Water in nanoporous hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets: a first-principles study

• Juliana A. Gonçalves,
• Ronaldo J. C. Batista and
• Marcia C. Barbosa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 510–519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.39

• desalination technology [4][5][6]. Computational methods have been employed to enhance the understanding of nanoscale desalination processes. In this context, the use of molecular dynamics and ab initio calculations allows for the study of the physics involved in nanostructured membrane materials designed to

• der Waals forces also play a substantial role in the interaction. Figure 6 illustrates the minimum distances between water atoms and pore edges as a function of adsorption energy, as also detailed in Table 2. For orientations 1–3, the sum of the O–H (oxygen of the water molecule and hydrogen of the N

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• substrates under suitable conditions lead to improvements in functionality and address the needs of various cutting-edge industries [6][7]. For the deposition of Mo thin films, various techniques such as chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition (RF sputtering and DC sputtering) [1][8][9], and

• + implantation and thickness of films significantly influence the surface morphology of Mo thin films. Optical properties Spectroscopic ellipsometry Figure 6 depicts the fit of the spectroscopic ellipsometry data in which the parameters of the Drude–Lorentz oscillator model were adjusted. In ellipsometry, the

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• treatments such as nanopatterning, sputter etching, and controlled defect formation [6][7]. Particularly, ultralow-energy ion beams are exceptionally valuable for the precise modification of 2D layers [8] and ion-induced nanopatterning of semiconductor surfaces [9]. Over the past few decades, ion-induced

• increases with bombardment time. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) images of the nanopatterned surface are inset in the lower right corner of each image. In the present case, the fluence is represented by irradiation time. The quality and the growth of the nanostructures are quantitatively discussed in Figure 6

• -surface atoms. Later, Carter and Vishnyakov introduced the concept of redistribution of surface atoms [42]. Several experiments have been carried out to understand other factors that contribute to nanopattern formation, such as preferential and differential sputtering [6][43], the role of surface and beam

Impact of adsorbate–substrate interaction on nanostructured thin films growth during low-pressure condensation

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 473–483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.36

• ], sensors [5], and catalysts [6][7][8]. Nanostructured thin films grown via low-pressure deposition methods have garnered significant attention because of their diverse applications in electronics, optics, catalysis, and sensors [9]. The ability to precisely control properties such as morphology

• (see circles in Figure 6). Moreover, the deposition on the OCS leads to an increased concentration of the adsorbate on the substrate that is less ordered compared to the case of MCS (see filled and empty circles in Figure 6a,b). At small α, in the case of weak interactions between adsorbate and

• radius of spherical adsorbate islands increases for both types of substrate in power-law form ⟨R⟩st(δ) ∝ δg. The power-law exponent g for the deposition on MCS is g = 1/6, that for the deposition on OSC is g = 1/4. Here, adsorbate islands are characterized by a larger mean size compared to the case of

Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• including electrode materials [1], conductive pastes [2][3], catalysts [4][5], sensors [6][7][8], and drug delivery systems [9]. The chemical reduction [10] and the solvothermal methods [11][12] are well known for synthesizing nanoparticles in large quantities at low cost, but these methods require the use

• 2 min after laser irradiation, reaches a maximum after 6 min, and then decreases to a constant value at 26 min. This is assumed to be based on the following mechanism. 1) From the start of laser irradiation to 2 min: equilibrium between nucleation due to ion reduction and atom re-dissolution due to

• oxidation; 2) 2–6 min of laser irradiation: particle formation and crystal growth reaction; 3) 6–26 min of laser irradiation: continuous reduction and particle size reduction by laser fragmentation in liquid. Therefore, this means that all reactions are complete after 26 min of laser irradiation in the

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• oncological, autoimmune, and infectious conditions, where genetic expression plays a crucial role on the disease pathogenesis and prognosis [1][2][3][4]. In the past decades, several approaches including cell-based therapies [5][6][7], gene therapies [8][9], and RNA therapies [10][11] have been studied to

• levels. In addition to chemical functionality, studies have demonstrated the importance of the architectural structure of the PLL employed [73][74]. In a study on the delivery of the ASO 5′-TGGCGTCTTCCATTT-3′ (PS-ODN) to two cell lines, D407 (clone 6-2) and CV-1 (clone CV-11), both expressing luciferase

