Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• 2004 [2][4][5][6][7][8][9] offer insights into its history, novelties, mechanisms, and applications, catering to the interests and choices of readers [10]. A list of recent review articles highlighting advancements in laser ablation, processing, and structuring of different materials, along with a

• catalysis, solar energy, and light emission. A critical review on the emerging topic of laser ablation, fragmentation, and melting in liquids, and key reports on both the fundamental principles and applications related to these processes are available in [6]. In another review, the formation mechanism and

• potential in applications like catalysis. This technique has become a valuable addition to the toolbox of nanoparticle synthesis, offering enhanced precision and scalability for advanced materials and applications [6][29][30]. The synthesis of lead telluride (PbTe) NPs was successfully performed through

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• , photochemical methods utilizing physical agents such as lasers [5], UV light [6], or LEDs [7][8][9] have gained attention due to their superior spatial and temporal control, high stability of the resulting AgNPrs and avoidance of environmentally unfriendly reducing agents [8][10]. The strong surface plasmon

• spectra of the AgNPs seed shown in the Figure 1a displayed a single peak at 400 nm, indicating the presence of spherical silver nanoparticles with small sizes, consistent with studies in the literature [4][6][7]. The sample exhibited the characteristic yellow color of AgNPs. The TEM image and size

• ) irradiating the seeds with green LEDs to form AgNPrs with the aid of ʟ-arginine (L-A) [9]. Due to the different SPR properties between AgNPs and AgNPrs, the morphological transformation of silver nanostructures in sample can be observed through UV–vis spectra in Figure 2. After 6 h of LED irradiation, the UV

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• sources in the environment and biota. Although MPs are produced in large quantities, effective removal techniques remain underdeveloped [5][6]. Recent studies have confirmed the widespread presence of MPs in agricultural soils and water bodies, highlighting their environmental and human health risks. In

• particles/kg [8]. The primary sources of MPs in agricultural soils include irrigation, fertilizers, farming practices (e.g., plastic mulching), and atmospheric deposition [5][6]. Additionally, recreational soils have been reported to contain higher MP concentrations than agricultural soils, as observed in

• ) MPs significantly reduce total exchangeable cations (Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) by 4–6% [58]. Additionally, non-biodegradable MPs such as PE and PVC inhibit organic phosphate mineralization, alkaline phosphatase activity, and inorganic phosphate solubilization. By contrast, biodegradable MPs such as PLA

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• portable and reliable devices [6]. Contemporary nanoscale biosensors are engineered for diverse applications, employing a variety of materials and design architectures to optimize performance and functionality. For example, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are categorized as either single-walled or multiwalled

• Figure 6, two BriskHeat heating tapes were used for the sublimation part (170 °C) and the valve (295 °C). A Thermcraft tube furnace was used for the pyrolysis part (690 °C), and the polymerization (deposition) chamber was an Edwards FL20K foreline trap. A BVV cold trap was used to catch uncoated parylene

• -C monomer, where an Edwards E2M1.5 mechanical vacuum pump was used to maintain the vacuum in the 0.133 to 1.33 Pa range during the process. A CPS VG200 vacuum gauge was used for monitoring the pressure. Usually, 4–6 DENA-grown platinum nanowires on the tips of tungsten rods were placed 45° (from

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• are located in glaciers, the atmosphere, and soil; rendering them difficult to access and utilize [5][6][7]. To tackle the challenge of clean water scarcity, desalination of seawater or brackish water have emerged as effective solutions [1][8][9]. According to the literature, desalination technologies

• in an ammonia solution. When compared to the unmodified CTA membrane, the modified membrane exhibited comparable desalination performance. Specifically, for 1.5 g·L−1 brackish water under 6 MPa pressure, the modified membrane achieved a water flux of approximately 21.06 L·m−2·h−1 and a retention rate

• Information File 1, Figure S5). Desalination performance of membranes In the RO process, the water flux and salt rejection rate of the membranes were evaluated before and after modification. At a pressure of 6 MPa, the water fluxes of Ag@PCTA, PCTA, and CTA were measured at 21.05, 21.06, and 21.13 L·m−2·h−1

