PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• characterization and biological performance of LNPs were evaluated. These LNPs were able to maintain comparable sizes in the range of 46 to 58 nm. To further assess the impact of increased PEG density on protein adsorption, ApoE association to LNPs was quantified in vitro using fluorescence-labeled ApoE and size

• careful handling to mitigate possible safety risk [57][58]. For instance, a DBCO-functionalized PEG lipid was found to induce protein aggregation on the nanoparticle surface, primarily due to the hydrophobic nature of the DBCO group, leading to elevated complement activation. Excessive maleimide can react

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• outbreaks in the Americas, being linked to severe complications such as congenital zika syndrome and Guillain–Barré syndrome [56]. In addition to mosquito transmission, ZIKV can spread through sexual contact [57], blood transfusions [58], and from mother to child [59]. Given the persistence and severity of

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• , and the main mechanism involved electrostatic attractions between the positive charge of MPs and negatively charge of GAC [58]. Metal-organic frameworks. MOFs are highly ordered crystalline materials characterized by high porosity and large surface area (Figure 3). Their pore size, volume, and

Further insights into the thermodynamics of linear carbon chains for temperatures ranging from 13 to 300 K

• Alexandre Rocha Paschoal,
• Thiago Alves de Moura,
• Juan S. Rodríguez-Hernández,
• Carlos William de Araujo Paschoal,
• Yoong Ahm Kim,
• Morinobu Endo and
• Paulo T. Araujo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1818–1825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.125

• , presenting rather simple electronic and phonon structures that are dependent on N [31][32]. When they are host-free, their phonon structures present longitudinal and transversal modes but their encapsulation by CNT inhibits transversal modes [29][30][31][32][55][56][57][58][59]. This inhibition seems to be

• μm) and lifetimes (≈30–110 ps), which tend to make ph–ph interactions inefficient [31][32]. These mean free paths and lifetimes are considerably larger when compared with other carbon materials [13][31][32][33]. In addition, several other works [29][30][31][32][55][56][57][58][59] have pointed out

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• increase in the atomic concentration of carbon for an ion fluence 3.75 × 1014 cm−2 to a value of 58 atom %. An even more significant increase is seen for ion fluence 1 × 1016 cm−2, where the atomic concentration of carbon reached 64 atom %, which is about 9 atom % more than in pristine PI. The simulated Ag

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• methods are developed to control the rapid and reversible activation and deactivation of propagation chains. As a result, polymers with low polydispersity and controllable molecular weights are obtained, generating unimodal NPs with increasingly functional designs and satisfactory release profiles [58][59

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• methods are the trend in large-scale screening, multiple challenges such as marker selection, cost, and individual differences [58] have hindered their clinical translation. The emergence of spatial transcriptomics technology [59] offers a promising solution to overcome this current methodological

• , which can specifically block CDP/SOX2 interaction, was screened by BiFc assay. The antitumor activity of p58 aptamer was further analyzed in vitro and in mouse xenograft and zebrafish models, suggesting that peptide 58 could significantly inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of KYSE450

• cells, slow down tumor growth and metastasis, and had no obvious toxicity to human normal esophageal epithelial cells. Cluster analysis showed that the mechanism of action of peptide 58 may be closely related to the inhibition of ESCC cell metabolism. However, pharmacokinetic data on peptide 58 remain

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• inhibition percentage) was calculated using Equation 2 [57]. The IC50 (the concentration required to achieve 50% inhibition) of the radical scavenging activity was determined via linear regression analysis [58]. where Abscontrol, represents the absorbance of the DPPH radicals, Abssample, represents the

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• working range of APXPS. Time-resolved APXPS has proven especially powerful for studying the initial ALD cycles, where the chemical interactions at the surface are most critical [54][55][56][57][58][59][60]. At MAX IV, the SPECIES beamline has led the development of ALD studies using APXPS. A dedicated

• order to better understand how to create sharp interfaces between the materials [55][57][58][63]. In one study by D’Acunto et al., the surface composition and thickness of the initial growth of HfO2 on InAs was investigated using tetrakis(dimethylamido)hafnium(IV) (TDMAHf) as the hafnium precursor [63

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• . [56][57][58]. Additionally, the controlled release of the drug provided by pharmaceutical technologies can help reduce the toxicity and adverse effects of cancer treatments [59]. Consequently, the implementation of nanotechnology is seen as fundamental to the production of antineoplastic and

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• pollutants adsorbed on its surface. In Fenton and Fenton-like processes, hydroxyl (•OH) radicals are formed when hydrogen peroxide reacts with a metallic active phase, such as Fe2+, facilitating the oxidation and breakdown of contaminants [58]. Table 2 depicts the advantages and limitations of various

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• ; pH 7.4 phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 37 °C) [37][53]. In contrast, Mo and W degrade significantly more slowly with dissolution rates of 0.001 µm/day (Mo; pH 7 buffer at rt) [58] and 0.48–1.44 µm/day (W; pH 7.4 SBF at rt) [59], which is advantageous for long-term device stability but poses

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

• tend to react faster and form more stable products than amines [58]. The extent to which 3,4-DHBA ligands are oxidized to quinones (or semiquinones) on the IONP surface is not known, and FTIR analysis provides ambiguous evidence of their presence [42]; however, we must keep these possible reaction

