Logo Beilstein Institut

Gold-catalyzed post-Ugi alkyne hydroarylation for the synthesis of 2-quinolones

  1. ‡,1 ,
  2. ‡,1 ,
  3. 2 ,
  4. 1 ,
  5. 1 ,
  6. 2,3 ,
  7. 1 and
  8. 1,4,§ ORCID Logo
1College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Dushu Lake Campus, Suzhou, 215123, China
2Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
3Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya street, Moscow, 117198, Russia
  1. Corresponding author email
  2. ‡ Equal contributors
§ Alternative email address: vsevolod.peshkov@nu.edu.kz
Associate Editor: J. Aubé
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2572–2579. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.14.234
Received 07 Jun 2018, Accepted 13 Sep 2018, Published 04 Oct 2018
Full Research Paper
cc by logo
PDF
Album
Supp Info
Cite

Abstract

A series of propargylamides containing an electron-rich benzene ring was prepared through the Ugi reaction of 3,5-dimethoxyaniline with various propiolic acids, aldehydes and isocyanides. Subjecting these adducts to a gold-catalyzed intramolecular alkyne hydroarylation process allowed to efficiently construct the 2-quinolone core bearing a branched substituent on the nitrogen atom.

Keywords: gold catalysis; hydroarylation; 2-quinolones; Ugi reaction

Introduction

Quinoline and its oxidized derivatives, 2-quinolone and 4-quinolone, are the core structural elements of many natural products and pharmaceutical agents [1-3]. In particular, 2-quinolone derivatives show a broad range of biological activities including antiviral [4-7], antimicrobial [8,9], antiparasitic [10,11], anti-inflammatory [12,13] and anticancer [9,13-19]. In addition, 2-quinolones were identified as promising entities for the treatment of neuropathic pain [20-22] and erectile dysfunction [23]. Therefore, the elaboration of practical methodologies for the synthesis [24] and functionalization [25-29] of the 2-quinolone scaffold has become a budding research trend. In the last decade, a great number of efficient approaches has been developed utilizing transition metal-catalyzed [30-32], Lewis acid-mediated [33], and radical cyclizations [34] of various aniline derivatives with most recent strategies focusing on the implementation of transition metal-catalyzed C–H activation methods [35,36].

One of the common approaches towards 2-quinolones 2 involves the intramolecular Friedel–Crafts hydroarylation [37,38] of N-arylamides of 3-substituted propynoic acids 1 (Scheme 1). It was found that the use of superstoichiometric amounts of strong Brønsted [39-41] or Lewis [40,41] acids give good results on substrates with non-activated N-aryl groups such as 1a, while substrate 1b bearing an additional electron-donating group on the N-aryl fragment gave a poorer outcome under similar settings (Scheme 1a). Consequently, several catalytic methods were developed to extend the scope of this Friedel–Crafts process to substrates such as 1c and 1d featuring highly electron-rich N-aryl moieties (Scheme 1b) [42-44]. Finally, following the success of the above procedures, two asymmetric versions were designed to provide access to axially chiral 2-quinolone-based heterobiaryls such as 2e (Scheme 1c) [45,46].

[1860-5397-14-234-i1]

Scheme 1: Synthesis of 2-quinolones 2 through intramolecular Friedel–Crafts hydroarylation of N-aryl propargylamides 1.

One substantial drawbacks of the previous methodologies is that they do lack an exploration of the substituent diversity on the nitrogen atom. We decided to address this issue by employing propargylamides 7 obtained by a four-component Ugi reaction of propiolic acids 3, aldehydes 4, isocyanides 5 and 3,5-dimethoxyaniline (6a) (Scheme 2). We anticipated that the resulting adducts 7 would readily produce 2-quinolones 8 bearing a branched substituent on the nitrogen atom through an intramolecular gold-catalyzed alkyne hydroarylation reaction (Scheme 2). It should be noted, that heterocyclic syntheses through post-Ugi transformations have been under extensive exploration for the last two decades [47-49], especially in terms of gold-catalyzed Friedel–Crafts-type cyclizations involving attack of electron-rich arenes on the triple bonds, leading to the formation of a great number of fused [50-53] and spirocyclic structures [54-59]. In addition, Ugi adducts have already been successfully utilized for the diversity-oriented synthesis of 2-quinolones using either intramolecular Heck reaction [60] or Knoevenagel condensation [61,62].

[1860-5397-14-234-i2]

Scheme 2: Strategy towards 2-quinolones 8 bearing a branched substituent on the nitrogen atom.

