Vapor-based polymers: from films to nanostructures
This Thematic Series summarizes the latest research on the relevant aspects of chemical vapor deposition polymerization, including the formation of nanostructures and vapor-based polymer coatings and thin films. This Thematic Series highlights the broad utility of polymers deposited from the vapor phase used in the development of novel coating materials for a manifold of applications. As demonstrated in these peer-reviewed works, vapor-based techniques can be used to create chemically or topographically structured coatings on various substrates, which is of interest for example in the development of sensors and biomaterials.
- Review
- Published 28 Mar 2017
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Figure 1: Micro-trenches with polymer coatings by a) solution with low substrat–interface energy, b) solution...
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Figure 2: a) Mechanism of parylene CVD. (1) [2,2]paracyclophane (2) p-xylylene diradical intermediate (3) pol...
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Figure 3: a) Sticking coefficient of p-xylylene diradicals as a function of temperature, b) deposition rate a...
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Figure 4: a) Sticking coefficients of tert-butoxy initiator radicals as function of Pm/Psat and monomer type ...
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Figure 5: a) Step coverage as function of aspect ratio and ratio of sticking coefficients from numerical solu...
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Figure 6: SEM images of iCVD pEGDA on micro-trenches with aspect ratios of a) 1.4 b) 3.5, c) 5.5 and d) 8.4. ...
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Figure 7: SEM of Nylon membranes a) uncoated and b) coated with 10 nm of iCVD pDVB (scale bar 1 µm). c) Cross...
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Figure 8: SEM images of a) uncoated ordered Si nanowire array and b) 25 nm iCVD pV4D4 coated ordered Si nanow...
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Figure 9: a) SEM image of silica micro-bead with conformal iCVD pHEMA coating, b) SEM image of commercial spo...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 18 Apr 2017
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Figure 1: (a) FTIR spectra of PANI emeraldine thin film on a Si wafer. The peaks at 1590 and 1495 cm−1 corres...
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Figure 2: (a) UV–vis spectrum of as-deposited PANI thin films. Three characteristic peaks at 360, 430 and 796...
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Figure 3: XRD spectra of (a) annealed and (b) as-deposited PANI thin films. After annealing at 80 °C for 4 h,...
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Figure 4: Surface roughness of PANI thin films annealed at 25, 40, 60 and 80 °C. The surface roughness of the...
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Figure 5: Electrical conductivity of PANI thin films at different annealing temperatures. The conductivity of...
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Figure 6: Time dependence of the electrical conductivity of PANI thin films annealed at different temperature...
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Figure 7: Resistance of PANI thin films as a function of the relative humidity measured using a two-point pro...
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Figure 8: High resolution SEM images of (a) coaxial PANI/pHEMA and (b-c) PANI single component nanotubes.
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Figure 9: Resistance of single-component PANI nanotubes as a function of the relative humidity. The competing...
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Figure 10: (a) Change in the resistance of coaxial PANI/pHEMA nanotubes with relative humidity. (b) Comparison...
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Figure 11: Cyclic resistance measurements of (a) the single component PANI nanotubes at RH% of 35% and 52.8% a...
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Figure 12: Fabrication steps of nanostructures. (a) PANI thin films are prepared by coating thin layer of PANI...
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Figure 13: Experimental setup of humidity sensor measurements. (a) The sealed box containing the salt solution...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 26 Apr 2017
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Figure 1: Molecular structure of the monomers PFDA and EGDMA.
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Figure 2: FTIR spectra of p-PFDA films with different EGDMA cross-linker ratios in the as-prepared state (das...
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Figure 3: AFM height micrographs of as-prepared (a) and heat-treated (b) p-PFDA films with different degrees ...
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Figure 4: Water contact angle (WCA) (a) and root mean square surface roughness (σRMS) (b) of p-PFDA films wit...
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Figure 5: (a) Specular X-ray diffraction patterns of a p-PFDA film and a cross-linked alteration thereof with...
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Figure 6: In situ spectroscopic ellipsometry data depicting film thickness evolution as a function of tempera...
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Figure 7: Normalized film thickness and the refractive index nd (at λ = 589.3 nm) as a function of the temper...
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Figure 8: Coefficient of linear thermal expansion, α, as a function of EGDMA cross-linker fraction for variou...
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Supp. Info
- Review
- Published 12 Jun 2017
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Figure 1: Polymer structures via masked deposition: polypyrrole nanotubes by deposition using aluminum oxide ...
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Figure 2: Formation of patterned polymer coatings by selective deposition strategies: a) spatially selective ...
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Figure 3: Variation of the polymer structure induced by the substrate: (A) polymer film formed when the sprea...
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Figure 4: Polymer structures created via introduction of a porogen during the deposition process: the images ...
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Figure 5: Polymer structures via oblique angle polymerization: by manipulating the substrate rotation during ...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 16 Jun 2017
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Figure 1: Chemical structure of the primary oxidation states of PANI in the undoped, base form. (a) Fully red...
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Figure 2: (a) oCVD process highlighting important process parameters, including substrate temperature (Ts), f...
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Figure 3: FTIR of as-deposited oCVD PANI films based on the experimental conditions in Table 1. Effect of (a) reacto...
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Figure 4: FTIR of washed oCVD PANI films based on the experimental conditions in Table 1. Effect of (a) reactor pres...
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Figure 5: Top-down SEM of (a) as-deposited, and (b) THF-washed oCVD PANI films. Scale bar is 200 nm.
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Figure 6: High-resolution C1s and N1s XPS spectra of as-deposited (left) and washed (right) oCVD PANI films. ...