Automated collection and categorisation of STM images and STS spectra with and without machine learning

• Dylan Stewart Barker and
• Adam Sweetman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1367–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.99

• results [4][5][6][7]. STS measurements are the result of an integration over the available density of states (DOS) in both the tip and the sample, with the current measured therefore being proportional to the convolution of two. To isolate the DOS of the sample, it is crucial that the tip has a nominally

• plotted, showing the spread of the RMS in each category. This histogram is shown in Figure 6. From this, the final threshold was chosen <0.25, with all spectra resulting in a value within this range classified as “good”. Using this method, the deterministic model was able to achieve an overall accuracy of

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• themselves through plasmids, promoting the rapid spread of antimicrobial resistance [6]. In this regard, the abuse of antibiotics in livestock and agriculture has been identified as one of the main factors that have led to the emergence of AMR [7]. The emergence and spread of AMR has intensified the interest

• 6 (Figure 3) resulted in nanosystems that not only exhibit suitable particle sizes and ζ-potentials for drug delivery but also have improved antibacterial efficacy compared to the free Ag metallodrug. In this regard, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal

• encapsulation of the antimicrobial morin-Cu(II) complex 13 (Figure 4) in human serum albumin (HSA) or PLGA NPs [118]. The resulting nanoencapsulated systems displayed spherical morphology and high encapsulation efficiency, with average particles sizes of 214 ± 6 nm for Mor-Cu-HSA-NPs and 185 ± 7.5 nm for Mor-Cu

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• methods that have been developed to reduce mortality, alleviate chronic pain, and improve quality of life [5]. In 2021, Dixon initially introduced the concept of a new form of cell death called ferroptosis [6]. This form of cell death relies on iron and is not related to apoptosis, distinguished by the

• ” (iron) and the Greek term “ptosis” (to fall) are the roots of the name ferroptosis [23]. Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic cell death, a sub-branch of programmed cell death [24]. This type of cell death was first introduced in 2012 [6]. Ferroptosis differs from known forms such as apoptosis, necrosis

• substances like erastin or RLS3, which disturb the body’s antioxidant system, can cause ferroptosis. However, this process can be stopped by using iron chelators like deferoxamine (DFO). Elevated intracellular iron levels can enhance ROS production during the Fenton reaction [6]. Additionally, iron can

Deep-learning recognition and tracking of individual nanotubes in low-contrast microscopy videos

• Vladimir Pimonov,
• Said Tahir and
• Vincent Jourdain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1316–1324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.96

• , finding numerous applications in scientific research. Deep learning models have been used to identify two-dimensional materials in microscopic images [6], characterize mineral composition in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) samples [7], and determine nanotube chirality from transmission electron

• acquired using this method, forming the foundation for developing a statistically supported model of carbon nanotube growth kinetics. On average, extracting kinetic data from a single video takes approximately 6 h for a time resolution of 5 s using the manual method, compared to just 2 h for a time

• of video processing, object recognition, and nanotube tracking as described below. Note: Recognition and tracking were performed only on the video in Supporting Information File 2 as it was excluded from model training to avoid bias. The image sequences in Supporting Information Files 6–11 can be

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• promising alternative to high-precision lithography techniques [1][2][3]. The utilization of short femtosecond laser pulses has proven instrumental in overcoming diffraction limit restrictions, enabling controlled fabrication of periodic subwavelength structures [4][5][6][7][8][9]. This controlled

• subsequently displays a decline with further increases in wavelength. This decline is less pronounced compared to our previous report, as we maintained a constant incident power. The HSFL variation trend is very similar to the LSFL trend, as evident from Figure 6, but their orientation is perpendicular to the

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• limited by material challenges, including insufficient light absorption, high electron–hole recombination rates, and poor stability under operating conditions [5][6]. Among various semiconductor materials, bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) has attracted considerable interest due to its strong visible light

