Water in nanoporous hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets: a first-principles study

• Juliana A. Gonçalves,
• Ronaldo J. C. Batista and
• Marcia C. Barbosa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 510–519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.39

• pores that were initially analyzed in this work. The rhombic and triangular pores were passivated with hydrogen atoms, as shown in Figure 2a,b and Figure 3a–d. After optimization, wrinkles were observed in both the rhombic and triangular porous structures, which were not observed in deposited pores [34

• . Triangular pores with (a) B–H and (b) N–H edges, triangular pores with (c) N–H and (d) B–H pairs at 60° vertices, and triangular pores with (e) B–OH and (f) N–H terminations. Diagram illustrating the various adsorption positions of the water molecule on h-BN nanosheets with rhombic pores, frontal view and

• molecule atoms perpendicular to the h-BN monolayer with the oxygen atom near the BH-terminated edge and the hydrogen atoms near the NH-terminated edges; and (d) the plane containing the water molecule atoms perpendicular to the h-BN monolayer, with the oxygen atom near the monolayer and hydrogen atoms

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• -centered cubic Mo phase, as per JCPDS no. 01-088-2331 [29]. In Figure 2A, there is a notable reduction in peak intensity of the Mo film after N2+ implantation relative to the as-deposited Mo film. This reveals a significant alteration in structure due to the implantation process. Similarly, in Figure 2B–D

• thin films due to lattice distortions or mismatch was calculated using Wilson’s equation [31][33]: The dislocation density (δ) gives more information about the number of defects in the films; it was calculated from the relation [32]: where D is the average crystallite size. The interplanar spacing (d

• residual stress in the Mo film. The stress induced in the films is calculated using the formula [13][33][37] where Ef is the Young’s modulus, νf represents the Poisson's ratio, d0 corresponds to the bulk interplanar spacing, and d is the calculated interplanar spacing. The material parameters for Mo are Ef

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• applications in nanotechnology and materials science. Block diagram of the components of the high-vacuum plasma ion source. Cross-sectional schematic view of the microwave-coupled ultralow-energy ion beam system. Variation of beam current with (a–c) gas pressure and (d–f) magnetron power for different ion

• energies. Variation of (a–c) beam current with ion extraction voltage at different ion energy; (d) beam current as function of the ion energy; (e) beam current as function of the target position. AFM image (2D and 3D) of the evolution of surface morphology after 450 eV Ar-ion bombardment at different

• incidence angles and irradiation times. The arrow indicates the ion beam direction. Variation of (a–c) surface height modulation of the nanopatterned silicon surface; (d) ripple wavelength and (e) rms roughness as function of the irradiation time. Variation of power spectral density of the nanopatterned

Impact of adsorbate–substrate interaction on nanostructured thin films growth during low-pressure condensation

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 473–483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.36

• is the diffusion coefficient; M = x1(1 − x1) takes into account that diffusion is possible onto free sites; ∇ = d/dr. The last term in Equation 2 represents a stochastic source that takes into account the effects of redistribution of adatoms at the microscopic level, describing the system at the

• MCS at the same strength of the elastic adsorbate–substrate interaction strength δ. In the case of the elevated α = 0.06 (see Figure 7b), we will use two sizes for description of the adsorbate structures, that is, the transverse size 2⟨R⟩st and the longitudinal size ⟨d⟩st, by associating the adsorbate

• islands with a rectangle with sides 2⟨R⟩st and ⟨d⟩st. In this case, we assume that the transverse size does not change crucially with increase in δ, whilst ⟨d⟩st increases with δ. By using ⟨R⟩st|δ=0 at α = 0.06, we have computed the mean length ⟨d⟩st of elongated adsorbate structures for different values

Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• nanoparticles synthesized by laser irradiation into a tetrachloroauric acid solution a, b) without and c, d) with IPA. These samples were taken from the solution a, c) 10 min and b, d) 30 min after laser irradiation. The reaction finishing times of the nanoparticle synthesis by LRL with various IPA

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• the effects of transition metal ions, such as silver, copper, nickel, and manganese on the chemical and physical properties of ZnO nanoparticles. These metal dopants utilize their partially occupied d-electron shells, leading to the presence of unpaired electrons. Out of these metals, silver is

• , Williamson and Hall's approach is the simplest method. The peak broadening resulting from the lattice strain can be obtained by the Stokes–Wilson relation: By plotting βTcosθ as a function of 4sinθ as shown in Figure 1b, we get the value of ε = 0.00195, and the intercept = kλ/D = 0.00193. This plotted

