ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• , a high-pressure ReactorSTM has been developed [10][11]. The pressures in the scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) reactor are orders of magnitude above UHV (up to several bar), rendering gas–catalyst interactions very significant and leading to differences in reaction mechanisms [12][13][14][15

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• been designated as a generally recognized safe (GRAS) ingredient for food applications by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), as stipulated in 21 CFR 172.822. This anionic surfactant serves dual functions in food processing: as an emulsifying agent and a whipping aid [13]. The

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• leakage of encapsulated drugs. These drawbacks make alginate challenging to be used in drug delivery applications [11][12]. Therefore, it is generally used together with other polymers, such as chitosan [13] or carboxymethyl cellulose [14], or it is modified with PEG-maleimide [15] to acquire mucoadhesion

Vortex lattices of layered HTSCs at different vortex–vortex interaction potentials

• Valerii P. Lenkov,
• Anastasia N. Maksimova,
• Anna N. Moroz and
• Vladimir A. Kashurnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 362–370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.27

• -range repulsion is still preserved, and the repulsion is also preserved at large distances (5–10λ) between vortex centers. As a result, the potential takes a shape characterized by one minimum and one fairly flat maximum [12][13][14]. The vortex lattice in an inclined magnetic field has also been

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• -term stability. A widely used ionomer binder is Nafion, which is highly acidic [11] and can corrode earth-abundant catalysts that are not acid-stable [12]. Ionomer binders can additionally lead to undesired side reactions, thus reducing the energy efficiency for the desired transformation [13

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• . Bellakhder et al. [13] have investigated the impact of varying RF power on the structure, optical, and electrical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films and found that the deposited films are highly resistive and have low refractive index because of the polycrystalline nature of films. Isik et al. [14

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• , human lung epithelial carcinoma cells towards the genotoxic agent methyl methanesulphonate through disruption of the DDR process [13]. Recently, ZnO nanoparticles induced significant cytotoxicity and DNA double-strand breaks in SKOV3 cells, human ovarian epithelial cancer cells, through induction of

• . Further, the cell suspension was diluted by adding 400 μL of 1× PBS, and red fluorescence emitted from PI was analyzed by flow cytometry (BD FACS Canto II, BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) using a 650 ± 13 nm band-pass filter. Three independent experiments were performed for each group. The proportion

• electrophoresis tank containing freshly prepared chilled electrophoresis solution (1 mM of EDTA, 300 mM of NaOH, pH > 13) for 20 min for DNA unwinding and subsequently subjected to electrophoresis with a 300 mA current, 0.7 V/cm at 4 °C under dimmed light for 30 min. After electrophoresis, the slides were treated

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• , several methods of berberine encapsulation, berberine carrier materials, and berberine microemulsions have also been studied to improve the bioavailability and clinical applicability of berberine [9][13][14][15][16][17]. Although many studies have evaluated the antibacterial activity of berberine, there

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• Nollet [12]. During electrospinning, fluid is drawn through an electrically charged spinneret with a conical shape at the tip from which a jet emerges [13]. Based on Zeleny’s research, Geoffrey Taylor described in 1964 that the meniscus’ critical half-angle approaches 49.3° immediately before collapse

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• health and ecological systems [11][12][13][14][15][16]. Alarming projections in the USA anticipated that antimicrobial resistance-related deaths exceeding the combined toll of cancer and diabetes, with approximately 23,000 deaths annually [17]. For the mitigation of environmental hazards caused by

• antibiotics, several physical, biological, and chemical methods have been applied [13][18][19]. Various physical wastewater treatment techniques are based on mechanical separation to reduce contaminant levels by relocating rather than degrading antibiotics [7][8][20]. Biological approaches, such as the

• degradation and solid–liquid separation are also commonly used in making the pollutants non-toxic or non-hazardous [13][23]. It should be noted that many of the conventional methods fail in degrading antibiotics completely since most antibiotics are very complex in structure and are even resistant to

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• nanoparticle synthesis was shown to produce gas phases consisting of hydrogen [11][12][13], carbon dioxide [12][14], and carbon monoxide [12][14], as well as carbon-based gases such as methane or C2 hydrocarbons [12][13][14][15][16]. In addition to gaseous by-products, the decomposition was found to produce

• liquid hydrocarbons such as pyrolysis products [15][16][17][18], polyynes [19][20][21], and dimers [13][22][23]. Furthermore, depending on the solvent and ablated material pairing, carbon may be “harvested” from the solvent forming crystalline carbides [24][25][26][27], amorphous carbon dopant [28][29

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• [13]. It was also shown that the CNs impair extracellular adhesion and regulate adhesion-dependent pathways (such as EGFR/AKT/mTOR and β-catenin) [14], inhibit angiogenesis via the NF-κB pathway [15], inhibit several signal transduction pathways (WNT/β-catenin, Notch, and JAK-STAT) [16], promote

• apoptosis via activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-, caspase-, and mitochondrion-dependent pathways, such as p53-mPTP [13][17][18], and reduce the expression of voltage-dependent ion channel genes and extracellular receptors in glioma cells, damaging the cell membrane and changing its potential [19

• loading efficacy and content in these formulations (around 42% and 11%, respectively, for MWCNTs-PEG6000-FA-TMZ and 46% and 13%, respectively, for MWCNTs-G-PEG6000-FA-TMZ; Table 1). When the CNs were PEGylated, an increase in zeta potential was observed (−38.38 and −46.05 mV vs −21.40 and −22.30 mV for

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• nanoparticles [12]. Among these, nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) offers distinct advantages over other nanoparticles regarding the application as a carrier for rhizobacteria, particularly in terms of phosphorus supply [13], biological compatibility [14], and high adsorption capacity [15]. Consequently, nHA not only

