Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• metal contamination. Consequently, the efficient removal of heavy metal ions remains a critical research challenge. Various methods have been employed including membrane filtration [1], flocculation [2], adsorption [3][4], precipitation [5], electrolytic removal [6], ion exchange [7], reduction [8], and

• moieties and polymers; however, it typically involves harmful organic solvents (e.g., N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and dimethylformamide) and reagents [36][37][38]. Fortunately, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been identified as suitable catalytic media for Diels–Alder reactions without the need for external

• morphological change during the dendrimer growth process. Moreover, there were no carbon particulates associated with residual carbon polymerization indicating uniform dendrimer growth over the surface of CNTs. However, changes in terms of degree of aggregation were observed (Figure 2). The aggregation among

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

• Michael addition; Introduction Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been the subject of an immense body of research in the field of biomedicine, where their magnetic properties are appealing for such applications as MRI contrast agents [1], tumor hyperthermia [2], and magnetic drug delivery [3

• . Cysteamine (CySH, Figure 1d) is used to assess thiol cross-reactivities, while cystamine (CySS, Figure 1e) is used as a ligand to investigate cross-reactivities of the disulfide reducing agents, dithiothreitol (DTT, Figure 1f), tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP, Figure 1g), and tris(3-hydroxypropyl

• not drawn to scale, and certain sections of ligand molecules may be omitted. Figure 2 provides a legend with the more detailed structural formulae of the IONP surfaces for each preparation. FTIR analysis of IONP-PPA shows a very weak bump in the spectrum at 2122 cm−1, which may be attributed to the

Nanomaterials for biomedical applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Filippo Pierini,
• Seda Kizilel and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1499–1503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.105

• adverse effects and increasing the success rate of the delivery. Since nanomaterials can be tunable, the vast majority of health sectors are investigating their potential in a wide range of applications, such as targeted drug delivery, gene therapy, tissue regeneration, imaging, and diagnostic tools [2

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• al. [2] in one of the first reviews on laser ablation published in 2004. Their discussion addresses the physicochemical insights into key stages of these processes, including the behavior of the laser target, the formation of the plume, and the initial laser–target interactions. It offers a

• 2004 [2][4][5][6][7][8][9] offer insights into its history, novelties, mechanisms, and applications, catering to the interests and choices of readers [10]. A list of recent review articles highlighting advancements in laser ablation, processing, and structuring of different materials, along with a

• medium characteristics (e.g., chemical composition and viscosity) influence the size, morphology, and surface properties of the Au NPs, which, in turn, determine their performance. The effect of solvents on morphology of generated NPs in laser ablation is shown in Figure 2. While PLAL offers a rich

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• , violet, green, and blue. This makes AgNPrs highly suitable for optical sensing applications [2]. The formation mechanism of AgNPrs in solution typically proceeds through three stages, namely, nucleation, seeding, and crystallization, with the crystallization phase being the slowest and rate-determining

• ) irradiating the seeds with green LEDs to form AgNPrs with the aid of ʟ-arginine (L-A) [9]. Due to the different SPR properties between AgNPs and AgNPrs, the morphological transformation of silver nanostructures in sample can be observed through UV–vis spectra in Figure 2. After 6 h of LED irradiation, the UV

• ; and (iii) a strong in-plane dipole (IPD) peak at 654 nm, characteristic of silver nanoprisms. This observation is consistent with the characteristic UV–vis absorption spectra of AgNPrs reported in previous studies [2][4][7]. The simultaneous presence of these three plasmonic modes, along with the

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• 26.74 million tons of plastic waste in 2019, with projections indicating an increase to 34.82 million tons by 2035 [2]. Within Europe, Ireland has the highest per capita plastic packaging waste generation, approximately 67 kg/year [3]. Despite efforts to recycle plastic, only 9% of virgin plastic was

• ), while sediment contamination was more severe during the wet season, with contamination factors categorized as “very high” (15.6) in wet periods and “high” (4.9) in dry periods [10]. Similarly, effluent from wastewater treatment plants contained 192 particles/L for 2 µm MPs and 323 particles/L for 10 µm