Results and Discussion

We began our study with the preparation of the model substrate 7a through the Ugi reaction of tetrolic acid (3a), benzaldehyde (4a), tert-butyl isocyanide (5a) and 3,5-dimethoxyaniline (6a). Next, the cycloisomerization of 7a was investigated in order to identify the optimal conditions. At first, we attempted two reactions using 5 mol % of the standard AuPPh3Cl/AgOTf precatalytic combination in conventional chlorinated solvents such as deuterated chloroform and dichloromethane (Table 1, entries 1 and 2). The latter proved to be a better choice affording the targeted 2-quinolone 8a in up to 90% yield (Tabel 1, entry 2). Using AgOTf in the absence of gold slowed down the reaction leading to decreased yields of 8a even at an elevated temperature of 60 °C (Table 1, entries 3–5). Conducting the AuPPh3Cl/AgOTf-catalyzed reaction in trifluoroethanol (TFE) led to improved results producing 8a in up to 97% yield (Table 1, entry 6). Thus, this greener alternative [63] to chlorinated solvents was selected as the solvent of choice for the further exploration. Changing the silver counterpart to AgPF6 did not affect the reaction outcome yielding 8a in 96% (Table 1, entry 7). Using AgOTf or AuPPh3Cl as sole catalyst did not provide satisfactory results (Table 1, entries 8–10). In particular, the AgOTf-catalyzed reaction conducted at 60 °C produced substantial amounts of trifluoroethanol adduct 9a (Table 1, entry 8), while the AuPPh3Cl-catalyzed reaction suffered from a slow conversion rate of starting 7a (Table 1, entries 9 and 10).

Table 1: Screening of the conditions for the intramolecular hydroarylation of the Ugi adduct 7a.a

[Graphic 1]
Entry Catalyst (x mol %) Solvent Temp., °C Time, h Conversion of 7a, %b Yield of 8a, %b Yield of 9a, %b
1 AuPPh3Cl/AgOTf (5) CDCl3 rt 12 94 84 –
2 AuPPh3Cl/AgOTf (5) DCM rt 12 100 90 –
3 AgOTf (5) CDCl3 rt 12 40 30 –
4 AgOTf (5) CDCl3 60 °C 4 70 58 –
5 AgOTf (5 + 5)c CDCl3 60 °C 6 90 74 –
6 AuPPh3Cl/AgOTf (5) CF3CH2OH rt 12 100 97 (96)d trace
7 AuPPh3Cl/AgPF6 (5) CF3CH2OH rt 12 100 96 –
8 AgOTf (5 + 5)c CF3CH2OH 60 °C 6 100 86 11
9 AuPPh3Cl (5) CF3CH2OH rt 12 13 12 –
10 AuPPh3Cl (5) CF3CH2OH 60 °C 12 79 76 –

aReaction conditions: 7a (0.2 mmol), solvent (2 mL), under air. bDetermined by 1H NMR using 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde as an internal standard. cThe first portion of catalyst was added at the beginning of reaction, while the second portion was added after 3 h. dIsolated yield for a 0.5 mmol scale reaction is given in parenthesis.

Next, we attempted to delineate the scope of our methodology (Figure 1). Exploring different 3-substituted propiolic acids 3 in combination with 4a, 5a and 6a gave moderate results for the Ugi reaction and good to excellent efficiency for the gold-catalyzed cyclization (Figure 1, products 8a–c). As for the aldehyde component 4, both (hetero)aromatic and aliphatic ones were found to be tolerable (Figure 1, products 8d–k), although for the electron-deficient aromatic aldehydes only low yields were achieved during the Ugi step. Yet, the subsequent gold-catalyzed cyclization worked well delivering the 2-quinolones 8f–h in up to 93% yield. Besides, several aliphatic and aromatic isocyanates 5 have been successfully employed for the preparation of 2-quinolones 8l–n. Finally, we decided to investigate the reactions of Ugi adducts 7o–r derived from various electron-rich anilines 6. The gold-catalyzed cyclization of 3,4,5-trimethoxyaniline-derived substrate 7o proceeded at the elevated temperature of 50 °C producing 2-quinolone 8o in 89% yield. The cyclizations of 7p–r required further optimization of the reaction conditions (Tables 2–4) and were complicated due the formation of regioisomeric products. After all, 2-quinolones 8p and 8q were isolated in good yields from gold-catalyzed reactions in hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP), while 2-quinolone 8r was obtained as a mixture with isomer 8r’.