• the majority of the CySH is bound either to 3,4-DHBA quinones through its thiol, which is much more reactive towards quinones than the amine [58], complexation with surface Fe through its amine, or in this case, the intended EDC/NHS coupling to 3,4-DHBA. Unfortunately, resolving these contributions in

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• the particle size, inhomogeneous heating occurs, leading to nanoparticle formation as a byproduct [55][56]. Therefore, a method called burst mode has been explained to control particle heating and suppress byproduct formation through partial evaporation as shown in Figure 6 [54][57][58][59][60]. The

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• ) MPs significantly reduce total exchangeable cations (Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) by 4–6% [58]. Additionally, non-biodegradable MPs such as PE and PVC inhibit organic phosphate mineralization, alkaline phosphatase activity, and inorganic phosphate solubilization. By contrast, biodegradable MPs such as PLA

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• , significantly expanding their applications [58]. The structure of liposomes can vary, with unilamellar and multilamellar vesicles being the two main forms, offering flexibility in the types of drugs they can deliver. In addition, size, surface charge, and lipid composition of these nanoparticles can be tailored

• -responsive release profile, with drug liberation increasing progressively under more acidic conditions. Specifically, cumulative release over 168 h reached ≈17% at physiological pH (7.4), ≈58% at pH 5.8, and ≈74% at pH 4.8, mimicking the acidic microenvironment of infected tissues. In vitro biological

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• some cases, ferroportin (FPN) can remove iron from the cell. According to the study by Bao et al., loss of FPN leads to iron accumulation and induction of ferroptosis and Alzheimer’s progression in mice [58]. ROS production determines the leading role of iron in ferroptosis during the oxidation

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• angle, the period of the resulting ripples can be determined using the equation [57][58][59]: where Λ is the ripple periodicity (LSFL spatial periodicity), λ is the incident wavelength, and εd and εm are the dielectric constants of the medium and metal, respectively. εd = 1 (dielectric constant of the

• wavelength and decreases with increasing metal conductivity [53]. In the literature, most researchers used high-intensity pulse lasers for works on laser welding and substrate melting [57][58][61][63][64][65][66][67]. However, we could not find any experimental works dedicated to unraveling the penetration

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• results showed an acid index of 0.92 ± 0.10. The iodine index determines the amount of unsaturation in fatty acids [28]. Our results showed an iodine index of 74.50 ± 1.50 g I2/100 g, values that are within the range allowed (58–75 g I2/100 g) by OMS/FAO for oils with high oleic acid content [34]. Also

• nitrogen for 24 h to obtain the solvent-free oil. Physicochemical characterization of Acrocomia aculeata oil Relative density and refractive index of Acrocomia aculeata oil (AAO) were evaluated according to the American Pharmacopoeia [58]. Iodine value, peroxide value, acid value, and saponification index

• were also evaluated following the protocols of the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia [58]. Determination of phenolic content of Acrocomia aculeata oil The total phenols present in AAO were evaluated using the Folin–Ciocalteu spectrophotometric method. In this method, 3 mL of bocaiúva oil are mixed with 10 mL of

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• specific inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate metabolic pathway [58]. The use of statins, drugs that lower plasma lipoprotein levels, has been shown to reduce the risk of certain types of cancer [59][60]. 1.2.1 Low-density lipoprotein

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• [54], polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) [55], as well as natural polymers, notably chitosan [56][57] and alginates [58][59], have been tested in hydrogel formulations both individually and in combinations [60][61][62]. The variety of compounds that can be used in hydrogel formulations explains the large number

Electronic and optical properties of chloropicrin adsorbed ZnS nanotubes: first principle analysis

• Prakash Yadav,
• Boddepalli SanthiBhushan and
• Anurag Srivastava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1184–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.87

• Figure 4. The pristine ZnS NT exhibits a bandgap of 3.03 eV (Figure 3i), consistent with previous studies [38][40][54][55][56][57][58]. Upon CP adsorption, the bandgap values for orientations A, B, C, and D were reduced to 1.92, 2.27, 2.31, and 2.47 eV, respectively. This reduction in the bandgap is

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• obtained from this calculation once the effective stiffness values were extracted from the force curves. Measurements and a detailed analysis of membrane deformation by AFM nanoindentations on the Gram-negative bacterium Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense were first published by Arnoldi and Boulbitch [51][58

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• , colloidal nanoparticles can be synthesized and/or processed by laser ablation in liquid (LAL) [51][52][53][54][55], laser fragmentation in liquid (LFL) [56][57], and laser reduction in liquid (LRL) [58][59][60], making LSPC an efficient method for nanoparticle research but also for scale-up, as it has been

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• ion gun resulted in much smaller, rounded grains and denser coatings. In the case of films deposited with an additional ion gun current of 3 A, the grain size was about 58 nm, while increasing the current to 4 A reduced the grain size again to an average value of 45 nm. Post-process annealing altered

• thin film coatings (Figure 4) and was proven in Figure 6a. The low value of the imaginary part of the refractive index, also known as extinction coefficient (Figure 6b), ranging from 2.12·10−3 to 4.64·10−3, indicates low light absorption in the studied thin films [58]. According to [6], TiO2 films

• , rounded grains, with sizes decreasing from 58 to 45 nm as the ion beam gun current increases from 3 to 4 A. Annealing further modifies the cross-sectional morphology of the 3 A films, resulting in elongated grains measuring from 60 to 120 nm. In contrast, the 4 A films exhibit a bilayer structure with