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Supp. Info
- Review
- Published 04 Jul 2017
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Figure 1: A scheme of creating surface patterns/structures on flat substrates that are modified by vapor-depo...
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Figure 2: Schematic illustration of creating surface patterns/structures on substrates vapor-coated with poly...
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Figure 3: Schematic illustration of creating chemically and topographically defined interfaces with multifunc...
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Figure 4: Schematic illustration of creating chemically and topographically defined interfaces with multifunc...
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- Review
- Published 28 Jul 2017
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Figure 1: Schematic representation of the deposition process of Parylene C with the respective chemical react...
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Figure 2: AFM measurements of the surface roughness of Parylene C thin films. Reprinted with permission from [30]...
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Figure 3: XRD spectra of Parylene C films: as-deposited with constant deposition rate and thermally annealed ...
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Figure 4: Schematic illustration of the flexible OFET fabrication procedure with Parylene C as a substrate an...
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Figure 5: Transfer characteristics of 10 OTFTs after bending and crumpling tests: (a) Photograph of a device ...
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Figure 6: Thin Parylene C layers breakdown voltage as a function of thickness. Reprinted with permission from ...
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Figure 7: (a) Mobility μ(Vg) curves measured for four different gate insulators. For the device based on Pary...
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Figure 8: 10 μm × 10 μm AFM images of tetracene thin films on different dielectric surfaces at different nomi...
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Figure 9: (a) Transistor architecture of the three different transistor stacks investigated, (b) threshold vo...
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Figure 10: Transfer characteristics measured during the continuous bias stress of 125 h. (a) Bottom-gate, top-...
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Figure 11: Volumetric reconstruction of the Parylene C-coated microscopy glass (left, atop) and calculated amp...
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Figure 12: Volumetric reconstruction of the Parylene C-coated OFET structure (left, atop) and calculated ampli...
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Figure 13: Transfer characteristics recorded under ambient conditions of a fullerene transistor without encaps...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 08 Aug 2017
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Figure 1: Schematic of the iCVD process. The 3D-printed substrate (white lattice) is placed on a silicon wafe...
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Figure 2: (a) Static contact angles for a 7.5 mm tall PLA lattice that was uncoated and coated with PPFDA. (b...
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Figure 3: SEM images of the lattice before (left) and after (right) PPFDA coating.
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Figure 4: PLA lattices coated with PPFDA (left), uncoated (center), and coated with P(HEMA-co-EGDA) (right) i...
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Figure 5: Water droplets (colored with blue food coloring) on an uncoated lattice and on a 25 mm tall PLA lat...
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Figure 6: Sequential deposition of P(HEMA-co-EGDA) and PPFDA. (a) Nut, bolt, and comb in the iCVD reactor. Wa...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 22 Sep 2017
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Figure 1: Cross section of Guggenbichler’s “Erlanger Silberkatheter”.
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Figure 2: Terminals of a typical balloon catheter. The pipe that connects the terminals has a typical length ...
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Figure 3: CVD reactor used to deposit PPX. The film-building monomers enter the reactor on the left-hand side...
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Figure 4: CVD process: The dimeric species di(p-xylylene) (DPX, left), which contains two ethyl bridges in ea...
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Figure 5: Bending and torsion of the capillary during implantation or usage lead to delamination of the silve...
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Figure 6: Left: The challenge of coating the interior wall of a closed-end capillary with an aspect ratio of ...
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Figure 7: A “temperature seesaw” with several heating or cooling elements can equalize the density gradient t...
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Figure 8: The thickness of the protecting cap layer with its retarding effect determines the thickness of the...
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Figure 9: Apparatus for deposition of fragmented silver layers. Reprinted with permission from [19], copyright 20...
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Figure 10: Deposition rate of PPX and counteracting argon pressure during the heating ramp [26,37]. Reprinted with pe...
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Figure 11: Equivalent circuit of the electrode covered by a porous membrane with capacitance Cdl and ohmic res...
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Figure 12: Experimental setup for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy: Between two copper electrodes in an ...
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Figure 13: (a) The low-resolution SEM micrograph of silver on a surface of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) sh...
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Figure 14: Silver layer deposited on the interior wall of a balloon catheter. (a) SEM micrograph of the cross ...
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Figure 15: (a) The low-resolution SEM micrograph of silver on a rough polysilicone surface shows disconnected ...
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Figure 16: (a,b) Deposition rate of parylene-N as a function of the reactor pressure; (c,d) deposition rate of...
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Figure 17: (a) Parylene N deposited in pure atmosphere of p-xylylene at a total pressure of 6 mTorr; (b) paryl...
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Figure 18: Surface morphology of parylene films deposited at various deposition pressures. Flow of the monomer...
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Figure 19: Averaged pin hole density of PPX-N at 90% scan depth of AFM [61].
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Figure 20: Nyquist diagrams of an metallic electrode covered by a porous membrane of PPX exhibiting a thicknes...
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Figure 21: (a) Areal capacitance of CVD layers of PPX-C and resulting permittivity as function of thickness as...
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Figure 22: The maximum in deposition rate is moved to the center of the capillary by establishing an appropria...
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Figure 23: (a) Relative layer thickness (referred to the starting value at the mouth) as a function of the cap...
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Figure 24: After 24 h, the released amount of Ag+ ions from the PPX layer does not depend on time and is almos...
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Figure 25: Growth of (a) E. coli and (b) S. cohnii in artificial urine, exposed to a defined catheter area wit...
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