[1860-5397-14-234-1]

Figure 1: Scope of the protocol.

As noted above, the intramolecular alkyne hydroarylations with certain Ugi adducts required further adjustment of the reaction conditions. For example, the reaction of substrate 7p being conducted in TFE at room temperature delivered a complex mixture of regioisomeric 2-quinolones 8p/8p’ and TFE-adduct 9b (Table 2, entry 1). However, the application of branched fluorinated alcohols as solvent solved the problem of the competing alkoxylation reaction. Thus, no alcohol adducts were formed when the gold-catalyzed cyclization of 7p was conducted in hexafluoro-2-methylpropan-2-ol or HFIP (Table 2, entries 2–4). Using the latter solvent a full conversion of 7p was achieved at 50 °C within 20 h, allowing to isolate both possible products 8p and 8p’ in 58% and 15% yields, respectively (Table 2, entry 4). It should also be stressed, that reacting 7p in chloroform at rt failed to produce any traces of cyclized products (Table 2, entry 5).

Table 2: Screening the conditions for the gold-catalyzed intramolecular hydroarylation of the Ugi adduct 7p.a

[Graphic 2]
Entry Conditions Conversion of 7p, %b Yield of 8p, %b Yield of 8p’, %b Yield of 9b, %b
1 CF3CH2OH, rt 79 30 7 14
2 CH3(CF3)2COH, rt 34 27 6 –
3 CH3(CF3)2COH, 50 °C 87 66 (48)c 14 –
4d (CF3)2CHOH, 50 °C 100 71 (58)c 20 (15)c –
5 CHCl3, rt 10 – – –

aReaction conditions: 7p (0.2 mmol), solvent (2 mL), 12 h, under air. bDetermined by 1H NMR using 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde as an internal standard. cIsolated yields for 0.3 mmol scale reactions are given in parentheses. dThe reaction was conducted for 20 h.

A 4-bromo-3-methoxyaniline-derived Ugi adduct 7q proved to be the most difficult substrate. The initial attempts to perform an intramolecular alkyne hydroarylation of 7q in TFE were characterized by a rather slow reaction rate which concomitantly promoted the competing alkoxylation reaction (Table 3, entries 1 and 2). Consequently, we were able to isolate and characterize the corresponding TFE-adduct 9c (Table 3, entry 2). Switching to HFIP as the solvent prevented the alkoxylation but led to an even slower reaction rate (Table 3, entries 3–5). Increasing the catalyst loading to 10 and finally up to 20 mol % allowed to achieve a full conversion of 7q within 30 h producing 2-quinolone 8q in 75% isolated yield (Table 3, entries 5 and 6).

Table 3: Screening the conditions for the gold-catalyzed intramolecular hydroarylation of the Ugi adduct 7q.a

[Graphic 3]
Entry Conditions Conversion of 7q, %b Yield of 8q, %b Yield of 8q’, %b Yield of 9c, %b
1 CF3CH2OH, rt 28 4 1 11
2 CF3CH2OH, 50 °C 58 8 2 22 (18)c
3 (CF3)2CHOH, rt 12 7 1 -
4 (CF3)2CHOH, 50 °C 24 14 4 -
5d (CF3)2CHOH, 50 °C 51 40 6 -
6e (CF3)2CHOH, 50 °C 100 76 (75)c 18 -

aReaction conditions: 7q (0.2 mmol), AuPPh3Cl/AgOTf (5 mol %), solvent (2 mL), 12 h, under air. bDetermined by 1H NMR using 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde as an internal standard. cIsolated yields for 0.4 mmol scale reactions are given in parentheses. dThe reaction was conducted for 24 h using 10 mol % of AuPPh3Cl/AgOTf catalyst. eThe reaction was conducted for 30 h using 20 mol % of AuPPh3Cl/AgOTf catalyst.

Analogously to 7p and 7q, the cyclization of 3-methoxyaniline-derived substrate 7r being conducted in TFE did not lead to a full conversion within 12 h at rt (Table 4, entry 1). Switching to branched fluorinated solvents led to a faster conversion of 7r simultaneously suppressing the competing alkoxylation (Table 4, entries 2–4). Nonetheless, the transformation of 7r was further complicated by the fact that the resulting cyclized products 8r and 8r’ were essentially inseparable. The best 8r/8r’ ratio could be obtained using hexafluoro-2-methylpropan-2-ol while the best overall yield was obtained using HFIP (Table 4, entry 2 versus entry 4).

