Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• substrates for SPEM investigations. In contrast, 285 nm SiO2/Si and ITO (190 nm) on glass substrates were used for surface potential studies. On native Si substrates, the optical contrast was insufficient to visualize thin flakes. We were unable to observe flakes with thicknesses smaller than 10 nm using the

• all three aforementioned modes on thin CrCl3 flakes at RT on a native Si oxide substrate. The survey spectra indicate beam damage resulting from the focused beam, as evidenced by the high intensity of the Si 2p core level photoemission, which was not observed in the other cases involving defocused

• silicon oxide substrate would help the determination of flakes thickness, we used also a more conductive substrate to measure photoemission under X-ray irradiation, that is, 1 nm thick native oxide Si substrates. Another convenient substrate for SPEM was 190 nm thick indium-doped tin oxide on glass

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• promising, their performance is often limited by surface properties of the III–V semiconductor material, which furthermore can vary for individual nanowires. This includes native oxides on semiconductor surfaces and their possible removal, surface passivation, and interface defects [27]. Therefore, in-depth

• a weaker in-built potential at the surface. This effect can be expected from surface band bending due to defects or native oxides at the surface. This demonstrates the necessity for both bulk- and surface-sensitive measurements in order to fully understand the local potential distribution in such

Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

• locations on the microcapacitor sample. The first spectrum was recorded on one of the microcapacitors (C3, see Figure 2). Then, we measured in one of the FIB-etched trenches around the capacitors. Here, we assume that the bare silicon surface is covered by a thin native oxide layer (Si). Last, we measured

Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• following the method outlined by Butrymowicz and colleagues [42]. FEBID was performed using a Hitachi S3600 scanning electron microscope (SEM), which features a high-vacuum chamber and a tungsten filament electron source. Native-oxide Si(100) was employed as a substrate, which was thoroughly cleaned with

• duration. A 20 keV electron beam was used with a probe current of 0.7 nA, as measured on a Faraday cup using a Keithley picoamperemeter. This corresponds to a current of 0.5 nA on the native-oxide Si(100) substrate, with the remaining 0.2 nA attributed to BSEs and SEs emitted from the substrate. The

• of the thin focused electron beam (FEB) deposit containing Pd, C, and O without substrate interference (native silicon oxide and silicon), the SAMx Stratagem thin film correction software, based on the work by Pouchou and Pichoir [43] was employed. Stratagem needs k-ratios (i.e., the ratio of X-ray

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• no reaction between the inert Ar ions and the Si atoms, ensuring the absence of a chemical aspect of pattern formation. However, the native silicon oxide layer is partially sputtered. This is also a key factor in generating surface instabilities. The surface morphology largely varies due to different

• -ion bombardment is a consequence of ion-induced instabilities on the surface by the interplay between sputtering and mass redistribution of surface atoms [52][53]. During ion bombardment, the sputtering of the native silicon oxide layer along with that of bulk silicon takes place. The rate of

• oxide on the nanopatterned silicon surface. Additionally, the post-bombardment growth of silicon oxide on nanopatterned silicon leads to site-dependent growth of native oxide, which is useful for producing hysteresis in surface current–voltage characteristic measurements [50][51]. The preferential

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• . (2025) https://BioRender.com/g83x775. Afterwards it was adapted with PowerPoint. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. Funding The authors thank the MoE, Government of India, for a research grant vide letter No. SPARC/2019-2020/P2065/SL, dated 28-07-2023. Mr. Ravinder Lamba is thankful to UGC, Govt

• . of India for providing SRF vide letter number 1399/(CSIR-UGC NET JUNE 2019) dated 16 December 2019. Dr. Gaurav Bhanjana is thankful to CSIR, Govt. of India for providing CSIR-SRA (No. B-12998 dated 31 March 2023). Sandeep Kumar thanks the Punjab Engineering College (Deemed to be University) for

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• nanofibers provide topographic guidance to cells, promoting cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration. Most importantly, aligned fibers are a prominent type of nanofiber that closely mimics the fibers in the ECM of native tissue [194]. Radially aligned nanofiber patches of chitosan/PVA with thyme essential

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• producing ZnO NPs using indigenous LAB isolated from native breed cow curd from very remote regions of North Karnataka (India), which displayed notable antibacterial activity. Here, people consume curd regularly in their diet. The curd is prepared by traditional methods, and, for several decades, the same