• (e.g., generations 5 and 6) significantly improved the delivery efficiency of ASOs into HeLa cells, as evidenced by increased luciferase activity in a splicing correction assay. This was attributed to the higher charge density and molecular size of the higher-generation DPLs, which facilitated more

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• sources of lead exposure [4]. Through contaminated food or drink or through mouth-to-mouth contact, lead can enter the body. Standard techniques for determining lead content involve the use of atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) [5] and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) [6]. Although

• results in 12 degrees of freedom (three acoustic phonon modes and nine optical phonon modes). Figure 6 demonstrates the Raman spectra of Ag@ZnO NRs; when doping is done in ZnO, there is a significant change in the optical and non-optical modes of ZnO. The collapse of the translational crystal symmetry is

Biomimetics and bioinspired surfaces: from nature to theory and applications

• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira,
• Thies H. Büscher,
• Manuela Rebora,
• Poramate Manoonpong,
• Zhendong Dai and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 418–421, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.32

• the structure–function relationships of these surfaces useful for translational approaches. Further general insights into biological principles and their subsequent transfer into biomimetic engineering are provided in a multiscale biological analysis by Amador et al. [6], ranging from viruses to

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• nanoparticles (NPs) with defined particle sizes and narrow size distribution width is driven by the growing integration of nanomaterials into various industrial applications, such as medicine [1][2][3], catalysis [4][5], sensors [6][7], and additive manufacturing [8]. The performance of NPs typically depends on

• synthesized using a middle-class 6 ps, 1030 nm Yb:KGW laser PHAROS (Light Conversion, Vilnius, Lithuania) and a ScanCube IV galvanometric scanner (Scanlab, Pichheim, Germany) equipped with a 163 mm focal length lens. The irradiation conditions were 50–250 µJ pulse energy range, 10 kHz pulse repetition rate

• distribution of HEA NPs obtained with donut-shaped beams (100 µJ pulse energy, 2 J·cm−2 fluence) in comparison with two PLAL regimes of the Gaussian laser beams, namely, at the same pulse energy and focusing conditions (i.e., at a fluence of 6 J·cm−2 (Figure 4a)) and at the same laser fluence of 2 J·cm−2

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• these techniques are photon-based [4][5][6][7][8][9]. Even though they provide valuable insights, the development of surface-sensitive techniques that can image the catalyst at the atomic scale under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions remains crucial. In attempting to close the pressure gap

• the main setup, the sample is annealed at 800 K in 10−6 mbar of O2 to remove carbon impurities and replenish the oxygen in the oxide layer. The composition of the surface was verified by AES (not shown here). The cobalt nanoparticles were deposited by e-beam evaporation with a Co rod, an emission

• current of 6 mA, and beam energy of 2 kV for 7 min. Figure 6a shows an AFM image at room temperature and high vacuum (≈10−7 mbar) of the prepared surface in the closed reactor. The Co nanoparticles appear as bright dots on the surface with an average diameter of ≈20 nm. Figure 6b shows the surface at 430

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• , 190, 12, and 4 h of exposure, respectively [6]. The sub-lethal chronic effects of SDS were observed on the survival, metabolic processes, and development of juvenile Centropomus parallelus specimens exposed to the compound at three distinct salinity levels [7]. In vitro studies on bovine lenses at an

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• gastrointestinal system, which leads to higher effectiveness [4][5]. Over the years, different types of gastroretentive drug delivery systems have been developed, including floating, expandable, high-density, or mucoadhesive systems [6]. Among these, mucoadhesive systems are quite effective in localizing the drugs

• measured. The purpose of the different dissolution media was to investigate possible release differences under different pH conditions. It is known that gastric mucus is acidic (around pH 2) at the luminal site and almost neutral (around 6) at the epithelial surface [9]. Since the drug delivery system is

• interaction were 4.5 ± 2.7 and 7.4 ± 0.3 for 6 × 104 and 1.2 × 105 cells/well, respectively. As expected, the nanoparticle adsorption onto the cells depends on the cell concentration. Since the fluorescence measurements were carried out on the cell pellets after washing and centrifugation, the increase in

Vortex lattices of layered HTSCs at different vortex–vortex interaction potentials

• Valerii P. Lenkov,
• Anastasia N. Maksimova,
• Anna N. Moroz and
• Vladimir A. Kashurnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 362–370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.27