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• addition, the cornea, an ocular tissue, is relatively “immune amnestied” because of the absence of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, which reduces the patient’s immune response and inflammation and improves the safety and efficacy of photothermal nanomaterials therapy [12][13]. The small size of

Probing the potential of rare earth elements in the development of new anticancer drugs: single molecule studies

• Josiane A. D. Batista,
• Rayane M. de Oliveira,
• Carlos H. M. Lima,
• Milton L. Lana Júnior,
• Virgílio C. dos Anjos,
• Maria J. V. Bell and
• Márcio S. Rocha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 187–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.15

• fact that some metals have been successfully used, or are being investigated, as components of chemotherapeutic drugs [9][10], especially platinum [11][12][13][14][15][16] or, alternatively, ruthenium [17], titanium [18], gold, and copper. Here we report the high potential of three rare earth elements

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• operation [5]. However, a significant drawback of membrane separation is the inherent trade-off between permeability (pressure-normalized flux) and selectivity (αA/B) for gases A and B, as described by the relationship in Equation 1 [5][12][13][14]. where PA is the steady-state permeability of the more

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• at approximately 25.54° (2θ) and the other at 49.73° (2θ) [12][13]. The amorphous pattern characteristic of niobium compounds was maintained upon modification of the bentonite clay with these compounds. The X-ray pattern of the samples of bentonite clay modified with the niobium compounds (BeOx and

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• distance and, hence, the mesopore size, but also the aluminum distribution and acidic properties of the obtained material, which are key parameters for catalysts [5][7][8][9][10]. One widely used component for the synthesis of 2D zeolites is CTAB [5][9][11][12][13]. To prepare mesoporous materials from

Comparison of organic and inorganic hole transport layers in double perovskite material-based solar cell

• Deepika K and
• Arjun Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 119–127, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.11

• perovskite layer calculated via SCAPS-1D [13]. In 2023, Alla et al. simulated, using SCAPS-1D, a Cs2CuSbX6-based DPSCs with an efficiency exceeding 29% [14]. In 2023, Singh et al. optimized a lead-free DPSC with La2NiMnO6 as absorber layer, Cu2O as HTL, and ZnOS as an ETL. They obtained an efficiency of

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• characteristics [13][14]. This dynamic and complex spectrum of macrophage activity features nuanced challenges and opportunities in leveraging macrophage responses to enhance the therapeutic potential of NCs. Recent research has highlighted the dual role of macrophages in the context of nanomedicine. While their

• – pro-resolving functions: In contrast, M2 macrophages are activated by anti-inflammatory stimuli, such as IL-4 and IL-13, and are primarily involved in resolving inflammation and promoting tissue repair. They secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) [20

• the IL-4Rα1 receptor, triggered by the binding with IL-4 or IL-13. This process inhibits the M1 response by blocking NF-κB and activator protein 1 (AP-1) by activating the peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) [17]. Within this broader M2 category, macrophages can be further classified

Modeling and simulation of carbon-nanocomposite-based gas sensors

• Roopa Hegde,
• Punya Prabha V,
• Shipra Upadhyay and
• Krishna S B

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 90–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.9

• model was initially formulated to characterize gas adsorption on solid-phase adsorbents such as carbon-based adsorbents [13]. The fundamental assumptions of the Langmuir isotherm include: (1) adsorption occurs as a monolayer; (2) adsorption sites are uniformly distributed; (3) the adsorption energy

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• semiconductors. Also, ZnO NPs exhibit antimicrobial activity, targeted drug delivery, catalytic activity, and antidiabetic, larvicidal, acaricidal and anticancer activity in addition to their usage in different medical devices and pharmaceuticals [11][12][13]. We report the ecologically safe production of ZnO

• instrument to evaluate the electrochemical properties [13][32]. Biological activity of nanoparticles Antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs Agar well diffusion was used to measure the antibacterial activity of the biosynthesized ZnO NPs. The test isolates were belonged to both classes of Gram variants, including

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• reactive surface area of nanomaterials is the instantaneous interaction with their surroundings through formation of an acquired environmental or biomolecule corona [11][12] and/or via physical or chemical transformations that can occur at any of the nanomaterials’ life cycle stages [13][14]. The ability

Theoretical study of the electronic and optical properties of a composite formed by the zeolite NaA and a magnetite cluster

• Joel Antúnez-García,
• Roberto Núñez-González,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• H’Linh Hmok,
• Armando Reyes-Serrato,
• Fabian N. Murrieta-Rico,
• Mufei Xiao and
• Jonathan Zamora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 44–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.5

• ], heavy metal removal [11][12], sensor technologies [13][14][15][16], and biomedical applications [17]. Nanoscale materials represent a thriving field of research with a wide range of potential applications. Today, it is generally recognized that properties like hardness, reactivity, toxicity, and optical

Precursor sticking coefficient determination from indented deposits fabricated by electron beam induced deposition

• Alexander Kuprava and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 35–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.4

• estimate or initial guess in calculations or even simulations dedicated to FEBID for precursors such as WF6 [9], Me3CpPtMe [10][11][12][13][14][15], HCo3Fe(CO)12, and Nb(NMe2)3(N-t-Bu) [12], as well as tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) [16]. The sticking coefficient has been determined only in the work of

• pumping speed, and gas injection system (GIS) geometry using the GIS nozzle gas dynamics simulation approach described in [22]. The tilt of the GIS in relation to the substrate surface that defines the angle at which molecules hit the surface was 13° for Cr(C6H6)2 and 50° for Me3CpPtMe. Both GIS needles

• Arrhenius-type behavior, an activation energy value Ea = 1.13 eV can be derived from the linear fit in Figure 4. The derived value is too big if physisorption is assumed, and it is two times bigger than the adsorption activation energy previously determined for Me3CpPtMe [11][13]. However, this derived