• vanadium precursor volume (x = 14, 22, 32; y = 4, 6). Note on BiVO4(144) sample exclusion The BiVO4(144) sample was excluded from the detailed photoelectrochemical (PEC) and comparative analyses because of its poor film uniformity and significantly lower performance metrics. Preliminary characterizations

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• the regional culture [3][4]. Bocaiúva oil contains several antioxidant compounds such as phenols, terpenes, β-carotenes, and compounds that present antioxidant properties [5][6]. It contains free fatty acids, monoglycerides, triglycerides, sterols [6][7][8], and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

• assessment of two key inflammatory parameters, namely, leukocyte migration and protein extravasation [55]. The assay demonstrated that Acrocomia aculeata nanoemulsion at a dose of 50 mg/kg has a pharmacological effect approximately two-fold greater than that of the pristine oil at 100 mg/kg (Figure 6). This

• -inflammatory response than diclofenac. At 6 h post-treatment, the nanoemulsion maintained a comparable effect to diclofenac at the same dose levels (Figure 6). These results further substantiate the enhanced efficacy of the oil in the form of nanoemulsion in modulating acute inflammation in rats. Conclusion

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• altered metabolic responses inevitably leads to treatment failure [5][6][7]. Anyhow, an early detection of cancer enhances treatment success and increases survival. However, monotherapies proved limited therapeutic efficacy. Thus, an effective multiple cancer therapeutic regimen has been employed to

• [114] and induced a strong immune response due to the presence of viral epitopes. Plant virus-like particles have been used to treat canine oral melanoma using radio-immunotherapy (Figure 6). Bacteriophages are also widely used for drug delivery applications. M13 phage is the most extensively studied

• ). To increase the chemotherapeutic drug delivery, Zhao et al. combined magnetite and DOX encapsulated in 6 BSA subunit to design a BSA magnetite nanotorpedo (BMNT). The BMNT significantly stops the leakage of DOX and prolonged its half-life in blood circulation to achieve efficient antitumor efficacy

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• biodegradability [1][2][3]. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has been shown to provide better biodegradability compared to other polymers such as polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polystyrene [4][5][6] due to its secondary alcohol groups being susceptible to enzymatic oxidation and its water solubility enhancing

• support the growth of microorganisms, making them spoil as early as 1–2 days after harvest without any processing [39]. Several attempts have been made that could extend strawberry preservation only up to 6, 9, and 10 days, respectively, with PVA/chitosan/1,8-cineole/cyclodextrin [53], PVA with lids [54

• fungal growth was extended to day 15, which is due to the bioactive properties of CEO. When increasing the CEO concentration to 6% and 10% (v/w), no fungal growth was recorded up to day 21. It is important to note that at low CEO concentrations, the biopackaging acts as a moisture barrier to prevent

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• -1950s and 1960s [1][2][3][4]. From the beginning, hydrogels composed of cross-linked acrylic acid were designed to release drugs into the body [5]. 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate was one of the first compounds used to build hydrogels as drug delivery systems (DDSs) [6]. Over the past century, hydrogels

• showed a 6-fold increase in the transport of diclofenac to the skin surface when compared with commercial formulations [32]. Nanogels synthesized from a cross-linking copolymer of poly(itaconic anhydride-co-3,9-divinyl-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane) with 1,12-dodecanediol demonstrated dual pH and

• test was performed with a collagen-induced arthritis model. The methotrexate nanogel showed significant improvement in the hind paw edema, reduced arthritic score, reduction in joint damage (histological and radiological), and attenuation of serum cytokines levels, such as TNF-alpha and IL-6. The

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• , at a specific wavelength, PpIX absorbs energy and transfers it to molecular oxygen, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS are highly toxic to cells, inducing oxidative damage in various biomolecules such as lipids, proteins and DNA, leading to cell death [6][7]. However, PpIX and other

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• dengue vaccine approved for use in individuals aged 9–45 years or 9–60 years, depending on country-specific regulatory guidelines. Due to the requirement for pre-vaccination screening, the widespread use of this vaccine has been limited. The use of TAK-003 is recommended for children aged 6 to 16 years

