growth rate of 0.07 nm·s−1 as evaluated by using optical transmittance spectroscopy, we can conclude that Sb2S3 grown by ultrasonic CSP can be considered as a candidate for the use as an absorber material in a solar cell based

• transmittance of the glass/ITO/TiO2/Sb2S3 stack (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3). The photocurrent edge at around 1.6 eV (775 nm) corresponds well to the absorption edge of the ITO/TiO2/Sb2S3 stack (Figure 5). The absorption by P3HT has an onset at 1.9 eV (650 nm) [3][8], and it can be seen that there

The effect of dry shear aligning of nanotube thin films on the photovoltaic performance of carbon nanotube–silicon solar cells

• Benedikt W. Stolz,
• Daniel D. Tune and
• Benjamin S. Flavel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1486–1491, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.141

• absorbance spectra were unchanged by DSA however, Figure 2b shows the variation in the degree of alignment of the nanotubes in the films after DSA, where the 2D order parameter is calculated from polarised optical transmittance measurements as in Equation 1 [44] and reveals that the degree of alignment

• resistance, Rsheet, of the films was marginally increased after DSA, which is made clearer when considering the DC electrical to optical conductivity ratio, σOP/σDC (Figure 2d), calculated as per Equation 2 [45], which takes into account the sheet resistance and the (isotropic) transmittance and where μ0 and

• trends are somewhat different; the relative difference in sheet resistance is lowest at the two ends of the transmittance range, and is greatest in the middle of the range, whereas the relative difference in the solar cell performance (as seen most clearly in the short circuit current density, Figure 3b

Manufacturing and investigation of physical properties of polyacrylonitrile nanofibre composites with SiO₂, TiO₂ and Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles

• Tomasz Tański,
• Wiktor Matysiak and
• Barbara Hajduk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1141–1155, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.106

• approx. 2.6 and for Bi2O3 approx. 2.5 respectively. This suggests a much larger n of the composites produced with these nanoparticles compared to materials reinforced with SiO2. The dielectric transmittance as a function of the frequency of the incident radiation on the sample can be presented in the

• following form [38]: where n is the concentration of the atoms in the sample, e and m are charge and mass of the electron, ε0 is the electrical transmittance of vacuum, γ is the damping coefficient, ω0 and ω are, respectively, the frequency of the electron and the electromagnetic radiation. The above

• above equations show that the higher the refractive index the higher the dielectric transmittance. The designated values ε (Table 3) were provided for a wavelength of 1800 nm. They show, similar the refractive index, a stabilisation of the dielectric constant for both pure polymer fibres and fibres

Photocurrent generation in carbon nanotube/cubic-phase HfO₂ nanoparticle hybrid nanocomposites

• Protima Rauwel,
• Augustinas Galeckas,
• Martin Salumaa,
• Frédérique Ducroquet and
• Erwan Rauwel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1075–1085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.101

• several shells with different structure and typically higher defect concentration compared to single-walled CNTs. The optical absorption properties of the hybrid MWCNT:HfO2 nanocomposites deduced from the room temperature transmittance measurements of a colloidal suspension in ethanol are summarized in

• of the zero-loss peak is 0.9 eV and the dispersion was set to 0.4 eV/channel. The absorption properties were derived from the transmittance measurements performed at room temperature using a UV–vis spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, EVO-600). PL was investigated at a room temperature by employing

• CNT. (a) Absorption spectrum of MWCNTs decorated with cubic HfO2 nanoparticles obtained from the transmittance measurements of colloidal suspension in ethanol (blue curve) against that of free-standing HfO2 nanoparticles from the diffuse reflectance measurements (red curve). (b) Tauc plots of the

Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage

• Marco Notarianni,
• Jinzhang Liu,
• Kristy Vernon and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 149–196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.17

• ][63], high Young’s modulus (≈1 TPa) with an intrinsic strength of 130 GPa [64][65], high thermal conductivity (over 3000 W m−1 K−1) [66] and excellent optical transmittance (≈97.7%) [67]. Additional graphene characteristics include: high theoretical specific surface area (2630 m2 g−1) [68

Impact of ultrasonic dispersion on the photocatalytic activity of titania aggregates

• Hoai Nga Le,
• Frank Babick,
• Klaus Kühn,
• Minh Tan Nguyen,
• Michael Stintz and
• Gianaurelio Cuniberti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2423–2430, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.250