• Ag 3d, (c) scan of oxygen 1s, and (d) scan of Zn 2p. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) Nyquist plots of modified Ag@ZnO NRs/Au and bare Au electrode. Cyclic voltammetry sweep curves for a modified electrode (black curve) or a bare electrode (red curve) in lead solution. Schematic diagram

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• 50 nm are barely detectable (Figure 2a). In contrast, for the Gaussian beam, the distribution extends up to 100 nm (Figure 2b). Figure 2c shows the shift of the median value ⟨D⟩ from 27.0 nm (Gaussian beam) to 15.5 nm (donut-shaped beam) while maintaining the same value of the polydispersity index w

• , there is a noticeable difference in the cut-off of the distribution obtained with the donut beam, ⟨D⟩ ≈ 40 nm, compared to the Gaussian pulses where there is a pronounced tail in the particle size distribution extending beyond 100 nm. Besides, the distribution is considerably narrower for the donut

• (Figure 4b). In the latter case, the HEA target was shifted from the focal position to increase the irradiation spot area about threefold. The NPs obtained with the donut-shaped beam with their average size ⟨D⟩ = 35 nm are smaller, and their distribution is narrower than those of the NPs synthesized in

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• tunneling current simultaneously (Figure 5c,d). Consequently, the tip–sample distance will be maintained throughout the image while the current signal will be a direct indication of the conductivity of the surface. The Pd(100) surface has been prepared using the standard recipe of repeated cycles of Ar-ion

• temperature uncertainty. The slope of the function at a given temperature indicates the feedback’s sensitivity to temperature fluctuations. Combined AFM/STM images taken with the ReactorAFM/STM of a Pd(100) single crystal in UHV and at 450 K before reaction (a, c) and during oxidation (b, d). The top two

• images are topography images, and the bottom two images show the simultaneous current signal. (a) and (c) were taken under UHV conditions with dF = 7 Hz and bias voltage of −500 mV applied to the sample. (b) and (d) show the surface under 0.5 bar of O2 pressure and were taken with dF = 5 Hz and bias

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• detection of SDS (Figure 4c,d). Selective colorimetric/spectrophotometric detection of SDS using PEG–PCL NPs The synthesized PEG–PCL nanoparticles demonstrated a unique colorimetric response in the presence of the Bradford reagent. This property was exploited to detect SDS using colorimetric and

• method. Physicochemical characterization of PEG–PCL nanoparticles: a) hydrodynamic radius and PDI, b) zeta potential, c) SEM, d) TEM, and e) XPS analysis. FTIR spectrum of PEG–PCL nanoparticles showing functional group interaction between parent compounds (PEG and PCL). Optimization of PEG–PCL

• nanoparticle concentration. a) Spectrophotometric absorbance and b) colorimetric change of different ratios of PEG–PCL NPs and the Bradford reagent (BR). c,d) Spectrophotometric absorbance and colorimetric change of different concentrations of PEG–PCL nanoparticles in a fixed Bradford reagent, respectively

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• was characterized by STEM, where transmitted electrons are used to create the image [30]. In STEM micrographs, alginate nanoparticles appeared with sharp edges; however, the edges of the EudAlg nanoparticles revealed secondary projections (Figure 1C,D). Similar micrographs in which the edge of the

• viability testing and particle size measurements were assessed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc analysis. A p value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Micrographs of nanoparticles. SEM micrographs of (A) Alg NPs and (B) EudAlg NPs. STEM micrographs of (C) Alg NPs and (D) EudAlg NPs. Scale

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• circuit potential, where no faradaic current flows [2], did not show product generation. This demonstrates that the gold nanoparticle–carbon fiber paper composite cathode electrocatalyzed hydrogen evolution in aqueous bicarbonate reduction (Figure 6C,D). Hydrogen can arise from the reduction of water

• needed to maintain a constant current density of −10 mA·cm−2 (B). Electrocatalytic product generation; blue: at a constant current density of −10 mA·cm−2, gray: at open circuit potential (C). GC data as a function of electrocatalysis time (D). The lines are fits (blue, power law; gray, linear). The full

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• intensity [26]. To investigate the effect of substrate temperature on peak broadening of ZnTe films, various structural parameters including crystallite size, microstrain, and dislocation density were calculated corresponding to the most prominent peak. The crystallite size (D) was calculated using

