Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• by the mucosa into the systemic circulation, and (ii) local delivery to treat local diseases such as gastric and colorectal cancers or local bacterial infections. In this case, the drug will not be systemically absorbed into the circulation, but it will become effective at the local site [2]. For

• within the mucus because of stronger interaction [29], and better and uniform distribution throughout the gastric mucosa [2]. The motivation behind the current study, therefore, was to synthesize a nanoscale drug delivery system with mucoadhesive properties in an attempt to achieve improved gastric

• -Eud-F-Alg NPs. Surface composition of nanoparticles The surface composition of the nanoparticles was characterized with ATR-FTIR (Figure 2). For Alg nanoparticles, distinctive bands were observed at 1567 and 1405 cm−1, which were assigned to asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations of

Vortex lattices of layered HTSCs at different vortex–vortex interaction potentials

• Valerii P. Lenkov,
• Anastasia N. Maksimova,
• Anna N. Moroz and
• Vladimir A. Kashurnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 362–370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.27

• using the Monte Carlo method within the framework of a two-dimensional model of a layered high-temperature superconductor. Interaction potentials close to the potential applicable in superconductors with the Ginzburg–Landau parameter κ = 1/2 (intertype superconductors) and in ferromagnetic

• the magnetic field penetrates the superconductor in the form of Abrikosov vortices [1]. In high-temperature superconductors (HTSCs), such as Y- and Bi-based cuprates, the vortex lattice is further complicated since these compounds have a layered structure [2][3][4][5][6]. The vortex filament in these

• Equation 1 and the more pronounced is the tendency of vortices to form clusters (Figure 2). Both considered model potentials have one distinctive minimum and a weakly defined maximum. The energy minimum for the potential from Equation 2 corresponds to a distance of less than λ between the vortex centers

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• electrochemical conditions [2]. On the laboratory scale, attachment is achieved electrostatically or by adding ion-conducting polymer (i.e., ionomer) binders to the nanoparticles, either as mixtures (inks) or overlayers [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Electrostatic attachment of nanoparticles to supports lacks long

• ns, 532 nm, and 87 mJ·cm−2 pulses. We employed 532 nm pulses because gold nanoparticle generation works well at that wavelength, as nanoparticle nucleation and growth take advantage of this laser wavelength being resonant with the surface plasmon resonance in gold nanoparticles [25]. For 532 nm

• nanosecond pulses, graphite has an effective absorption coefficient of 5 µm−1 [26], resulting in an ablation threshold fluence of 0.7 J·cm−2 [27]; thus, our chosen fluence was well below this ablation threshold. The critical melting fluence of graphite has been reported to be 0.13 J·cm−2 [28], suggesting

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• ) compounds have numerous applications in optoelectronic devices such as light-emitting diodes [1], display devices [2], infrared detectors [3], and terahertz emitters [4]. Owing to their suitable physical properties (deposition at low temperatures and good thermal stability) and unique optical properties due

• temperatures. Prior to film deposition, the substrates were cleansed in an ultrasonic cleaner using acetone and isopropyl alcohol sequentially for 10 min at room temperature. The cleaned substrates were then dried in air and placed on the substrate holder in the chamber. A ZnTe target (dimensions 2 inch

• ) spectrophotometer under 320 nm excitation produced by a xenon arc lamp. For investigating the surface topography, atomic force microscopy (AFM) micrographs of ZnTe/Qz films were recorded (scan area 2 × 2 µm2) using a Bruker multimode-8 AFM in the ScanAsyst mode at the Ion Beam Centre, Kurukshetra University. The

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• efflux, DNA damage repair, and activation of pro-survival cell signaling cascades, alterations in drug target moieties limit the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic treatments [2][3]. In general, chemotherapeutic drugs inhibit the cancer progression and metastases by directly or indirectly targeting DNA of

• , including WNT, Notch, STAT 1/3, and NRF-2, respectively [20]. Graphene oxide nanosheets have been shown to selectively disrupt the cell membrane and cytoskeleton of cancer cells through activation of FAK-Rho-ROCK pathway and suppressed expression of integrin [21]. It has also been found that nuclear