• in regions with high dengue transmission intensity. However, its use is not currently recommended for children under 6 years of age or adults aged 60 years and older, due to the lower effectiveness of the vaccine in these age groups [3]. While these vaccines represent significant advancements in

• becomes crucial to overcome these obstacles in vector control in a smarter way [5][6][7][8]. Bioactive compounds from plants have demonstrated great potential as bioinsecticidal agents. Derived from renewable sources, these compounds possess complex chemical compositions, diverse modes of action, and

Electronic and optical properties of chloropicrin adsorbed ZnS nanotubes: first principle analysis

• Prakash Yadav,
• Boddepalli SanthiBhushan and
• Anurag Srivastava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1184–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.87

• hours of exposure, with studies reporting that 99% of individuals exposed to CP experience ocular symptoms, including inflammation, corneal edema, tissue damage, and potential visual impairment [6][7][8]. Developing portable, sensitive, rapid-response, and reliable sensors for detecting chemical warfare

• using the following Equation 6: where Eg1 and Eg2 are the bandgaps of the pristine ZnS NT and CP-adsorbed ZnS NT, respectively. The recovery time [5][62][63] is influenced by the adsorption energy, as calculated by Equation 7: where T is the Temperature (= 300 °C), KB is the Boltzmann constant (8.617

• sensitivity and specificity. The optical conductivity spectra illustrated in Figure 6 of pristine ZnS NTs and CP-adsorbed ZnS N at orientations A, B, C, and D reveal significant orientation-dependent variations due to CP adsorption. Pristine ZnS NTs exhibit a dominant peak in the real part (σ1(ω)) at ≈395 nm

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• patients [6][7][8]. As a Gram-negative bacterium, PA is characterized by a distinctive cell wall structure constituted by a thin peptidoglycan layer enclosed by an outer membrane which contains lipopolysaccharides (LPS) [9][10][11]. The outer membrane also contains numerous proteins, lipoproteins, and

Transfer function of an asymmetric superconducting Gauss neuron

• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Aleksander S. Ionin,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Mikhail S. Sidel’nikov,
• Sergey V. Egorov and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1160–1170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.85

• , prediction, pattern recognition, and image and video generation. The increasing number of tasks and the growing volume of processed information highlight the relevance of using superconducting elements, which offer the advantages of high clock frequency and energy efficiency [1][2]. Studies [3][4][5][6

• and Equation 8, respectively. Equation 11 is obtained by substituting Equation 10 into Equation 6 to eliminate the output signal ϕout. By using the common method of introducing half-sum and half-difference of phases [1][8][9][12][14], φ+ = (φA + φB)/2, φ− = (φB − φA)/2, the system of Equation 10 and

• “symmetric” system (Equation 6–Equation 8) only by the different values of inductances lA and lB in Equation 35 and Equation 36. By adding and subtracting Equation 35 and Equation 36, we obtain the system of equations in the following form: A transition to phases φ+ and φ− is hindered by the fact that the

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• nanomaterials, usually consisting of single-phase solid solutions made of five or more elements, forming relatively simple face-centered cubic [6][7][8] (fcc) or body-centered cubic [9][10] (bcc) crystal structures, stabilized by the configurational part of Gibbs-free energy. It is worth noting that high

• , the emerging liquid nanoparticles (Figure 5 (5)) are in a liquid state for a longer time. Thus, active carbon species can diffuse more significantly into the molten metal core of the nanoparticles (Figure 5 (6)), although a part of that can also stay on the outside of the particle (Figure 5 (7

• analytical techniques, we can prove that carbon incorporation into HEA NPs via ns-LAL is observable as seen in Figure 6. We prepared a cross-section sample of an amorphous HEA NP from ns-LAL synthesis via focused ion beam (FIB) preparation and compared EELS signals originating from both the core and shell

Deep learning for enhancement of low-resolution and noisy scanning probe microscopy images