• Borofloat® 33 glass, which has a UVA transmittance >90%, as specified by the manufacturer. The illuminating device was constructed by UMEX GmbH with six Phillips 8 W mercury fluorescent tubes with a mode wavelength value of 365 nm. The UV intensity at the window of the reactor measured by an intensity meter

• were varied and the ultrasonic power was altered by varying the amplitude (20–100%) and the immersion level of the sonotrodes (2.0–5.5 cm). The power was measured by a Voltcraf® Energy Logger 4000. Samples were periodically taken for size characterization and transmittance measurement. Color removal of

• from the transmitted light measured with a Varian Cary 100 Bio UV–vis spectrometer [31]. The transmittance was investigated through 10 mm path length P25 suspensions with concentration in the range of 0.01–0.1 g/L and with the aggregate size varying from 234–343 nm. Note that for the second suspension

Nitrogen-doped graphene films from chemical vapor deposition of pyridine: influence of process parameters on the electrical and optical properties

• Andrea Capasso,
• Theodoros Dikonimos,
• Francesca Sarto,
• Alessio Tamburrano,
• Giovanni De Bellis,
• Maria Sabrina Sarto,
• Giuliana Faggio,
• Angela Malara,
• Giacomo Messina and
• Nicola Lisi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2028–2038, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.206

• and gas flow) have on the morphology, transmittance, and electrical conductivity of the graphene films grown with pyridine. A temperature range between 930 and 1070 °C was explored and the results were compared to those of pristine graphene grown by ethanol-CVD under the same process conditions. The

• films were characterized by atomic force microscopy, Raman and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. The optical transmittance and electrical conductivity of the films were measured to evaluate their performance as transparent conductive electrodes. Graphene films grown by pyridine reached an electrical

• transparent conductive electrodes Sheet resistance and optical transmittance The graphene films were analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) to investigate their morphology and evaluate their thickness (Figure 4). The films were found to uniformly adhere on the Si/SiO2 surface. Occasionally, some folded

Can molecular projected density of states (PDOS) be systematically used in electronic conductance analysis?

• Tonatiuh Rangel,
• Gian-Marco Rignanese and
• Valerio Olevano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1247–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.128

• molecular junction is modeled by a central region (C) connected to two semi-infinite leads (left (L) and right (R)). Its conductance as a function of the energy of the injected electrons, , is given by the Landauer formula: M(ε) is the number of modes at a given energy, ε, and T(ε) is their transmittance

Improved optical limiting performance of laser-ablation-generated metal nanoparticles due to silica-microsphere-induced local field enhancement

• Zheren Du,
• Lianwei Chen,
• Tsung-Sheng Kao,
• Mengxue Wu and
• Minghui Hong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1199–1204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.122

• and in optical devices against high intensity light irradiation. A material exhibiting the optical limiting effect has a decreased optical transmittance with increasing incident light intensity. A good optical limiter should have high transparency at low light irradiance, while it efficiently

• threshold is about 1.6 J/cm2. Hence, by adding the silica microspheres, the optical limiting threshold is lowered by 4.6 J/cm2. Figure 3b shows the normalized nonlinear transmittance of the samples (gold nanoparticles and gold/silica nanocomposites) upon excitation with ns laser pulses at 1064 nm. The input

• laser fluence was varied from 0.3 to 10.6 J/cm2. As the input fluence is low, the transmission does not change much with input fluence. When the input fluence is further increased, the transmission of all samples starts to decrease. It is clear that the transmittance reduces much more rapidly for the

Characterization of nanostructured ZnO thin films deposited through vacuum evaporation

• Jose Alberto Alvarado,
• Arturo Maldonado,
• Héctor Juarez,
• Mauricio Pacio and
• Rene Perez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 971–975, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.100

• and this characteristic disappears as the annealing temperature increases. The films obtained were annealed from 25 to 1000 °C, showing a gradual increase in transmittance spectra up to 85%. The optical band gaps obtained for these films are about 3.22 eV. The PL measurement shows an emission in the

• red and in the violet region and there is a correlation with the annealing process. Keywords: nanostructure; thin film; transmittance; vacuum evaporation; X-ray diffraction (XRD); Introduction ZnO is a II–VI semiconductor compound that has been studied due its wide range of applications in

• of particles that do not have an ordering, and thus the grain boundaries from each nanoparticle are not activated. Therefore, the adherence to the substrate is poor, which is also seen in the transmittance results. Varying the duration for which the films are annealed results in a perceptible