• Publication trends: The annual number of publications and the geographical distribution of the authors publishing research on BC and MPs across the globe are illustrated in Figure 2. Research in this field began with one publication per year in 2017 and 2018, increasing to two publications in 2019, followed

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• ]. After 100 years of evolution, electrodes have become ubiquitous across numerous industries including medical diagnostics, food safety, agricultural and environmental monitoring, bioprocess management, and more [2]. Despite the differences in design and function, all electrodes share similar requirements

• water as a catalyst, then the final product gluconolactone was generated [28][29]. These reactions were illustrated in Scheme 2. Similarly, peaks were observed to be same during the reverse scan [29]. Based on curve shape and reaction mechanism, the peaks from the reverse curve around 50 mV were

• etched in 2 M NaOH (98%, Fisher Scientific) solution by a modified sewing machine and a DC power supply (MPJA 9616PS). The tungsten rod was secured to the needle holder of the sewing machine and moved vertically in and out of the NaOH solution at a frequency around 5 Hz by operating the machine. The tip

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• . Concurrently, the consumption of freshwater in industrial and agricultural sectors is also witnessing a significant increase [1][2]. On Earth, while oceans cover approximately 75% of the surface, freshwater constitutes merely 2.5% of the total water volume [3][4][5]. Moreover, 70% of these freshwater resources

• in an ammonia solution. When compared to the unmodified CTA membrane, the modified membrane exhibited comparable desalination performance. Specifically, for 1.5 g·L−1 brackish water under 6 MPa pressure, the modified membrane achieved a water flux of approximately 21.06 L·m−2·h−1 and a retention rate

• and Discussion Structure of membrane material To verify the target structure of the synthesized material, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) were conducted, with the spectra depicted in Figure 1 and Figure 2, respectively. The FTIR bands

Automated collection and categorisation of STM images and STS spectra with and without machine learning

• Dylan Stewart Barker and
• Adam Sweetman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1367–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.99

• properties of surfaces and molecules with atomic precision. This opens up the ability to map the local density of states (LDOS) of a sample with high spatial resolution [1][2][3]. Peaks within a map of the LDOS correspond to increases in conductance at specific bias values, revealing the energy levels of key

• shown in Figure 2. One addition to this method compared to the automated data gathering method described in Barker et al. [19] is the addition of I(z) classifications prior to performing imaging to ensure a tunnelling junction. This acts as a rapid “pre-filtering” step, eliminating tips that do not show

• the difference between these two curves is the root mean squared (RMS) error between the two, which is described by Equation 2: Here, are the perfect step function data points, and y are the spectra for classification. To evaluate the optimal thresholds for classification, a stacked histogram was

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• cause 1.91 million deaths each year, and that a further 8.22 million people will die from illnesses associated with resistance [1]. Different reviews further highlight the evolving complexity of antimicrobial resistance and underscore the need for multidisciplinary strategies to overcome it [2][3]. This

• targeted therapeutic effect, and the desired release rate. The most common encapsulation nanosystems are represented in Figure 2. Organic nanoparticles Lipid-based nanoparticles. Liposomes: Liposomes are versatile lipid-based nanoparticles that have gained prominence in drug delivery systems due to their

• Helicobacter pylori infections, a major contributor to peptic ulcer disease [131]. More recently, bismuth citrate has been shown to suppress replication of SARS-CoV-2 [132], the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the expanding therapeutic potential of bismuth-containing compounds across

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• proliferation of liver tumor cells. Cel can induce ferroptosis and cause cancer cell death through the generation of ROS, reduced GSH levels, and increased Fe2+/Fe3+ and LPO levels. Cel has also been shown to increase the expression ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and facilitate cyto-C to trigger the caspase-3-related

• therapy and is closely linked to alterations in cancer metabolism [2][3][4]. Changed metabolic pathways allow cancer cells to grow faster than usual, adapt to restricted nutrient conditions, and develop drug resistance [3]. There is still a gap in the efficacy of various cancer therapies despite numerous