• Scherrer’s formula [27] where λ = 1.5406 Å is the X-ray wavelength and β denotes the full width at half maximum (in radians). The microstrain (ε) is calculated using the formula [27] The dislocation density (Δ) is calculated using the formula [27] where D represents the crystallite size. The calculated

• values of D, ε, and Δ are listed in Table 2. Films deposited at R.T. are amorphous; therefore, the crystallite size has not been calculated. The crystallite size increases from 37.60 to 54.26 Å with the rise in substrate temperature from 300 to 400 °C. There is no appreciable change in crystallite size

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• defect band (D band) in the Raman spectra (recorded at an excitation wavelength of 514 nm) of the compounds. Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1c reveals the appearance of the G band (1581 cm−1) and D band (1352 cm−1) for graphite, corresponding to the E2g symmetric vibrations associated with the

• sp2 carbon domain and structural disorders raised due to various factors, respectively [45][46]. Further, the presence of a well-defined D band in the Raman spectra of GO could be attributed to the chemical conversion of graphitic sp2 carbon into oxygen-rich functional groups such as C=O, C–OH, and C

• (O)C [45]. These oxygen-rich functional groups constitute the formation of various structural defects and attributes to the appearance of a relative high-intensity D band in GO. On the other hand, a blue shift in the position of the G band (1581 cm−1 to 1596 cm−1) was also observed for GO, which

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• BerNPs. (d) FTIR spectra of pure berberine and BerNPs. (a) Minimum inhibitory concentration values and (b) minimum bactericidal concentration values of BerNPs against S. mutans. Wells 1–10 contained two-fold serial dilutions of BerNPs (ranging from 5000.0 to 19.5 µg/mL) with 108 cfu/mL of S. mutans, the

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• particularly high when the dipole moment exceeds 2.0 D. The hybridization of halogens does not impact electron mobility. However, it does lead to a decrease in hole mobility while possibly enhancing the separation of charge carriers [94]. In order to enhance the photocatalytic activity of BiOX, significant

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• dependency on the phase preference could be observed. The copper nanoparticles in propylene carbonate were smaller than those in the alcohol phase (Figure 3c,d), while the iron nanoparticles in the propylene carbonate phase were larger than those in the alcohol phase (Figure 3e,f). This could be attributed

• glycerol carbonate and 1-nonanol for copper and iron. Zeta potential of copper nanoparticles in (a) 1-nonanol and (b) propylene carbonate obtained by LAL at 85 °C in the monophasic TMS of 1-nonanol and propylene carbonate. Size distribution and TEM images of the respective (c, d) copper and (e, f) iron

• nanoparticles in either (c, e) 1-nonanol or (d, f) propylene carbonate obtained by LAL in TMS. Mass fraction of colloidal nanoparticles in the propylene carbonate phase gained after LAL of (a) copper and (b) iron in TMSs consisting of propylene carbonate and a primary alcohol with a chain length of 6 to 11. The

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• dual functionalization of MWCNTs (Figure 1a–d) was visible by enlarged tubes/thicker walls and non-uniform surfaces of the tubes. The images of PEGylated and dual-functionalized hybrid MWCNTs-G (Figure 1e–h) showed, in addition to the thicker side walls and rounded ends of the tubes, spherical

• dual-functionalized MWCNTs and MWCNTs-G, blank and TMZ-loaded, are presented in Figure 5. When analyzing these spectra, the following features were taken into consideration: the D (“disorder”) band, usually positioned around 1350 cm−1 and related to the degree of structural defects, deteriorations, and

• of the CNTs; the bands from the Raman modes that result from the vibration of all carbon atoms in the CNTs; and the 2D band occurring between 2600 and 2800 cm−1, which is sensitive to the number of graphene layers and their arrangement. The intensity ratio between the D and the G band was analyzed

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• = 31.77°, which is the highest peak of HA, as reported by Noviyanti et al. [25] and Novella and coworkers [26]. Using the information obtained from the XRD pattern, the crystal size (D) of the sample can be calculated utilizing the Scherrer equation, as outlined by Monshi and coworkers [27]: where K is a

• reconstruction and genetic distance analysis. XRD pattern of HA standard (ICSD #157481). XRD pattern of the synthesized nHA. Morphology and particle size distribution of the sample, (a, b) SEM images at magnifications of 15,000× and 50,000×, (c) particle size distribution, and (d) 3D plot of porosity. Viability