Morphology control of zinc oxide films via polysaccharide-mediated, low temperature, chemical bath deposition

• Florian Waltz,
• Hans-Christoph Schwarz,
• Andreas M. Schneider,
• Stefanie Eiden and
• Peter Behrens

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 799–808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.83

• thickness of about 630 nm. This also demonstrates that the films obtained in the first CBD strongly influence the further ZnO deposition. The transmittance of the films is not influenced by the addition of HYA. For films prepared with and without HYA addition, average transmittances of approximately 80

• four different locations. UV–vis transmission measurements were performed on a Cary 5E spectrometer (Varian Inc., Palo Alto, USA) in order to determine the optical transparency of the ZnO films. To ensure that only the transmittance of the ZnO films was measured, the spectrum of a cleaned glass slide

Graphene quantum interference photodetector

• Mahbub Alam and
• Paul L. Voss

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 726–735, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.74

• device structure that has attracted attention is the resonant tunneling diode, whose operation is based on quantum interference [10]. In graphene nanoribbons, a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) structure can be devised which gives the same transmittance pattern as that of a resonant tunneling diode for

• structure as photodetector. In a MZI structure, an electron in the ground, transverse mode goes through the device with a transmittance of one (T = 1) due to constructive interference at energies corresponding to longitudinal resonant modes. At these resonant energies, the electrons have a high density of

• transmittance, T, through the device can be calculated as The effect of light illumination is incorporated in the calculation by the the inclusion of the Σphoton term in the calculation of Green’s function as shown in Equation 1. The electron–photon interaction is calculated by the lowest order perturbation

Structural, optical, opto-thermal and thermal properties of ZnS–PVA nanofluids synthesized through a radiolytic approach

• Alireza Kharazmi,
• Nastaran Faraji,
• Roslina Mat Hussin,
• Elias Saion,
• W. Mahmood Mat Yunus and
• Kasra Behzad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 529–536, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.55

• be a good choice for preparing colloidal suspensions due to its significant advantageous such as processability and high transmittance [8]. Various physical and chemical routes have been used to synthesize these nanocomposites such as microwave irradiation [9], chemical synthesis [10], sputtering [11

Synergic combination of the sol–gel method with dip coating for plasmonic devices

• Cristiana Figus,
• Maddalena Patrini,
• Francesco Floris,
• Lucia Fornasari,
• Paola Pellacani,
• Gerardo Marchesini,
• Andrea Valsesia,
• Flavia Artizzu,
• Daniela Marongiu,
• Michele Saba,
• Franco Marabelli,
• Andrea Mura,
• Giovanni Bongiovanni and
• Francesco Quochi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 500–507, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.52

• ) evaluated by SE. Furthermore, the simultaneous analysis of SE data and transmittance spectra in the vis–NIR region were used to obtain the optical characteristics (n and the extinction coefficient, k) and to confirm the optical quality of the silica layers [15]. In particular, the SE measurements also

• μm wavelength range was used for the SE analysis, and an Agilent Cary 6000i spectrophotometer was used for normal-incidence reflectance and transmittance measurements in the 0.2–1.6 μm range. The SE, reflectance and transmittance spectra were analyzed using dedicated WVASE32® software. Angle-resolved

Tunable light filtering by a Bragg mirror/heavily doped semiconducting nanocrystal composite

• Ilka Kriegel and
• Francesco Scotognella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 193–200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.18

• voltage to conducting films of metal oxide NCs [33]. In a recent study, the modulation of transmittance was electrochemically achieved in layers of transparent conducting NCs, such as ITO [34][35][36]. Moreover, plasmonic effects have been exploited for electrochromic applications for the direct

• modulation of the transmittance of solar energy [34][35][36][37]. In this study, we propose a tunable filter based on photonic crystals (Bragg mirrors) coupled to heavily doped semiconductor NCs with plasmonic absorption properties. We report the modelling of a Bragg mirror coupled to a dispersion of

Materials and characterization techniques for high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

• Roswitha Zeis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 68–83, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.8

• , driving phosphoric acid and product water into the catalyst layer. This process was monitored by the change in the local transmittance of the cell during load cycles. The effect was more pronounced beneath the channel area because of the lower local compression rate of the MEA, which permitted stronger

Formation of stable Si–O–C submonolayers on hydrogen-terminated silicon(111) under low-temperature conditions