• ). Phosphate-buffered saline (Ca+2, Mg+2 free; PBS; Cat. No. 14200166), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium: nutrient mixture F-12 (Ham) (1:1) powder (DMEM F-12; Cat. No. 11320033), trypsin–EDTA (Cat. No. 25200056), fetal bovine serum (FBS; Cat. No. A5256701), antibiotic and antimycotic solution (100X; 10,000 U

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• population affected by dental disease, including 85% of children who do not fully recover [2]. Tooth decay is a chronic condition that can occur at any age, primarily caused by an improper diet and inadequate oral care, which promote the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria in the mouth [3]. Furthermore, the

• . mutans was reported with a MIC of 1024 µg/mL and a MBC of 2054 µg/mL [29]. Antibacterial activities of berberine and BerNPs have been documented by various researchers. Nguyen et al. indicated that BerNPs prepared via the antisolvent precipitation method achieved MBC values of 2 and 5 mg/mL against

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• recent years, electrospinning has attracted significant attention from scientists because of its easy process [1]. Electrospinning can fabricate polymeric fibers ranging from the micro- to the nanoscale [2]. It is an easy, simple, and low-cost technique that does not require heat, an important factor for

• from researchers [26]. It is abundantly found in the shells of crustaceans and is the most abundant biopolymer after cellulose [27]. Figure 2 shows the chemical structure of chitosan. Chitosan has been studied extensively and is recognized as a prominent material in the fields of medicine, food, and

• entanglement and promoting fiber formation [58]. A summary of the applications of chitosan/PVA nanofibers is provided in Table 2. PVA is a synthetic polymer widely utilized in various industries because of its versatile properties. Its water solubility allows for a wide range of applications, while its carbon

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• , and livestock feed [1]. Their global use has increased significantly, reaching an estimated 100,000 to 200,000 tonnes between 2010 and 2019 [2], with approximately half designated for animal feed, projected to escalate to 105,596 tonnes by 2030 [3][4]. The widespread and often excessive use of

• resistance. The present study investigates several primary sources of environmental antibiotics, as illustrated in Figure 2. It provides a comprehensive analysis of their pathways and the mechanisms influencing their movement and persistence in environmental systems. Challenges of removing antibiotics from

• potential difference is applied in heterojunction systems, electrons transfer from the conduction band (CB) of semiconductor 1 (SC1) to the CB of semiconductor 2 (SC2). At the same time, holes in the valence band (VB) of SC1 migrate to the VB of SC2. This charge transfer occurs in type-I heterojunctions, as

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• formed nanoparticles [1][2][3]. However, the formed nanoparticles also interact with the used liquid during the process; thus, chemical reactions such as oxidation [3][4][5][6] or carbon shell formation [7][8][9] occur depending on the solvent’s properties, allowing for alterations of the structural

• particles in the bottom phase (glycerol carbonate) increased for both metals (Figure 2). The fraction increases from 0.59 in propylene carbonate to 0.70 in glycerol carbonate and from 0.09 in propylene carbonate to 0.12 in glycerol carbonate for copper and iron, respectively. While the nanoparticle surface

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• photodynamic therapy can be obtained [1][2][3][4][5]. It has been shown that CNs have an anti-amyloid aggregation activity, and some of them (i.e., carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene) are able to interface with neurons and neuronal circuits and play an important role in the modulation of neurobiological

• irradiated and non-irradiated CNs. In vitro release All functionalized CNs loaded with TMZ manifested a biphasic release profile, with an initial burst release and a phase of continuous release (observed also in non-covalently PEGylated formulations in our previous study [43]). In the initial phase of 2 h

• dissociation of TMZ into the surrounding medium, and structural changes of the CNs caused by irradiation. In the initial 2 h, 30% and 40% of TMZ from I-MWCNTs-PEG6000-FA-TMZ and I-MWCNTs-G-PEG6000-FA-TMZ, respectively, were released, followed by complete release after 24 and 48 h, respectively (Figure 2c

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• possess the potential to profoundly benefit plant growth, yield, and overall productivity. Moreover, they play a crucial role in bolstering plant resistance to pathogens, thereby enhancing plant resilience [2][3]. Preserving the viability of rhizobacteria during plant application presents a significant