• of rhizobacteria on the nHA carrier after 28 days of incubation. SEM images of rhizobacteria loaded onto nHA. (a) nHA-Pd at 30,000× magnification, (b) nHA-Tb at 30,000× magnification, (c) nHA-Pd at 50,000× magnification, and (d) nHA-Tb at 50,000× magnification. EDX images of rhizobacteria loaded onto

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• photochemical reactions [30][31]. UV light helps the skin synthesize vitamin D, but excessive exposure to UV light may lead to DNA damage, sunburn, and photochemical damage [32][33]. Visible and NIR light with longer wavelengths have lower photon energies and are safer for use in the human body [34]. The

• develop photothermal nanomaterial therapy systems tailored to individual patient conditions. Currently, in the R&D stage of advanced mechanisms in the field of ophthalmic photothermal nanomaterials research, little attention has been paid to regulating light absorption and thermal management during design

• materials initiate photothermal conversion through localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), characterized by absorption at a single wavelength [48][49][50]. The therapeutic process involves mechanical forces generated by the rupture of vapor nanobubbles, effectively treating tissues or cells. (d–f

Probing the potential of rare earth elements in the development of new anticancer drugs: single molecule studies

• Josiane A. D. Batista,
• Rayane M. de Oliveira,
• Carlos H. M. Lima,
• Milton L. Lana Júnior,
• Virgílio C. dos Anjos,
• Maria J. V. Bell and
• Márcio S. Rocha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 187–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.15

• Josiane A. D. Batista Rayane M. de Oliveira Carlos H. M. Lima Milton L. Lana Junior Virgilio C. dos Anjos Maria J. V. Bell Marcio S. Rocha Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• detailed information on general MMM fabrication, the reader is referred to the extensive review by Aroon and coworkers [80]. Once the precursor slurry has been prepared, it can be cast into a solid membrane. Flat sheet MMMs can be prepared as symmetric, Figure 4b, or asymmetric membranes, Figure 4c,d. In

• functionalization, Figure 7c,d, reducing filler sizes, in situ MOF growth, or applying annealing treatments. Interfacial adhesion can also be improved using ionic liquids (Figure 7e). MOF functionalization is commonly employed in MMM research. For example, in the study by Katayama et al. [113] mentioned earlier

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• samples modified with niobium phosphate (a) and niobium oxide (b). Photoelectron spectroscopy results for Nb3d (a and b for the samples BEOx and BEPh, respectively), O 1s (c, d, and e for the samples BEOx, BEPh, and BE, respectively). Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy analysis for the samples BE (a

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• -loaded samples. The Al 2p and O 1s XPS spectra of the MOR-L compound are given for comparison. The inset in (a) shows the decomposition of the Al 2p spectrum for Ti-W24h-C. (a, b) Nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77 K, (c, d) pore size distribution and pore volume in calcined nanocomposites Ti-WNh-C (a

• , c) and Ti-ENh-C (b, d); (e) t-plot for Ti-E6h-C with a linear fit in the t range from 0.33 to 0.6 nm. TG and DTG profiles for the studied nanocomposites. (a) UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra and (b) plots of (F(R)hν)1/2 versus photon energy for calculation of bandgap energies of TiO2-loaded

• mordenite. Average TiO2 particle size ⟨d⟩ and elemental composition, determined by EDX and XPS, of the as-synthetized and Ti-loaded samples, and their TiO2 content. Textural properties of the Ti-loaded samples from N2 adsorption isotherms. Mass loss below (Δw1, Δw1′) and above (Δw2, Δw2′) 300 °C as directly

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• . The average crystallite size of the synthesized ZnO NPs was calculated using the Scherrer equation: where D is the crystallite size, K is the shape factor, λ is the X-ray wavelength (1.54 Å for Cu Kα radiation), β is the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the diffraction peak in radians, and θ is

• wrinkled pattern, and it was found that the NPs average size was 72 nm. The presence of ZnO NPs on the surface was confirmed through EDX, which showed characteristic elemental peaks validating the composition (Figure 4a–d). Zeta potential The ZnO NPs synthesized using GP258 showed good stability as

• analysis, (b) Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, (c) UV–vis spectroscopy, and (d) photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO NPs. (a, b) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs showing the morphology and size of the nanoparticles. (c) Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern of ZnO