• , suggesting their potential utility in environmental contexts and as biomedical coatings. Conclusion This work effectively proved the use of native lactic acid bacteria as capping and reducing agents in the green synthesis of ZnO NPs. The NPs exhibited potential structural, optical, and biological qualities

Orientation-dependent photonic bandgaps in gold-dust weevil scales and their titania bioreplicates

• Norma Salvadores Farran,
• Limin Wang,
• Primoz Pirih and
• Bodo D. Wilts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.1

• by modeling is consistent with the measured peak reflectance in original and templated scales (original: <10, template: >10, referred to a diffuse white standard (Figure 1 and Figure 4c). The measured spectra, both of the native templates and the replica, are broader than those produced by the

• the replica, and the increase of the fill fraction. The measured reflectance spectra, both of the native templates and the replicas, are broader than those produced by the idealized model. This difference is partially attributed to the measurement geometry: While the model assumes a plane wave, in the

Attempts to preserve and visualize protein corona on the surface of biological nanoparticles in blood serum using photomodification

• Julia E. Poletaeva,
• Anastasiya V. Tupitsyna,
• Alina E. Grigor’eva,
• Ilya S. Dovydenko and
• Elena I. Ryabchikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1654–1666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.130

• ) in fetal bovine serum and newborn bovine serum; native sera served as a control. To isolate photomodified bio-NPs, we used ultracentrifugation (UC), sucrose gradient (12%, 30%, and 50%), and sucrose cushion (30%) methods. Isolated bio-NPs were visualized using transmission electron microscopy. The

• (photomodification) could result in the fixation of serum proteins originally bound to the bio-NPs’ surface, that is, the fixation of the “natural” protein corona. We did not isolate bio-NPs beforehand, instead we worked with solutions of native sera. Figure 2 shows the workflow of our experiments for obtaining bio

• in the ultrastructure of bio-NPs comparing with native sera were detected (Figure 3 and Figure 4). Incubation of FBS and NBS with PACL and subsequent UV irradiation resulted in the appearance of an electron-dense material adsorbed directly onto the bio-NPs’ surface (Figure 4a–o). The material

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• Biomimetic nanocarriers, engineered to mimic the characteristics of native cells, offer a revolutionary approach in the treatment of various complex human diseases. This strategy enhances drug delivery by leveraging the innate properties of cellular components, thereby improving biocompatibility and

• replicating the characteristics or functions of native cells [19]. Nanoparticle coating involves obtaining nanoparticles (Figure 1-2A), which can be organic or inorganic in structure (Figure 2A), and conjugating them with functional ligands (Figure 1-2B) or biological structures, such as cell membranes

Integrating high-performance computing, machine learning, data management workflows, and infrastructures for multiscale simulations and nanomaterials technologies

• Fabio Le Piane,
• Mario Vozza,
• Matteo Baldoni and
• Francesco Mercuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1498–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.119

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• . fabricated RGD ligand-directed PLHNPs for site-specific delivery of CUR to treat melanoma [83]. The CUR-RGD-PLHNPs showed small PS, low polydispersity index (PDI), high ZP, and high EE. The CUR-RGD-PLHNPs showed 4.3 times higher cellular internalization in HUVECs cells than the native counterpart. Apoptotic

• controlled drug release characteristics for up to 48 h. In vivo therapeutic efficacy was determined in MCF-7 tumor-bearing BALB/c female mice. The developed PLHNPs revealed much better tumor inhibition potential than the native compound. Altogether, developing psoralen-encapsulated PLHNPs significantly

• bioavailability after oral ingestion in male Albino rats compared to native baicalin suspension. These findings highlight the potential of PLHNPs systems in improving the therapeutic potential of poorly soluble compounds like baicalin. Silymarin Silymarin is a flavonoid complex extracted from the seeds of Silybum

Functional morphology of cleaning devices in the damselfly Ischnura elegans (Odonata, Coenagrionidae)

• Silvana Piersanti,
• Gianandrea Salerno,
• Wencke Krings,
• Stanislav Gorb and
• Manuela Rebora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1260–1272, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.102

• role in maintaining olfactory acuity. Böröczky et al. [19] demonstrated that antennal grooming removes not only foreign chemicals but also excess native cuticular lipids that may interfere with olfaction, thereby maintaining the olfactory sensitivity of the antennae. In insects, body cleaning devices