• the synthesized nHA is given in Figure 2. Figure 2 shows that the XRD pattern of nHA aligns with the ICSD #157481 standard (Figure 1) and the P63/m space group. This alignment confirms the successful synthesis of hydroxyapatite. Notably, the image highlights the characteristic (211) peak of HA at 2θ

• . Interestingly, the population of Pd rhizobacterium on the nHA carrier declined over the observation period, whereas no Tb rhizobacteria were detected after seven days of nHA carrier inoculation. Based on the data presented in Table 2 and Figure 4, rhizobacteria loaded onto the carrier demonstrate a comparable

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• Abstract The human eye, with its remarkable resolution of up to 576 million pixels, grants us the ability to perceive the world with astonishing accuracy. Despite this, over 2 billion people globally suffer from visual impairments or blindness, primarily because of the limitations of current ophthalmic

• ]. The Global Sight Database reported that, in 2020, the world had 43.3 million individuals suffering from blindness and an additional 295 million with moderate to severe visual impairments [2]. The past decade has seen notable advancements in ophthalmic treatment techniques, including the widespread

• an aim to contribute to the improvement of global visual health. 2 Photothermal treatment mechanisms and nanomaterial properties of ophthalmic nanomedicines Nanomaterials with highly tunable photothermal conversion properties are referred to as photothermal nanomaterials [22]. These materials are

Probing the potential of rare earth elements in the development of new anticancer drugs: single molecule studies

• Josiane A. D. Batista,
• Rayane M. de Oliveira,
• Carlos H. M. Lima,
• Milton L. Lana Júnior,
• Virgílio C. dos Anjos,
• Maria J. V. Bell and
• Márcio S. Rocha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 187–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.15

• interdisciplinary research to find, produce, and test drug candidates until they can reach the market [1][2]. Cancer chemotherapy, for instance, is a type of treatment that deserves improvements not only in the efficacy of the drugs employed to kill tumor cells, but also in reducing the occurrence of the well-known

• certain threshold concentration (≈0.04 μM) and then decays abruptly, indicating that a strong DNA compaction process has occurred [25][26][27][28]. A similar DNA compaction was also found for neodymium at higher concentrations (>0.5 μM), but not for ytterbium. In Figure 2, we show the corresponding

• the corresponding europium data in [7]. The fits are also shown in Figure 2 as solid lines and allowed us to determine the relevant binding parameters of the interactions, which are schematically shown in Table 1. The equilibrium association binding constant of the interactions between Yb and Nd with

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• unprecedented climate change with profound ecological and environmental consequences [1]. Therefore, the urgency of mitigating the environmental impact of elevated CO2 levels raises a strong motivation to achieve large-scale reduction of CO2 emissions [2]. In this context, CO2 capture processes have received

• , including regenerative solvent-based absorption [2][6], fixed-bed adsorption [7], cryogenic separation techniques [8], and membrane separation methods [9][10][11][12]. Of these, membrane technology offers advantages such as exceptional stability, high efficiency, low energy consumption, and ease of

• (1) mechanisms of CO2 sorption in MOFs, (2) considerations related to the integration of MOFs in MMMs, (3) CO2 capture performance of MOF-based MMMs, (4) advancements in MOF-based MMM materials design through machine learning, and (5) considerations for the implementation of MOF-based MMMs in large

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• , play a crucial role in industries requiring coloring, such as textile, food, cosmetics, rubber, printing, paper, and plastic. Globally, an estimated 7 × 105 tons of dyes are produced, with 10–15% typically disposed of as wastewater pollutants [2]. Among the most used dyes, methylene blue (MB) is an

• intense blue cationic dye important in medical sciences, chemistry, and biology, as well as widely used in the textile industry [2]. Prolonged exposure to MB can result in adverse health effects, including abdominal disorders, respiratory distress, skin sensitization, and blindness [3]. The dark blue

• properties as an adsorbent, characterized by their low cost, abundant availability, nontoxic nature, and large surface area [2][7]. Additionally, its negatively charged surface renders it favorable for the adsorption of cations [7]. Bentonite clay is abundantly found in Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil. This

