Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• for more effective, safer, and personalized theranostic treatment of colorectal cancer [11]. R-phycoerythrin (R-PE) is a phycobiliprotein isolated from red algae Solieria filiformis, which is cultivated on the Brazilian coast [12]. Several pre-clinical studies have shown that this protein has

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• non-destructive [7]. The papers discussing monitoring and the evaluation of the damages to monuments or landscapes, by means of topographic surveys and successive numerical simulations, are the most cited in this area [8][9][10][11][12]. Probably, one of the most detailed examples is represented by

Microscopic study of the intermediate mixed state in intertype superconductors

• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Alexander V. Kalashnikov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin and
• Alexei Vagov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 57–62, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.5

• complex, irregular patterns that cannot be attributed to type-I or type-II behavior [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. These patterns are referred to as intermediate mixed state (IMS) and are characterized by the coexistence of Meissner domains and vortex clusters, chains, or fragmented lattices

Subdigital integumentary microstructure in Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkota): do those lineages with incipiently expressed toepads exclusively exhibit adhesive setae?

• Philipp Ginal,
• Yannick Ecker,
• Timothy Higham,
• L. Lee Grismer,
• Benjamin Wipfler,
• Dennis Rödder,
• Anthony Russell and
• Jendrian Riedel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 38–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.4

• bear microscopic epidermal filaments (microstructures) and are associated with modified musculature, bone morphology, and blood vessels [10][11][12][13][14]. This effective system allows geckos to adhere, despite being at the upper weight limit for organisms bearing adhesive toepads [15]. In geckos

• adhesive contact by increasing real contact with the substratum through their arrangement in arrays and their heavily branched stalks and spatulate tips, thereby generating extensive van der Waals intermolecular forces [11][17][18][19][20]. Spines and prongs, which increase traction (as has been discussed

Reduced graphene oxide paper electrode for lithium-ion cells – towards optimized thermal reduction

• Agata Pawłowska,
• Magdalena Baran,
• Stefan Marynowicz,
• Aleksandra Izabela Banasiak,
• Adrian Racki,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Tymoteusz Ciuk,
• Marta Wolczko and
• Andrzej Budziak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 24–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.3

• carbonaceous base material was chosen due to its high conductivity. The relevance of rGO is not limited to only one electrode; Kiran et al. revealed performance enhancement of both cathode and anode materials for hybrid supercapacitors as a result of rGO application as core structure [11]. A similar approach

Competitive helical bands and highly efficient diode effect in F/S/TI/S/F hybrid structures

• Tairzhan Karabassov,
• Irina V. Bobkova,
• Pavel M. Marychev,
• Vasiliy S. Stolyarov,
• Vyacheslav M. Silkin and
• Andrey S. Vasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 15–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.2

• superconducting electronics [2][3][4]. So far, the superconducting diode effect has been reported in many different systems, including Josephson junctions [5][6][7][8][9][10][11], junction-free devices [12][13][14][15][16][17], superconducting microbridges [18][19], and other systems [20][21]. There have been

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• are immobilized on supports like carbon-based materials or TiO2 to prevent aggregation and to maintain catalytic activity, strong adhesion is required [11]. To improve adhesion, Au NPs have been stabilized on SiO2 substrates by embedding them into an organometallic layer, effectively immobilizing the

• parameters were used for the model: γ was taken as 2.3 J·m−2 [54], the Young’s modulus E of copper as 150 MPa [4], and the yield strength Y of Cu NPs with a diameter of ≈20 nm as 11 GPa [55]. While E and Y are not explicitly included in Equation 5, both parameters are essential for the model. Y affects the

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• and non-biological applications. LNTs rely on the emission properties of a fluorophore and its thermal dependence to measure temperature changes, which can be measured as variations in the emission intensity [10][11][12][13] and lifetime [8][14][15][16], spectral shift [17], as well as intensity

• materials have been developed, including nanodiamonds [32], quantum dots [17][28], nanodots [11][13][33], fluorescent-based molecular systems [1][8][34], and lanthanide (Ln3+)-doped materials [10][35][36][37]. Among all these alternatives, lanthanide-doped materials offer a distinct advantage: upconversion

Terahertz-range on-chip local oscillator based on Josephson junction arrays for superconducting quantum-limited receivers

• Fedor V. Khan,
• Lyudmila V. Filippenko,
• Andrey B. Ermakov,
• Mikhail Yu. Fominsky and
• Valery P. Koshelets