• Samuel Gelman,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Nir Kampf,
• Marek Patočka,
• Maricarmen Rios,
• Marcos Penedo,
• Georg Fantner,
• Amir Beker,
• Sidney R. Cohen and
• Ido Azuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1129–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.83

• interactions. Scanning distortions due to non-linearities in the scan are also trickier to correct and harder to avoid in fast scanning. Some of these artifacts can be eliminated or attenuated by image processing techniques [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Another resolution-limiting factor in AFM is the tip

• scores ranging between 1 (for low image fidelity and quality) and 6 (for high image fidelity and quality). The results agree with the other quantitative metrics in that the quality of the deep learning models ranked significantly higher than that of the traditional methods. Importantly, while there was

• was shown to the AFM experts. The AFM experts did not have the key and, therefore, did not know which of the algorithms corresponded to which of the labeled images for every set. The experts were asked to rank the SR image fidelity and quality from a discrete scale of 1 (lowest) to 6 (highest

Towards a quantitative theory for transmission X-ray microscopy

• James G. McNally,
• Christoph Pratsch,
• Stephan Werner,
• Stefan Rehbein,
• Andrew Gibbs,
• Jihao Wang,
• Thomas Lunkenbein,
• Peter Guttmann and
• Gerd Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1113–1128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.82

• nm, from which quantitative data are often extracted. For example, in materials science applications, nanoscale spectromicroscopy [5][6][7][8] is used to examine a sample around its absorption edges, which provides insights into its electronic structure. In biomedical applications [9][10][11][12

• constant and moves outside of the integral of Equation 15. The remaining exponential term in the integral reflects the accumulated absorption at different depths in the nanosphere defined by Beer’s law (Equation 6), which is then convolved with the point-spread function h(r, z) of a lens (whose NA equals

• nearly identical to Beer’s law (Figure 6). However, consistent with the radial profiles in Figure 5, we found that the measured absorption from each nanosphere was always significantly less than that predicted by either the model or Beer’s law. This discrepancy between Beer’s law and the measured data

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• advantages including low manufacturing cost, high deposition rate, and the possibility to coat large surface areas [3][5][6]. However, the quality of the deposited coatings is relatively poor compared to, for example, magnetron sputtering, which guarantees the production of thin films with good coating

• with Iibg = 4 A revealed the formation of a bilayer, indicating the separation of grains into two distinct rows or layers. The width of the elongated grains in this case ranged from 90 to 115 nm. Yang et al. [6] mentioned that compared to conventional electron beam evaporation, ion bombardment provides

• slightly decreased to 3.83, 3.80, and 3.79 eV, respectively. These results are also in fair agreement with those reported by Yang et al. [6], who observed Egopt values ranging from 3.81 to 3.92 eV for TiO2 films deposited by IBAD. Hasan et al. [49] reported an indirect optical bandgap of 3.39 eV for as

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

• Taisei Himeda,
• Risako Kunitomi,
• Ryosuke Nabeya,
• Tamotsu Zako and
• Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

• nanoparticles and nanomicelle encapsulation have been used to disperse them in water [2][3][4][5][6][7]. For example, AlClPc has been loaded into nanoemulsions using castor oil and Cremophor ELP® [5]. ZnPc was dispersed in unilamellar liposomes by a solvent exchange method [7][8], and its photocytotoxicity

• cuvette (1 × 1 × 4 cm3) and irradiated with nanosecond laser pulses (532 nm wavelength, 6 ns full-width at half-maximum, 10 Hz repetition rate, fluence = 140 mJ·cm−2 per pulse) under stirring with a magnetic stirrer. The nanoparticle generation was examined by measuring the absorption spectrum with a USB

• MPcs and PtOEP with high efficiency. The role of F-127 in the formation of small nanoparticles having high dispersion stability is schematically illustrated in Figure 6. The cellular phototoxicity of the AlClPc, ZnPc, and PtOEP nanoparticles prepared in 0.1 wt % F-127 aqueous solution was examined by