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• hierarchical micro- and mesoporosity [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Zeolites with hierarchical porous structures can be synthesized using different strategies [4], for example, aggregation of nanocrystals, use of templates, and creation of mesoporosity by forming pillars between 2D lamellae of zeolites separated by

• . Figure 2 shows the 27Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) spectra of the parent compound MOR-L and the TiO2-loaded samples. They confirm the regularity of the zeolite frameworks of the as-prepared samples. The spectrum consists of only one line at 54 ppm, which corresponds to

• associated with extra-framework Al species, which according to 27Al NMR amount to a total of about 20% (Figure 2). For Ti-E24h-C, a low intensity peak appears at 72.7 eV. This peak can be related to framework Al in the 3D mordenite fibers, which are clearly seen in the SEM image (Figure 3). It should be

Comparison of organic and inorganic hole transport layers in double perovskite material-based solar cell

• Deepika K and
• Arjun Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 119–127, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.11

• Karapinar [2] fabricated a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) with selenium@activated carbon (Se@AC) composites as an alternative to the Pt counter electrode (CE) via chemical activation. The fabricated DSSC showed a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.67%, an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.648 V, a short

• of the absorber layer from 250 to 650 nm yielded increases in JSC from 24.66 to 30.31 mA/cm2 and in PCE from 24.46% to 29.16% (Table 2). A slight drop in VOC from 1.29 to 1.26 V with no change in the fill factor was observed as well. In the case of PEDOT:PSS, increases in JSC from 25.55 to 30.42 mA

• /cm2 and PCE from 24.33% to 28.69% were observed with no variations in VOC or FF (Figure 2). The saturation of the FF in the devices with both HTLs signifies the increase of the series resistance. The greater the thickness of the DPSC layer, the more light is absorbed, generating a larger number of

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• Naths Grazia Sukubo Paolo Bigini Annalisa Morelli School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, Monza, Italy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, Milano, Italy 10.3762/bjnano

• decades of technological evolution, during which NCs have become indispensable components of drug delivery systems, known for their adaptability and efficiency [2]. The “family” of nanoparticles (NPs) includes a broad range of materials such as lipids, polymers, proteins, dextran, silica [3], and metals

• ability to recognize and engulf NCs can impede the delivery of therapeutic agents to target tissues, it also opens avenues for novel strategies that exploit macrophage behavior for benefits, like targeted drug delivery and immunomodulation [2][7][8]. This review will explore the physiological functions of

Modeling and simulation of carbon-nanocomposite-based gas sensors

• Roopa Hegde,
• Punya Prabha V,
• Shipra Upadhyay and
• Krishna S B

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 90–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.9

• ), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere and can be used for industrial safety, security, and defense [2]. Gas sensors consisting of metal oxide possess several disadvantages, such as high-power consumption, sensor stability, and low sensitivity. To reduce the cost of sensors

• model was initially formulated to characterize gas adsorption on solid-phase adsorbents such as carbon-based adsorbents [13]. The fundamental assumptions of the Langmuir isotherm include: (1) adsorption occurs as a monolayer; (2) adsorption sites are uniformly distributed; (3) the adsorption energy

• of 0.6 cm are built as shown in Figure 2. Meshing is a crucial step in the simulation process, dividing a large domain into smaller parts to apply boundary conditions. For this model, tetrahedral elements with an element size of 0.5 mm were used as the primary mesh element throughout the body

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• -to-volume ratio, and magnetic, electrical, optical, antimicrobial and hardness properties give NPs distinct mechanical, thermal, and catalytic properties. As a result, nanotechnology has widespread applications across diverse domains and opened up new possibilities for innovation [1][2]. Particles

• broth at 37 °C. Selected test bacterial isolates were swabbed onto Nutrient agar with all aseptic precautions and allowed to settle for 2 min. Subsequently, a sterile borer was used to dig agar wells, and 100 µg/mL of biosynthesized ZnO NPs were added to each well. The diameter of the inhibitory zone

• -dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT, Sigma-Aldrich, USA). The experiment involved seeding cells at a concentration of 25 × 102 cells per well in 96-well microplates for 24 h. Subsequently, the cells were treated with varying masses of ZnO NPs (ranging from 1 to 400 µg) for 24 h. Following