• the magnetic field penetrates the superconductor in the form of Abrikosov vortices [1]. In high-temperature superconductors (HTSCs), such as Y- and Bi-based cuprates, the vortex lattice is further complicated since these compounds have a layered structure [2][3][4][5][6]. The vortex filament in these

• . For further analysis, a vortex configuration in a magnetic field of H = 400 G was chosen. Figure 5 and Figure 6 show the distributions of the magnetic field in the sample with increasing temperature. It is evident that even an increase in temperature to 3 K leads to noticeable thermal motion of the

• clusters themselves does not occur in the temperature range from 1 to 20 K. However, a further increase in temperature leads to the destruction of the ordered lattice of clusters (Figure 6, which shows the magnetic field distributions at 25 and 40 K). We also note the change in the shape of the clusters

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• electrochemical conditions [2]. On the laboratory scale, attachment is achieved electrostatically or by adding ion-conducting polymer (i.e., ionomer) binders to the nanoparticles, either as mixtures (inks) or overlayers [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Electrostatic attachment of nanoparticles to supports lacks long

• was reported as 3.0 × 10−6 s−1 [25]. This suggests that pristine graphite surfaces, generated by the in situ decontamination and activation by nanosecond laser cleaning, can exist for Au embedding during the pulsed laser grafting process. However, this microscopic surface decontamination and

• , electrolyte (Figure 6). Gas chromatography (GC) was used to identify products. In mildly alkaline electrolytes, as used here, gold-catalyzed aqueous bicarbonate reduction to hydrogen has been reported [66][67]. Our electrocatalysis testing revealed increased durability and electrochemical performance of

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• carrier transport, ZnTe can be used as a buffer layer in CdTe-based solar cells for back contact. Moreover, n-type zinc telluride films can be used in the window layer as a substitute for CdS [6]. Zinc telluride films are highly resistive with a resistivity of about several megaohm·centimetres [7]. The

• an energy-independent constant. The value of the power exponent m depends on the type of transition in the films. For a direct allowed transition, m takes a value of 1/2. Figure 6 (left Y-axis scale, Figure 6A(a,b,c) and Figure 6B(d,e)) shows the (αhν)2-vs-hν graph for ZnTe films deposited at

• bandgap value with substrate temperature is assigned to the enhancement in crystallinity and decrease in dislocation density in the films [15]. For indirect allowed transitions, m = 2. Figure 6 (right Y-axis scale, A(a′, b′, c′) and B(d′, e′)) shows the (αhν)1/2-vs-hv plot for ZnTe films deposited at

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• of DDR either through autophagy modulation or poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition could provide a better therapeutic response [6][7]. Recently, nanomedicine has shown immense potential/efficacy in the treatment of chemoresistant tumors by providing improved molecular targeting, better

• /mL penicillin, 10 mg/mL streptomycin, 25 μg/mL amphotericin-B; Cat No. 15240062), mouse and rabbit secondary antibodies conjugated to HRP, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI; Cat No. 62248) were purchased from Life Technologies (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells

• the specific experiment. Each group contained four technical replicates and three biological replicates for each experiment. In each assay cells without nanoconjugates were used as a control. Transmission electron microscopy analysis The A549 cells (2 × 105 cells/mL/well in 6-well plates) were exposed

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• . mutans can ferment carbohydrates, primarily sucrose and glucose or by-products in saliva, to produce weak organic acids. These acids lead to tooth surface demineralization and the subsequent enamel loss, resulting in tooth decay [6][7]. Furthermore, the biofilm formation by S. mutans contributes to

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• uses, and wound healing [4][5][6]. However, a drawback of electrospun nanofibers is their mechanical properties [7][8]. Electrospun nanofibers typically exhibit poor mechanical properties due to their high porosity, random fiber arrangement, and weak interactions at the cross-points of the nanofibers

• layering fibers upon fibers through multiple steps, as shown in Figure 6. The functionality of the overall structure depends on the different properties exhibited by each layer. In bioactive encapsulation and controlled release applications, for example, multilayered membranes can be used to regulate the

• concentration because of improved coverage of the chitosan shell layer as observed from TEM images of the fiber. The different methods used in the measurement of chitosan/PVA nanofiber properties are summarized in Table 6. These methods allow for comprehensive characterization of the mechanical properties of