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2296–2305, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.158

• Fedor V. Khan Lyudmila V. Filippenko Andrey B. Ermakov Mikhail Yu. Fominsky Valery P. Koshelets Kotel’nikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of RAS, 11/7 Mokhovaya st., Moscow, 125009, Russian Federation Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny

• -based telescopes are combined in a large net called “Event Horizon Telescope” [10] which was used for direct observation of the black hole shadow in the M87 Galaxy [11]. The LOs for the conventional SIS receivers are mostly generated by Schottky diode multipliers, which have a radiation power in the

Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size

• Dounia Louaguef,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Sébastien Diliberto,
• Klaus M. Seemann,
• Thomas Gries,
• Joelle Bizeau,
• Damien Mertz,
• Eric Gaffet and
• Halima Alem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157

• substitution of Fe3+ with Mn2+ in ferrites introduces uncompensated magnetic moments, thereby enhancing the overall magnetic properties [11]. MnFe2O4 nanoparticles have been reported to exhibit higher SAR and SLP values than Fe3−δO4 or ZnFe2O4 due to the higher magnetic moment of Mn2+ ions [10]. While the

Visualizing nanostructures in supramolecular hydrogels: a correlative study using confocal and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy

• Shaun M. Smith,
• Ferdinando Malagreca,
• Jacqueline Hicks,
• Giuseppe Mantovani,
• David B. Amabilino,
• Christopher Parmenter and
• Lluïsa Pérez-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2274–2284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.156

• [11]. Cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) bypasses many of these resolution limits by preserving the hydrogel through rapid freezing and subsequent fracture, thereby maintaining native-like morphology in the microscope in the form of a xerogel (no solvent) nature [12][13][14]. High

Geometry-controlled engineering of the low-temperature proximity effect in normal metal–superconductor junctions

• Munisa A. Tomayeva,
• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2265–2273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.155

• , the normal-metal coherence length, , where Dn is the electron diffusion coefficient and Tc is the critical temperature [8][9]. In a FM, the exchange field Eex further suppresses superconducting correlations, resulting in a shorter coherence length, [10][11][12][13]. This gradual decay of

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• crystals can affect the polarization of light [10][11]. Subsequently, Biot showed that organic compounds, such as turpentine oil, sugar solutions, camphor, and tartaric acid, can also rotate the polarization of linearly polarized light [12], later attributed by Fresnel to birefringence in the chiral medium

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• symmetrical rings found in heme and chlorophyll [2][11]. The structure of VB12 also includes a nucleotide loop that contains a unique base known as dimethylbenzimidazole (DMB). This nucleotide loop is attached to one of the propionate side chains of the corrin ring via an aminopropanol linker and stretches

• concentration, showing a linear response from 2.0 × 10−10 to 1.2 × 10−6 g/L and a low LOD (5.0 × 10−11 g/L). The results were obtained within 0.5 min at a 2.0 mL/min flow rate and displayed less than 5.0% RSD. This biosensing platform was effectively employed to analyze VB12 in various samples, including

• pharmaceuticals through Co2+-induced CL signal enhancement in an alkaline medium, after mineralization to release Co2+. This biosensing platform showed a linear range of 1.7 to 50 µg/L, an LOD of 0.5 µg/L, and a sampling rate of 11 samples per hour. The data acquired through this method were rigorously validated

Electromagnetic study of a split-ring resonator metamaterial with cold-electron bolometers

• Ekaterina A. Matrozova,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Leonid S. Revin and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2199–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.152

• , enabling operation in a wide frequency range from gigahertz frequencies to X-rays [6][7][8] due to a normal-metal absorber. CEBs offer several advantages over other types of receivers such as transition edge sensors [9][10][11]. These advantages include their micrometer-scale size, which facilitates direct

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• viral spikes, which are crucial for virus “survival” during transmission [11][12]. For many, especially mammalian, viruses, transmission occurs in aqueous environments (e.g., Dengue [13] and Ebola [14]), and air humidity does not play any direct role. In contrast, humidity strongly affects the

• transmission of influenza [11][12][15] or SARS-CoV-2 [14] via aerosols. These viruses are enveloped (by glycosylated lipid bilayers) and display very large multimers of nanoscale glycoproteins (i.e., spikes), which control virus attachment and fusion to the host cells [16]. Glycosylation, often with mannosides