• inducing ferroptosis through various pathways to enhance cancer therapy. We also discuss stimuli-responsive liposomes and evaluate their effects on the immune system. 2 Ferroptosis A recently recognized regulated condition of iron-dependent cell death is called ferroptosis [7][22]. The Latin term “ferrum

Deep-learning recognition and tracking of individual nanotubes in low-contrast microscopy videos

• Vladimir Pimonov,
• Said Tahir and
• Vincent Jourdain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1316–1324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.96

• ; polarization microscopy; Introduction Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), discovered over three decades ago, continue to present unresolved questions and challenges. Their exceptional properties, both theoretically [1][2] and experimentally demonstrated [3], make them desirable for electronic and optical devices

• and carrier gas. Oxygen and water sensors monitored gas-phase contaminants at the outlet line. In situ microscopy Nanotube growth was imaged in situ using a custom-built optical setup for homodyne polarization microscopy. A supercontinuum source (Fianium SC-400-4, 2 ps pulses, 40 MHz, spectral range

• (Figure 1b). However, using the frames with a fixed delay time (chosen between 5 and 30 s, see Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2) significantly increases contrast, by up to an order of magnitude (Figure 1c as well as Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3, and Supporting Information Files 2 and 5

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• promising alternative to high-precision lithography techniques [1][2][3]. The utilization of short femtosecond laser pulses has proven instrumental in overcoming diffraction limit restrictions, enabling controlled fabrication of periodic subwavelength structures [4][5][6][7][8][9]. This controlled

• spatial periodicity (Λ) relative to the laser wavelength (λ). Typically in metal surfaces with high absorbance, the range of LSFL periodicity is λ > Λ > λ/2, oriented perpendicular to the incident polarization, and HSFL periodicities are much smaller and in the range of Λ < λ/2, orientated parallel to the

• medium) and εm = (n + ik)2, n is the real part of the refractive index of the metal, and k is the coefficient of extinction. According to this model, the periodicity should exhibit an increasing trend with wavelength when there is no resonance. However, the experiments presented in this work show some

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• Abstract This study investigates the fabrication of BiVO4 photoanodes using a controlled-intensity current electrodeposition method to improve their photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance. The impact of varying the deposition current density and VO(acac)2 concentration was systematically analyzed to

• monoclinic scheelite BiVO4 structure with dominant (121) and (004) peaks. FESEM imaging revealed that the different deposition conditions influenced the surface morphologies of the BiOI and BiVO4 films. Photocurrent density measurements showed that BiVO4(326) achieved 1.2 mA·cm−2 at 1.23 V vs RHE

• renewable and sustainable energy sources has become a top priority in science and technology [1][2]. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water-splitting systems hold significant promises for converting abundant solar energy into chemical fuels, such as hydrogen [3][4]. However, their widespread application is still

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• Brazil. A. aculeata stands out for its wide geographic distribution, being native to tropical forests [1][2]. Its rounded fruits present sensory attractions, such as color, distinctive and intense flavor, and aroma. They are traditionally consumed by the native population, occupying an important place in

• ) [19]. These results were found within the reference values established for oils rich in oleic acids, such as extra virgin olive oil, palm oil, and almond oil [34]. The presence of polyphenols and carotenoids was also identified in this oil (see Table 1). Table 2 shows the profile of fatty acids

• , maintaining consistent zeta potential and droplet size parameters over a 180-day storage period at 25 ± 2 °C. Dynamic light scattering analysis revealed a mean nanodroplet size (by intensity) of 173.6 ± 0.70 nm (Figure 2A). The nanoemulsion, composed of 0.28 parts of Span 80® and 0.72 parts of Tween 80

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• systems [1][2]. Cancer treatment has been revolutionized, yet cancer is treated with traditional methods, that is, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical intervention, accompanied by several lethal implications along with low solubility, poor bioavailability, and fatal off-target effects [3][4]. In

• therapeutic regimen. By utilizing recent advances in micro/nanotechnology and molecular pharmaceutics, potent bioinspired cell-based therapeutics could be obtained by genetic engineering, endocytosis, chemical bioconjugation, and physical modifications (Figure 2) [23]. More precisely, cell membranes or whole