Table 4: Screening the conditions for the gold-catalyzed intramolecular hydroarylation of the Ugi adduct 7r.a

[Graphic 4]
Entry Conditions Conversion of 7r, %b Combined yield of 8r and 8r’ (8r:8r’), %b Yield of 9d, %b
1 CF3CH2OH, rt, 12 h 70 48 (3.9:1) 10
2 CH3(CF3)2COH, rt, 12 h 100 85 (3.9:1) –
3 CH3(CF3)2COH, 50 °C, 4 h 100 84 (3.4:1) –
4 (CF3)2CHOH, rt, 12 h 100 94 (3.5:1); 80c (6.5:1) –

aReaction conditions: 7r (0.15 mmol), solvent (1.5 mL), under air. bDetermined by 1H NMR using 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde as an internal standard. cCombined yield for a 0.4 mmol scale reaction obtained after column chromatography.

Conclusion

We have elaborated a fast and diversity-oriented approach towards 2-quinolones bearing a branched substituent on the nitrogen atom. The strategy relies on the application of a four-component Ugi reaction followed by a gold-catalyzed intramolecular alkyne hydroarylation. The developed process has a broad scope and simple reaction settings. Another important highlight of the developed process is that it strongly benefits from the employment of fluorinated alcohols as environmentally benign solvents.

Supporting Information

Supporting Information File 1: Full experimental procedures and spectroscopic characterizations, as well as the copies of 1H and 13C NMR spectra of Ugi products 7 and final 2-quinolones 8.
Format: PDF Size: 4.7 MB Download

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the start-up fund from Soochow University (grant Q410900714), National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant 21650110445), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (grants BK20160310and BK20150317), the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD) and the project of scientific and technologic infrastructure of Suzhou (grant SZS201708). A. A. N. is grateful to the European Community Mobility Programme “Erasmus Mundus Action 2, Strand 1” for providing a doctoral scholarship. E. V. V. d. E. acknowledges the support of RUDN University Program 5-100.