Hartree–Fock interaction in superconducting condensate fractals

• Edward G. Nikonov,
• Yajiang Chen,
• Mauro M. Doria and
• Arkady A. Shanenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2177–2182, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.150

• [9][10][11]. Quasicrystals exhibit long-range orientational order, such as the fivefold symmetry in Al86Mn14 alloys [9][10], but lack the translational invariance [11]. The superconductivity of quasicrystals was established in 2018 with the discovery of superconducting signatures in an Al–Zn–Mg alloy

Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• properties, with electronic and quantum mechanical behaviors that continue to surprise the scientific community [11]. Researchers are continuously developing and reporting new nanomaterials with unique properties tailored for diverse applications. Thus, the properties of materials once considered impossible

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• exacerbated by the fact that plastic pollution has a transboundary implication, thereby having the chance of ending up in other lakes’ sediments and water [11]. The existence of MPs in both Indus and Brahmaputra rivers suggests that the pollution from the highland lake and glacier may reach into downstream

• vulnerable to the action of plasticizers. Consumption of these substances interferes with metabolic processes and leads to bioaccumulation of toxic compounds, like heavy metals linked with MPs [11]. Altitude lake sediments contain high concentrations of MPs, which interfere with benthic assemblages and

• influence the food web structure [4]. For instance, a study in Dal Lake recorded MP concentrations of 2450 particles/m2 in sediments and 9.8 particles/L in surface water [11], indicating significant ecological exposure. 3.3 Global comparison with other sensitive aquatic ecosystems Across the globe, MPs have

Electron transport through nanoscale multilayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitride junctions

• Aleksandar Staykov and
• Takaya Fujisaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2132–2143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.147

• graphene has focused on in-plane conductivity, and only very few studies have reported data on the electron transport properties between the adjacent planes [9][10][11][12][13]. Defects in graphene can alter its electronic states and lead to deviations from its intrinsic properties. We look at two common

• similar to those of four layers and converge to a value of ca. 10−7 A, while the currents through the h-BN junction drop to 10−10 and 10−11 A, respectively. At 3 nm thickness, the difference of the conductance between graphene and h-BN is four orders of magnitude, clearly demonstrating the conducting

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• ensure safety, efficacy, and patient acceptability, whereas the CQAs comprise physical, chemical, biological, and microbiological characteristics that must remain within appropriate limits to guarantee product quality [11]. In turn, RA tools complement this framework by identifying potential sources of

• directly or indirectly influences the performance and quality of the final products (Table 3). These attributes encompass physicochemical, biological, and microbiological properties that must remain within defined limits to ensure the desired quality, safety, and efficacy of the microemulsion system [11

• lines relevant to wound healing and topical application: murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (Figure 11). According to ISO 10993-13 guidelines, the base ME was considered cytocompatible up to concentrations of 2 mg/mL for RAW cells and 0.5 mg/mL for HUVECs

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• , cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes [11][12]. Historically known especially for its antimicrobial properties, silver has been used since ancient times. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are synthesized by different synthesis mechanisms; they are non-toxic to eukaryotic cells, including human cells, but highly toxic

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• energy sectors (Figure 1). NMs have seen use as antimicrobial agents [1], catalysts [2], bioimaging agents [3][4][5][6], magnetic particle imaging agents [7], nanofluids [8], antiviral agents [9], photothermal convertors [10], and in environmental remediation [11]. Topically, the biomedical applications

Calibration of piezo actuators and systems by dynamic interferometry

• Knarik Khachatryan and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2086–2091, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.143

• microscopy (NC-AFM) operation in an ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) environment at low temperature and has been developed tremendously over the last three decades [7][8][9][10][11][12]. In frequency-modulated NC-AFM, the cantilever is kept at oscillation with constant amplitude, yielding an interferometric signal

Multifrequency AFM integrating PeakForce tapping and higher eigenmodes for heterogeneous surface characterization

• Yanping Wei,
• Jiafeng Shen,
• Yirong Yao,
• Xuke Li,
• Ming Li and
• Peiling Ke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2077–2085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.142

• signals can be correlated with specific interaction types, such as conservative and dissipative processes [10][11][12]. Despite these advances, critical limitations persist. The inherent nonlinearity of tip–sample dynamics in tapping and multimodal AFM often introduces imaging artifacts. Typical examples