• Yit Lung Khung,
• Siti Hawa Ngalim,
• Andrea Scaccabarozzi and
• Dario Narducci

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 19–26, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.3

• component from the lamp (typically the 185 nm line) was filtered out by using a coloured glass filter with a transmittance of lower than 1% outside the 220–400 nm band. The choice of custom-made quartz Schlenk flask made of fused silica ensures a very high transmittance of the 254 nm light to the sample, up

Observation and analysis of structural changes in fused silica by continuous irradiation with femtosecond laser light having an energy density below the laser-induced damage threshold

• Wataru Nomura,
• Tadashi Kawazoe,
• Takashi Yatsui,
• Makoto Naruse and
• Motoichi Ohtsu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1334–1340, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.146

• density at which damages are found is defined as the LIDT. However, the practical problem is that the performance of an optical component, such as transmittance, reflectance, etc., is degraded by continuous irradiation with laser light having an energy density below the LIDT. The cause of such degradation

• transmittance, and accelerates the progress of the laser-induced degradation. Conclusion In this paper, we focused on the degradation in performance of optical components due to continuous irradiation with laser light having an energy density below the LIDT, i.e., laser-induced degradation. We examined the

PEGylated versus non-PEGylated magnetic nanoparticles as camptothecin delivery system

• Paula M. Castillo,
• Mario de la Mata,
• Maria F. Casula,
• José A. Sánchez-Alcázar and
• Ana P. Zaderenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1312–1319, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.144

• used mode: transmittance. However, in order to make a quantitative comparison between peak areas, the corresponding absorbance spectra were used. The comparison between the areas of two peaks, one of succinic acid at about 1467 cm−1, made up from a weaker contribution from skeletal carbon in succinic

Fringe structures and tunable bandgap width of 2D boron nitride nanosheets

• Peter Feng,
• Muhammad Sajjad,
• Eric Yiming Li,
• Hongxin Zhang,
• Jin Chu,
• Ali Aldalbahi and
• Gerardo Morell

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1186–1192, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.130

• efficiently control bandgap width. The characterizations are based on Raman scattering spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and FTIR transmittance spectra. Red shifts of spectral lines are clearly visible after the functionalization, indicating the bandgap width of the BNNSs has been changed. However

• scattering, X-ray diffraction, and FTIR transmittance, respectively. For studies of the nanoscale morphology of BNNSs, the samples were simply scratched off and then transferred to the grids for TEM measurement. Results and Discussion Fringe structures of boron nitride nanosheets Figure 1 shows TEM images of

• . These experimental data probably indicate that the BNNSs have extremely flexible mechanic properties. We conclude that functionalization can be used to realize tunable bandgap width. Red shifts of Raman scattering spectroscopy, XRD, and FTIR transmittance spectral lines confirm that after the treatment

Nanostructure sensitization of transition metal oxides for visible-light photocatalysis

• Hongjun Chen and
• Lianzhou Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 696–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.82

• (2630 m2 g−1), an exceptional conductivity (106 S cm−1), a fast room temperature mobility of charge carriers (200000 cm2 V−1 s−1), and an excellent optical transmittance (97.7%) [98]. Very recently, it has been reported that graphene has the function for the sensitization of semiconductors based on

Hole-mask colloidal nanolithography combined with tilted-angle-rotation evaporation: A versatile method for fabrication of low-cost and large-area complex plasmonic nanostructures and metamaterials

• Jun Zhao,
• Bettina Frank,
• Frank Neubrech,
• Chunjie Zhang,
• Paul V. Braun and
• Harald Giessen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 577–586, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.68

• large-area low-cost Fano structures for refractive index sensing, we use this asymmetric double split-ring sample and measure the transmittance spectra (see Figure 5c) with incident linear polarization along the arc length upon exposure to ethanol (n = 1.354), butanol (n = 1.387) and glycerin (n = 1.460

• in a FOM about 2.7 and 2.9, respectively. The longer-wavelength dip in the transmittance spectra is even more sensitive than the Fano peak, which shows Δλ/Δn around 520 nm/RIU in experiment and 605 nm/RIU in simulation. The corresponding FOMs are 2.9 and 4.8, respectively. In the previous research

• central disk is evaporated, and its diameter is about 120 nm, which is slightly larger than the outer ring disks, since the gold is evaporated normal to the substrate. Thus, the clogging effect due to the shadowing is less dramatic and still a height of 15 nm is reached. The optical transmittance in