AI-assisted models to predict chemotherapy drugs modified with C₆₀ fullerene derivatives

• Jonathan-Siu-Loong Robles-Hernández,
• Dora Iliana Medina,
• Katerin Aguirre-Hurtado,
• Marlene Bosquez,
• Roberto Salcedo and
• Alan Miralrio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1170–1188, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.95

• isolated drugs, as well as of those modified with fullerenes C60 and C60–COOH, interacting with the protein CXCR7. Docking score, number of established H-bonds, and protein–ligand interacting residue in three-letter symbol, up to 3 Å distance. Drugs marked with an asterisk were used as external validation

Direct electron beam writing of silver using a β-diketonate precursor: first insights

• Katja Höflich,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Chinmai S. Jureddy,
• Aleksei Tsarapkin and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1117–1124, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.90

• precursors were cleaned after each use. The cleaning involved mechanical wiping using acetone-wetted tissues, followed by a sequence of sonification in acetone and ethanol, and dry-blowing with nitrogen. Depositions were carried out on silicon with native oxide. The silicon substrates were cleaned using a

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• they still remain far below those of graphene. Last, GO and rGO show good interactions with polymeric matrices thanks to specific surface functionalizations [51]. Carbon nanotubes CNTs are an allotropic state of carbon discovered in the middle of the 20th century [52][53][54][55], which became famous

• and bacteria targeting is crucial for engineering coating solutions. Similarly, Al-Saadi et al. [113] used CVD for coating a nickel–copper alloy with multilayered graphene, showing the effectiveness of carbon coatings in replacing the native protective oxide layer of the alloy and in reducing the

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• widespread with the developments in nanotechnology after the 1980s, the foundations of this method are much older. Electrospinning was first tried by Rayleigh in 1897, upon William Gilbert's discovery that fluid dynamics was influenced by electrical fields in the 16th century. In the early 1900s, Zeleny

Water-assisted purification during electron beam-induced deposition of platinum and gold

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Fabian A. Polman and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 884–896, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.73

• orientation) with a native silicon oxide layer. Samples of 1 × 1 cm2 were used, on to which an array of annular patterns was lithographically defined, by laser lithography and etching using an SF6–O2 dry-etch, to facilitate location of the deposition areas. The substrates were roughly cleaned in acetone and

The effect of age on the attachment ability of stick insects (Phasmatodea)

• Marie Grote,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 867–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.72

• . (A, G) Stereomicroscopy images showing the appearance of the attachment pads. (B, C, H, K, M) WMF images showing native bluish regions and those stiffened due to the ageing. (D–F, I, J, K) SEM images showing the topography of the surface. Scale bars: (A) 1 mm, (B–M) 500 µm. Supporting Information

Stiffness calibration of qPlus sensors at low temperature through thermal noise measurements

• Laurent Nony,
• Sylvain Clair,
• Daniel Uehli,
• Aitziber Herrero,
• Jean-Marc Themlin,
• Andrea Campos,
• Franck Para,
• Alessandro Pioda and
• Christian Loppacher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 580–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.50

Fabrication of nanocrystal forms of ᴅ-cycloserine and their application for transdermal and enteric drug delivery systems

• Hsuan-Ang Tsai,
• Tsai-Miao Shih,
• Theodore Tsai,
• Jhe-Wei Hu,
• Yi-An Lai,
• Jui-Fu Hsiao and
• Guochuan Emil Tsai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 465–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.42

• nanocrystals administered by either transdermal or oral routes with enteric coating can be developed as novel and effective formulations for the treatment of human infections and CNS disorders. Conclusion In this study, we found that DCS nanocrystals have better bioavailability than the that of native

Sidewall angle tuning in focused electron beam-induced processing

• Sangeetha Hari,
• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Johannes J. L. Mulders,
• Piet H. F. Trompenaars,
• Pieter Kruit and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 447–456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.40

• coating ensures a strong SE contrast with the carbon deposit due to its significantly higher SE yield, and it prevents the eventual electron beam-induced decomposition of the native oxide layer of the Si substrate. For the carbon deposition, dodecane was used as a precursor. For FEBIE, water was chosen as

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• production. Fortunately, with the progress in nanotechnology, we can design nanomaterials exhibiting antioxidant activities that overcome the limitations of natural antioxidants. The 21st century has witnessed significant development in metal-based nanoantioxidants with a large number of publications. Based