Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• including electrode materials [1], conductive pastes [2][3], catalysts [4][5], sensors [6][7][8], and drug delivery systems [9]. The chemical reduction [10] and the solvothermal methods [11][12] are well known for synthesizing nanoparticles in large quantities at low cost, but these methods require the use

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• oncological, autoimmune, and infectious conditions, where genetic expression plays a crucial role on the disease pathogenesis and prognosis [1][2][3][4]. In the past decades, several approaches including cell-based therapies [5][6][7], gene therapies [8][9], and RNA therapies [10][11] have been studied to

• levels. In addition to chemical functionality, studies have demonstrated the importance of the architectural structure of the PLL employed [73][74]. In a study on the delivery of the ASO 5′-TGGCGTCTTCCATTT-3′ (PS-ODN) to two cell lines, D407 (clone 6-2) and CV-1 (clone CV-11), both expressing luciferase

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• medicine, electronics, environmental remediation, and energy [10][11]. The use of certain metal dopants to modify the chemical, optical, and electrical features of a material has gained considerable interest in the realm of semiconductor technology. A recent study has conducted thorough investigations into

Biomimetics and bioinspired surfaces: from nature to theory and applications

• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira,
• Thies H. Büscher,
• Manuela Rebora,
• Poramate Manoonpong,
• Zhendong Dai and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 418–421, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.32

• Blickhahn [11]. Most noteworthy, he will be remembered for his comprehensive books on the conceptualization and establishment of biomimetics as a scientific discipline, such as Biomechanik (biomechanics) [12], Bionik – Grundlagen und Beispiele für Ingenieure und Naturwissenschaftler (Biomimetics – basics

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• environmentally friendly, ensuring high chemical purity, and minimizing the need for precursors and stabilizers [11][12]. PLAL can be used to synthesize a wide range of metallic and non-metallic NPs, including alloys, (doped) oxides, and polymers [13][14][15]. PLAL allows for the generation of complex NPs with

• alloy. A certain degree of control over the NP size can be obtained by varying the laser parameters, such as fluence, wavelength, and pulse duration [11][25][30][31]. Doñate-Buendía et al. reduced the bimodality by employing a picosecond delayed double-pulse laser configuration [32]. In all the previous

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• , a high-pressure ReactorSTM has been developed [10][11]. The pressures in the scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) reactor are orders of magnitude above UHV (up to several bar), rendering gas–catalyst interactions very significant and leading to differences in reaction mechanisms [12][13][14][15

• contact with the sample surface, the seal’s maximum temperature poses a reaction temperature limitation of 600 K [11]. The vacuum is maintained by a corrosion-resistant turbo pump as well as an ion pump. A gas cabinet for gas mixing, consisting of several rotating valves, mass flow controllers, and back

• and ReactorAFM [11][16]. Therefore, in this section we will only go briefly through the main aspects of the reactor setup. The AFM/STM insert, as shown in Figure 2a,b, demonstrates the following configuration: The microscope (highlighted in red in Figure 2a is suspended by springs and eddy current

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• different applications [11]. The application of nanoparticles depends on the amount of capping agent adsorbed on the surface of the nanoparticles [12]. This suggests that quantifying the amount of surface capping, such as SDS, is necessary for designing nanoparticle-based applications. The food industry has

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• leakage of encapsulated drugs. These drawbacks make alginate challenging to be used in drug delivery applications [11][12]. Therefore, it is generally used together with other polymers, such as chitosan [13] or carboxymethyl cellulose [14], or it is modified with PEG-maleimide [15] to acquire mucoadhesion

• found to be (101.6 ± 11)%, indicating a viability similar to that of the control group. On the following two days, the viability values were (88 ± 5)% and (72.6 ± 11)%, respectively. No statistical significance was observed for the cellular viability after three days. Based on this result, it was

Vortex lattices of layered HTSCs at different vortex–vortex interaction potentials

• Valerii P. Lenkov,
• Anastasia N. Maksimova,
• Anna N. Moroz and
• Vladimir A. Kashurnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 362–370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.27

• with respect to the superconducting planes. The phase diagram of the vortex system becomes even more complex in an inclined magnetic field. As studies [9][10][11] have shown, the structure of the vortex lattice depends on the anisotropy parameter of the superconductor in the form of the Josephson

• Josephson vortices disappear, and a regular lattice of inclined Abrikosov vortices remains. In the first case, Josephson vortices can impart a zigzag shape to Abrikosov vortices; this shape, as shown in [9][10][11], leads to effective attraction of vortex filaments. At close distances (less than λ), short

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• -term stability. A widely used ionomer binder is Nafion, which is highly acidic [11] and can corrode earth-abundant catalysts that are not acid-stable [12]. Ionomer binders can additionally lead to undesired side reactions, thus reducing the energy efficiency for the desired transformation [13

• ]. Alkaline electrolytes can decrease acid-based side reactions but alter Nafion [11][14], impeding ion conductivity and overall performance [5]. Adding binders additionally complicates reaction mechanisms and introduces competing pathways or by-products [5]. Further challenges in traditional nanoparticle

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• physical and chemical methods such as molecular beam epitaxy [8], electron-beam evaporation [9], thermal evaporation [10], pulsed laser deposition (PLD) [11], and RF sputtering [12]. RF sputtering is a versatile technique because various process parameters such as RF power, deposition time, substrate