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• properties can be tailored by changing their size, shape, surface chemistry, and functionality, have led to the designation of nanomaterials as a key enabling technology and to their subsequent inclusion in the broader categorisation of advanced materials [1][2]. Applications of nanomaterials derive in many

• differentiate between different types of properties (see Figure 1 and Figure 2). In the NIKC curation efforts, all data were extracted from scientific publications; thus, there was no obvious separation in the eyes of the curator between data produced specifically within a paper (primary data) or data taken

• ), data processing, and processed data was utilised. Putting all this together, the InstanceMaps tool supports twelve nodes, grouped into four categories, as shown in Figure 2. The node taxonomy is presented in Table 1. The refined instance map concept implemented as a web application A first prototype of

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques V

• Philipp Rahe,
• Ilko Bald,
• Nadine Hauptmann,
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel,
• Harry Mönig and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 54–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.6

• et al. addresses the significantly increased precision of force spectroscopy measurements when performed with a quartz cantilever allowing to reduce the oscillation amplitude to values in the low picometer regime [2]. As the conversion of frequency-shift to force data critically depends on the

Theoretical study of the electronic and optical properties of a composite formed by the zeolite NaA and a magnetite cluster

• Joel Antúnez-García,
• Roberto Núñez-González,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• H’Linh Hmok,
• Armando Reyes-Serrato,
• Fabian N. Murrieta-Rico,
• Mufei Xiao and
• Jonathan Zamora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 44–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.5

• characteristics of zeolites depend largely on the chemical composition of the framework, specifically the Si/Al ratio [1][2]. These characteristics make zeolites highly appealing for a wide range of applications, including the production of fine chemicals [3][4], gas separation [5][6][7], ion exchange [8][9][10

• . In essence, we compared the energy difference (after optimization) between housing the cluster in the α-cage and the β-cage (see [54][57] for cage identification). The results demonstrated that housing the cluster in the α-cage is energetically more favorable (Figure 2). This choice defined the

• of the isolated cluster. Given the observed structural modifications of the cluster when integrated into the zeolite (Figure 2), it is expected that its electronic properties would also undergo changes. Figure 4a displays the total density of states (TDOS) for the NaA zeolite, featuring a primary

Precursor sticking coefficient determination from indented deposits fabricated by electron beam induced deposition

• Alexander Kuprava and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 35–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.4

• the center region of an intentionally defocused electron beam. We employ the method to determine the precursor sticking coefficient for bis(benzene)chromium, Cr(C6H6)2, and trimethyl(methylcyclopentadienyl)platinum(IV), Me3CpPtMe, and find a value of about 10−2 for both precursors, which is

• is needed and can be obtained based on a simulation of the FEBID process using the so-called continuum model that can be of great assistance for the nanofabrication process optimization [2][3]. Here again, sufficiently accurate knowledge of the values for the model-dependent set of precursor

• region has two conditions: 1) The beam current has to be high enough to cause significant depletion and thus induce diffusion. Low irradiative depletion would shift the balance towards the RRL regime. 2) The precursor has to exhibit a certain degree of diffusivity in order to guarantee a noticeable mass

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery

• Elina E. Mansurova,
• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Anzhela A. Mikhailova,
• Polina V. Mikshina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2

• Technological University, 68, K. Marx str., Kazan 420015, Russia Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics FRC Kazan Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevsky str. 2, Kazan 420111, Russia 10.3762/bjnano.16.2 Abstract Disruption of cholinesterases and, as a consequence, increased levels

• , vomiting, and other serious issues [1]. ACh overproduction usually results from a malfunction of the cholinesterase enzyme caused by poisoning or medication [2][3]. Drug dosage regulation can greatly lower cholinergic toxicity [4], but the risks associated with poisoning are far higher. Poisons cause

• react with BA to form boronate esters through cross-linking (Scheme 1). To synthesize p(Hist-CA), 4 mL of BA solution (1.25 mM) in PB, pH 8.5, and 7.3 μL of triolein (TO) were added to a mixture of Hist-RA (2 mM) and CA-RA (4.4 mM) in 1 mL of water. The mixture was vortexed for 1.5 min until an emulsion