References

  1. Heeb, S.; Fletcher, M. P.; Chhabra, S. R.; Diggle, S. P.; Williams, P.; Cámara, M. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2011, 35, 247–274. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00247.x
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  2. Michael, J. P. Nat. Prod. Rep. 2008, 25, 166–187. doi:10.1039/b612168n
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  3. Andersson, M. I.; MacGowan, A. P. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2003, 51 (Suppl. 1), 1–11. doi:10.1093/jac/dkg212
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  4. Tedesco, R.; Chai, D.; Darcy, M. G.; Dhanak, D.; Fitch, D. M.; Gates, A.; Johnston, V. K.; Keenan, R. M.; Lin-Goerke, J.; Sarisky, R. T.; Shaw, A. N.; Valko, K. L.; Wiggall, K. J.; Zimmerman, M. N.; Duffy, K. J. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2009, 19, 4354–4358. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.05.080
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  5. Cheng, P.; Zhang, Q.; Ma, Y.-B.; Jiang, Z.-Y.; Zhang, X.-M.; Zhang, F.-X.; Chen, J.-J. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2008, 18, 3787–3789. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.05.065
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  6. Guo, R.-H.; Zhang, Q.; Ma, Y.-B.; Luo, J.; Geng, C.-A.; Wang, L.-J.; Zhang, X.-M.; Zhou, J.; Jiang, Z.-Y.; Chen, J.-J. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2011, 46, 307–319. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.11.019
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  7. Curreli, F.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, X.; Pyatkin, I.; Victor, Z.; Altieri, A.; Debnath, A. K. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2011, 19, 77–90. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2010.11.045
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  8. Naik, M.; Humnabadkar, V.; Tantry, S. J.; Panda, M.; Narayan, A.; Guptha, S.; Panduga, V.; Manjrekar, P.; Jena, L. k.; Koushik, K.; Shanbhag, G.; Jatheendranath, S.; Manjunatha, M. R.; Gorai, G.; Bathula, C.; Rudrapatna, S.; Achar, V.; Sharma, S.; Ambady, A.; Hegde, N.; Mahadevaswamy, J.; Kaur, P.; Sambandamurthy, V. K.; Awasthy, D.; Narayan, C.; Ravishankar, S.; Madhavapeddi, P.; Reddy, J.; Prabhakar, K.; Saralaya, R.; Chatterji, M.; Whiteaker, J.; McLaughlin, B.; Chiarelli, L. R.; Riccardi, G.; Pasca, M. R.; Binda, C.; Neres, J.; Dhar, N.; Signorino-Gelo, F.; McKinney, J. D.; Ramachandran, V.; Shandil, R.; Tommasi, R.; Iyer, P. S.; Narayanan, S.; Hosagrahara, V.; Kavanagh, S.; Dinesh, N.; Ghorpade, S. R. J. Med. Chem. 2014, 57, 5419–5434. doi:10.1021/jm5005978
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  9. Hassanin, H. M.; El-edfawy, S. M. Heterocycles 2012, 85, 2421–2436. doi:10.3987/com-12-12523
    Return to citation in text: [1] [2]
  10. Kraus, J. M.; Verlinde, C. L. M. J.; Karimi, M.; Lepesheva, G. I.; Gelb, M. H.; Buckner, F. S. J. Med. Chem. 2009, 52, 1639–1647. doi:10.1021/jm801313t
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  11. Kraus, J. M.; Tatipaka, H. B.; McGuffin, S. A.; Chennamaneni, N. K.; Karimi, M.; Arif, J.; Verlinde, C. L. M. J.; Buckner, F. S.; Gelb, M. H. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 53, 3887–3898. doi:10.1021/jm9013136
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  12. Clark, P. G. K.; Vieira, L. C. C.; Tallant, C.; Fedorov, O.; Singleton, D. C.; Rogers, C. M.; Monteiro, O. P.; Bennett, J. M.; Baronio, R.; Müller, S.; Daniels, D. L.; Méndez, J.; Knapp, S.; Brennan, P. E.; Dixon, D. J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 6217–6221. doi:10.1002/anie.201501394
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  13. Upadhyay, K. D.; Dodia, N. M.; Khunt, R. C.; Chaniara, R. S.; Shah, A. K. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 2018, 9, 283–288. doi:10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00545
    Return to citation in text: [1] [2]
  14. Alsina, M.; Fonseca, R.; Wilson, E. F.; Belle, A. N.; Gerbino, E.; Price-Troska, T.; Overton, R. M.; Ahmann, G.; Bruzek, L. M.; Adjei, A. A.; Kaufmann, S. H.; Wright, J. J.; Sullivan, D.; Djulbegovic, B.; Cantor, A. B.; Greipp, P. R.; Dalton, W. S.; Sebti, S. M. Blood 2004, 103, 3271–3277. doi:10.1182/blood-2003-08-2764
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  15. Sparano, J. A.; Moulder, S.; Kazi, A.; Coppola, D.; Negassa, A.; Vahdat, L.; Li, T.; Pellegrino, C.; Fineberg, S.; Munster, P.; Malafa, M.; Lee, D.; Hoschander, S.; Hopkins, U.; Hershman, D.; Wright, J. J.; Kleer, C.; Merajver, S.; Sebti, S. M. Clin. Cancer Res. 2009, 15, 2942–2948. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-2658
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  16. Ni, Z.-J.; Barsanti, P.; Brammeier, N.; Diebes, A.; Poon, D. J.; Ng, S.; Pecchi, S.; Pfister, K.; Renhowe, P. A.; Ramurthy, S.; Wagman, A. S.; Bussiere, D. E.; Le, V.; Zhou, Y.; Jansen, J. M.; Ma, S.; Gesner, T. G. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2006, 16, 3121–3124. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.03.059
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  17. Claassen, G.; Brin, E.; Crogan-Grundy, C.; Vaillancourt, M. T.; Zhang, H. Z.; Cai, S. X.; Drewe, J.; Tseng, B.; Kasibhatla, S. Cancer Lett. 2009, 274, 243–249. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2008.09.032