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• exposure to starch-capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) [11]. Gemcitabine-encapsulated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles have been shown to enhance cell death in chemoresistant PANC1 cells, human pancreatic epithelial carcinoma cells [12]. Also, TiO2 nanoparticles can sensitize A549 cells

• related proteins. Figure 10 reveals the expression level of key autophagy proteins responsible for the formation of autophagosomes and functioning of the autophagy process. Figure 11 schematically represents the involvement of key proteins in different steps of the autophagy process in mammalian cells. A

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• %) [11]. Therefore, nanotechnology has been applied to solve this problem. The physical, chemical, and biological properties of nanoscale materials are significantly different from those of their larger counterparts. As a result, numerous studies have been conducted to apply nanotechnology to obtain

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• health and ecological systems [11][12][13][14][15][16]. Alarming projections in the USA anticipated that antimicrobial resistance-related deaths exceeding the combined toll of cancer and diabetes, with approximately 23,000 deaths annually [17]. For the mitigation of environmental hazards caused by

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• nanoparticle synthesis was shown to produce gas phases consisting of hydrogen [11][12][13], carbon dioxide [12][14], and carbon monoxide [12][14], as well as carbon-based gases such as methane or C2 hydrocarbons [12][13][14][15][16]. In addition to gaseous by-products, the decomposition was found to produce

• parameters. As such, nanoparticle size [32][33], colloidal stability [33], gas formation [11][34], degree of oxidation [35][36][37], and nanoparticle productivity [11][32][33][34] can be influenced and tailored to specific needs. Although it may be expected that the particles’ reactivity with the solvent and

• LAL in alcohols, ketones, or aliphatic hydrocarbons exhibited a carbon shell [7][11][52]. These carbon shells were particularly pronounced for gold and copper nanoparticles synthesized in hydrocarbons without a heteroatom. However, differences were found for the LAL in, for example, acetone. The LAL

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• antiproliferative, antimigratory, and antiangiogenic activities in gliomas due to their direct killing effect through inducing apoptosis and the capability to inhibit genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation and to downregulate genes essential for cytoskeleton formation [9][10][11][12]. In addition, an effect on

• values for TMZ loading efficacy and content were achieved, ranging from 42% to 67% and from 11% to 18%, respectively (Table 1), which are in the scope of values reported for nanocarriers of TMZ (27% to 89% and 4% to 11%, respectively) [44][45][46]. The higher values achieved for plain (non-functionalized

• loading efficacy and content in these formulations (around 42% and 11%, respectively, for MWCNTs-PEG6000-FA-TMZ and 46% and 13%, respectively, for MWCNTs-G-PEG6000-FA-TMZ; Table 1). When the CNs were PEGylated, an increase in zeta potential was observed (−38.38 and −46.05 mV vs −21.40 and −22.30 mV for

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• . Furthermore, they require only small quantities for utilization [8]. Several types of nanoparticles have been employed as carriers for rhizobacteria inoculants, including silica nanoparticles [9], clay nanoparticles [8], carbon nanoparticles [10], zinc oxide nanoparticles [11], and calcium carbonate

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• ophthalmology because of their compatibility with the high transmittance characteristics of ocular tissues, allowing for a more sensitive response to various types of incident light [9][10][11]. This sensitivity facilitates diverse therapeutic effects and offers solutions to complex ophthalmic diseases. In

Probing the potential of rare earth elements in the development of new anticancer drugs: single molecule studies

• Josiane A. D. Batista,
• Rayane M. de Oliveira,
• Carlos H. M. Lima,
• Milton L. Lana Júnior,
• Virgílio C. dos Anjos,
• Maria J. V. Bell and
• Márcio S. Rocha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 187–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.15

• fact that some metals have been successfully used, or are being investigated, as components of chemotherapeutic drugs [9][10], especially platinum [11][12][13][14][15][16] or, alternatively, ruthenium [17], titanium [18], gold, and copper. Here we report the high potential of three rare earth elements

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• , including regenerative solvent-based absorption [2][6], fixed-bed adsorption [7], cryogenic separation techniques [8], and membrane separation methods [9][10][11][12]. Of these, membrane technology offers advantages such as exceptional stability, high efficiency, low energy consumption, and ease of

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• reflections of montmorillonite (M) for the basal spacing correspond to approximately 15 Å (d001 = 14.88 Å), related to the interlayer distance of 2:1 clays, resulting in a spacing between 14.0–15.0 Å corresponding to the peak at 6.17 2θ (o) [11]. The quartz phase (Q) was identified by the presence of

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• distance and, hence, the mesopore size, but also the aluminum distribution and acidic properties of the obtained material, which are key parameters for catalysts [5][7][8][9][10]. One widely used component for the synthesis of 2D zeolites is CTAB [5][9][11][12][13]. To prepare mesoporous materials from

Comparison of organic and inorganic hole transport layers in double perovskite material-based solar cell

• Deepika K and
• Arjun Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 119–127, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.11

• corner-sharing BO6 and B′O6 units featuring a rock salt-like arrangement [10][11]. The commercialization of PSCs is impeded because of toxicity and long-term instability. DPSCs turned out to be better than PSCs because of better tunability, higher environmental stability, and higher efficiency. In DPSCs

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• ]. Strategies for manipulating macrophage activation and function are diverse, ranging from depleting macrophages in diseased tissues, such as in cancer immunotherapy [9][10][11], to employing non-surgical treatments like extracorporeal shock wave therapy in various rheumatic diseases to promote resolution and