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• antibiotics has raised public concern, especially because they are environmental contaminants originating from human and animal waste [5]. These antibiotics can persist without change or as active metabolites in the environment, posing significant toxicity risks to aquatic and human life [6][7][8]. The

• -based photocatalysts often achieved superior efficiency and high mineralization rates, offering a comprehensive solution for antibiotic contamination (see below in Tables 1–6). The progressively increasing trend of publications and corresponding citations in recent times highlight the superiority of

• from water is compiled below in Table 6. Conclusion This review comprehensively explores the latest advancements and challenges in using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• formed nanoparticles [1][2][3]. However, the formed nanoparticles also interact with the used liquid during the process; thus, chemical reactions such as oxidation [3][4][5][6] or carbon shell formation [7][8][9] occur depending on the solvent’s properties, allowing for alterations of the structural

• nanoparticles in either (c, e) 1-nonanol or (d, f) propylene carbonate obtained by LAL in TMS. Mass fraction of colloidal nanoparticles in the propylene carbonate phase gained after LAL of (a) copper and (b) iron in TMSs consisting of propylene carbonate and a primary alcohol with a chain length of 6 to 11. The

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• . Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Blv. Mother Theresa No. 17, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Str. 50th Division No. 6, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia 10.3762/bjnano.16.18 Abstract In the present study

• processes, including neuroregeneration, neuronal differentiation, and stimulation of neuronal electrical signalization and brain activity. Thus, they are promising materials for new products regarding tissue engineering and prosthetic neuronal devices [6][7][8]. There is also an evidence that CNs manifest

• 0.79, respectively) point to a reverse trend during TMZ loading in the hybrid carrier, suggesting the formation of stable complexes between the drug and the carrier. Thermogravimetric analysis The TGA findings are presented in Figure 6. As mentioned in our previous study [43] and also seen in the

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• , making them ideal candidates for serving as carrier materials [6]. Additionally, nanoscale carrier materials offer the advantage of high loading capacity, remarkable stability, and the ability to enhance rhizobacterial resilience against drought conditions. Moreover, they provide convenience in both

• applications. The nHA carrier is hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) in powder form, comprising the elements calcium, phosphorous, oxygen, and hydrogen. These elements provide nutrients that support the viability of rhizobacteria. Water within the carrier also plays a crucial role in maintaining the viability of

• to the nHA carrier material is not fully understood. However, the structure of nHA, characterized by its voids and crevices, provides an environment conducive to the growth and survival of rhizobacteria, a phenomenon known as biological fixation [33]. Figure 6, along with Table 3 and Table 4, shows

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• treatments pose significant barriers [5]. The evolution of nanotechnology has catalyzed the development of novel therapeutic technologies, with a plethora of nanomaterials exhibiting significant potential for nanotherapeutic applications [6][7][8]. Among these, photothermal nanomaterials hold promise in

Probing the potential of rare earth elements in the development of new anticancer drugs: single molecule studies

• Josiane A. D. Batista,
• Rayane M. de Oliveira,
• Carlos H. M. Lima,
• Milton L. Lana Júnior,
• Virgílio C. dos Anjos,
• Maria J. V. Bell and
• Márcio S. Rocha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 187–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.15

• applications, rare earth elements are yet unexplored in the development of new drugs for cancer chemotherapies, and only a few works have pointed out the potential of such elements for this field [6][7][8]. An initial motivation to investigate the potential of rare earth elements for cancer treatments is the

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• , including regenerative solvent-based absorption [2][6], fixed-bed adsorption [7], cryogenic separation techniques [8], and membrane separation methods [9][10][11][12]. Of these, membrane technology offers advantages such as exceptional stability, high efficiency, low energy consumption, and ease of

• -benzenedicarboxylic acid (H2BDC)) can be combined with various metal ions (e.g., Mg2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe3+, and Zr4+) to obtain MOFs with diverse structures (e.g., Mg2(DOBDC), CuBTC, and Zr6O4(OH)4(BDC)6). Moreover, utilizing linkers pre-functionalized with substituents (e.g., –Br, –NH2, –SO3H) enables straightforward

• did not persist when tested in a CO2/CH4 mixture with a 6/94 molar ratio (αCO2/CH4 = 61 ± 4), emphasizing the importance and the challenges related to developing MOF structures for CO2 capture [51]. While some MOFs do feature pore apertures within the narrow size range allowing for size exclusion (3.3