• cells, which could exploit homotypic targeting mechanism and exosomes, are being employed to deliver anticancer/immune modulating drugs or vaccine delivery [2][24]. The cell or biomimetic NPs can alter biological functions via various pathways and can be effectively used in targeting and manipulating

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• biodegradability [1][2][3]. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has been shown to provide better biodegradability compared to other polymers such as polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polystyrene [4][5][6] due to its secondary alcohol groups being susceptible to enzymatic oxidation and its water solubility enhancing

• support the growth of microorganisms, making them spoil as early as 1–2 days after harvest without any processing [39]. Several attempts have been made that could extend strawberry preservation only up to 6, 9, and 10 days, respectively, with PVA/chitosan/1,8-cineole/cyclodextrin [53], PVA with lids [54

• ], and modified atmosphere polypropylene [55]. In this research, without any biopackaging, the strawberry would grow moldy right on day 11 and become dryer and reduced in size, which led to the fastest decrease in mass. In contrast, at no or very low concentration of CEO (up to 2% (v/w)), the time until

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• -1950s and 1960s [1][2][3][4]. From the beginning, hydrogels composed of cross-linked acrylic acid were designed to release drugs into the body [5]. 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate was one of the first compounds used to build hydrogels as drug delivery systems (DDSs) [6]. Over the past century, hydrogels

• of Ca(OH)2 (pH 10.2), CaCl2 (pH 7.2), or CaCO3 (pH 8.1) for three days at room temperature, followed by washing with water and drying at 60 °C [140]. In recent years, ultrasmall nanogels have emerged as an innovative drug delivery system, mainly due to their ability to deeply penetrate biological

• skin disease treatment, such as psoriasis [185][186], (enabling photoprotection [187]), and atopic dermatitis [62][188]. Hydrogels have also been used for site-specific delivery of antitumor agents in cutaneous tumor cells [189][190] as shown in Table 2. Chitosan hydrogels containing nanoencapsulated

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• ; protoporphyrin IX; shake-flask; solubility test; Introduction Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising therapeutic modality that has raised keen interest in the treatment of various conditions including cancer and microbial infections [1][2]. This non-invasive treatment combines a photosensitizer (PS), a

• 50 times and negatively stained with a 2% (w/v) uranyl acetate solution before imaging. To investigate micelle formation, the samples were prepared at 37 °C. Micelle size measurements obtained by TEM were reported as the mean (± standard deviation; SD), based on the analysis of 250 micelles per

• of solubility were later contradicted by particle size distribution analysis. Figure 2 shows the solubility behavior of PpIX in water and EtOHabs, with mean concentrations of 0.497 ± 0.054 mg/mL in water, and 0.179 ± 0.004 mg/mL in EtOHabs. In contrast, the systems containing 0.4 mg/mL of PpIX in

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• in 2023. These figures include 5,696 deaths from dengue and 188 deaths from chikungunya. Additionally, while no Zika cases were reported in 2023, 6,348 cases were recorded in 2024 [2]. All these alarming numbers underscore the urgent need for sustainable and innovative strategies to manage Ae

• , esfenvalerate, and α-cypermethrin) can affect cell viability by inducing the production of nitric oxide and lipid peroxides in three human cell models (SH-SY5Y, HepG2, and Caco-2), even at concentrations considered safe [38]. Nevertheless, human exposure to multiple pyrethroids routinely occurs due to the

• to rotenoids and to the CS/TPP–β-CD–rot nanocomposite was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The cells were cultured in 96-well plates at a density of 3 × 105 cells/mL. After adherence, the cells were treated with either in natura rotenoids

Electronic and optical properties of chloropicrin adsorbed ZnS nanotubes: first principle analysis

• Prakash Yadav,
• Boddepalli SanthiBhushan and
• Anurag Srivastava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1184–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.87

• (CCl3NO2), is a chemical warfare agent that poses significant risks of accidental, occupational, and intentional exposure [1][2]. It was first synthesized in 1848 by the Scottish chemist John Stenhouse via the reaction of picric acid with sodium hypochlorite [3]. CP is classified as a Category I toxic

• ZnS NT with (3,3) chirality is illustrated in Figure 2. The structural analysis reveals an average Zn–S bond length of 2.29 Å, which is slightly shorter than the bond length of bulk ZnS (2.34 Å). This reduction in bond length can be attributed to the curvature of the NT structure, which induces a

• in altering the electronic and optical properties of ZnS NT. A higher charge transfer improves sensor sensitivity, allowing the detection of CP at lower concentrations, whereas the weak physisorption led by the van der Waals forces may help with the reusability of sensor devices. Table 2 highlights

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• medical devices [1][2][3][4][5]. Although PA is part of the normal microbiota of the skin and mucous membranes of many healthy individuals, it can cause serious opportunistic infections in the respiratory and urinary tracts and during wound healing in people with weakened immune systems or in hospitalized

• must be clearly distinguished from a rigid substrate used as background. In this case, the thin layer of PLL (1–2 nm) on mica is expected to provide such background. Regions especially crowded with bacteria were intentionally avoided when applying FV. The capacity of AFM as a quantitative analysis tool

• force–separation curve analyzed in real time by the software. A color-coded map is obtained according to the physical parameters extracted from the curve, as shown in Figure 1B,C. Figure 2 shows an FV image of the topography or height channel for several individual PA bacteria on the substrate. An

Transfer function of an asymmetric superconducting Gauss neuron

• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Aleksander S. Ionin,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Mikhail S. Sidel’nikov,
• Sergey V. Egorov and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1160–1170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.85

• Fedor A. Razorenov Aleksander S. Ionin Nikita S. Shuravin Liubov N. Karelina Mikhail S. Sidel'nikov Sergey V. Egorov Vitaly V. Bol'ginov Osipyan Institute of Solid State Physics RAS, Chernogolovka, Moscow District, 2 Academician Osipyan str., 142432, Russian Federation Moscow Institute of Physics

• , prediction, pattern recognition, and image and video generation. The increasing number of tasks and the growing volume of processed information highlight the relevance of using superconducting elements, which offer the advantages of high clock frequency and energy efficiency [1][2]. Studies [3][4][5][6

• fundamental limit of kT·ln 2 [16]. These devices contain one or two Josephson junctions (JJs) enclosed in a superconducting loop with three inductive elements. Such devices’ design is much simpler than that of a neuromorphic CMOS element, that contains about 20 transistors per cell [7][8], which also speaks

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• , Synthesis and Real Structure, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 7, 45141 Essen, Germany Kiel Nano, Surface and

• various applications in magnetic technologies [2][3] and electrocatalysis [2][4], derived from the combination of single-element properties which results in enhanced features compared to single-element properties [5]. High-entropy alloy nanoparticles (HEA NPs) constitute a relatively new class of

• determine whether the structural information obtained from Figure 1 can also be reproduced for a larger fraction of the samples. Thus, XRD measurements were conducted on both ps- and ns-ablated HEA NPs. Figure 2 shows representative diffraction patterns of ps-ablated HEA NPs and ns-ablated HEA NPs (Figure

Deep learning for enhancement of low-resolution and noisy scanning probe microscopy images

• Samuel Gelman,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Nir Kampf,
• Marek Patočka,
• Maricarmen Rios,
• Marcos Penedo,
• Georg Fantner,
• Amir Beker,
• Sidney R. Cohen and
• Ido Azuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1129–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.83

• ], the majority use remains that performed on commercial instruments working in ambient (or liquid) environments using one of several operating modes [2][3]. Achieving high-resolution images in such cases is hampered by a few shortcomings. First, the scanning speed of traditional AFM is slow, and several

• . Results and Discussion In this study, 4× upscaled images were obtained from real measured low-resolution AFM images of Celgard® 2400 membrane and high-roughness titanium film used for tip characterization (Figure 1 and Figure 2, respectively). 4× upscaling means upscaling both the x and y directions and

• stringency required). This is also evident from the metrics values in Table 1 and Table 2 for both data sets. Both PSNR and SSIM are based on comparison between the 4× upscaled images and the GT. Since there is no significant statistical difference between the traditional methods and the deep learning models