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  18. Maiti, A.; Reddy, P. V. N.; Sturdy, M.; Marler, L.; Pegan, S. D.; Mesecar, A. D.; Pezzuto, J. M.; Cushman, M. J. Med. Chem. 2009, 52, 1873–1884. doi:10.1021/jm801335z
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  19. Tang, Q.; Zhai, X.; Tu, Y.; Wang, P.; Wang, L.; Wu, C.; Wang, W.; Xie, H.; Gong, P.; Zheng, P. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2016, 26, 1794–1798. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.02.037
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  20. Bonnefous, C.; Payne, J. E.; Roppe, J.; Zhuang, H.; Chen, X.; Symons, K. T.; Nguyen, P. M.; Sablad, M.; Rozenkrants, N.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, L.; Severance, D.; Walsh, J. P.; Yazdani, N.; Shiau, A. K.; Noble, S. A.; Rix, P.; Rao, T. S.; Hassig, C. A.; Smith, N. D. J. Med. Chem. 2009, 52, 3047–3062. doi:10.1021/jm900173b
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  21. Payne, J. E.; Bonnefous, C.; Symons, K. T.; Nguyen, P. M.; Sablad, M.; Rozenkrants, N.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, L.; Yazdani, N.; Shiau, A. K.; Noble, S. A.; Rix, P.; Rao, T. S.; Hassig, C. A.; Smith, N. D. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 53, 7739–7755. doi:10.1021/jm100828n
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  22. Durón, S. G.; Lindstrom, A.; Bonnefous, C.; Zhang, H.; Chen, X.; Symons, K. T.; Sablad, M.; Rozenkrants, N.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, L.; Yazdani, N.; Shiau, A. K.; Noble, S. A.; Rix, P.; Rao, T. S.; Hassig, C. A.; Smith, N. D. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2012, 22, 1237–1241. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.11.073
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  23. Hewawasam, P.; Fan, W.; Ding, M.; Flint, K.; Cook, D.; Goggins, G. D.; Myers, R. A.; Gribkoff, V. K.; Boissard, C. G.; Dworetzky, S. I.; Starrett, J. E., Jr.; Lodge, N. J. J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 2819–2822. doi:10.1021/jm030005h
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  24. Huang, C.-C.; Chang, N.-C. Org. Lett. 2008, 10, 673–676. doi:10.1021/ol7030312
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  25. Glasnov, T. N.; Stadlbauer, W.; Kappe, C. O. J. Org. Chem. 2005, 70, 3864–3870. doi:10.1021/jo0502549
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  26. Chen, X.; Cui, X.; Wu, Y. Org. Lett. 2016, 18, 2411–2414. doi:10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00923
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  27. Guo, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2016, 57, 5837–5840. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.11.056
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  28. Guo, T.; Wang, H. Synlett 2017, 28, 1845–1851. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1588829
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  29. Guo, T.; Wei, X.-N.; Wang, H.-Y.; Zhao, B. Synth. Commun. 2018, 48, 761–767. doi:10.1080/00397911.2017.1422519
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  30. Ishida, T.; Kikuchi, S.; Yamada, T. Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 3710–3713. doi:10.1021/ol401571r
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  31. Zhang, J.; Han, X.; Lu, X. Synlett 2015, 26, 1744–1748. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1380751
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  32. Murayama, T.; Shibuya, M.; Yamamoto, Y. J. Org. Chem. 2016, 81, 11940–11949. doi:10.1021/acs.joc.6b02626
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  33. Liu, L.; Lu, H.; Wang, H.; Yang, C.; Zhang, X.; Zhang-Negrerie, D.; Du, Y.; Zhao, K. Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 2906–2909. doi:10.1021/ol400743r
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  34. Mai, W.-P.; Sun, G.-C.; Wang, J.-T.; Song, G.; Mao, P.; Yang, L.-R.; Yuan, J.-W.; Xiao, Y.-M.; Qu, L.-B. J. Org. Chem. 2014, 79, 8094–8102. doi:10.1021/jo501301t
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  35. Manikandan, R.; Jeganmohan, M. Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 3568–3571. doi:10.1021/ol501548e
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  36. Wu, J.; Xiang, S.; Zeng, J.; Leow, M.; Liu, X.-W. Org. Lett. 2015, 17, 222–225. doi:10.1021/ol503292p
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  37. Dorel, R.; Echavarren, A. M. Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 9028–9072. doi:10.1021/cr500691k
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  38. Boyarskiy, V. P.; Ryabukhin, D. S.; Bokach, N. A.; Vasilyev, A. V. Chem. Rev. 2016, 116, 5894–5986. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00514
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  39. Iwai, I.; Hiraoka, T. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1963, 11, 638–643. doi:10.1248/cpb.11.638
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  40. Koltunov, K. Y.; Walspurger, S.; Sommer, J. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 4039–4047. doi:10.1002/ejoc.200400313
    Return to citation in text: [1] [2]
  41. Ryabukhin, D. S.; Gurskaya, L. Y.; Fukin, G. K.; Vasilyev, A. V. Tetrahedron 2014, 70, 6428–6443. doi:10.1016/j.tet.2014.07.028
    Return to citation in text: [1] [2]
  42. Jia, C.; Piao, D.; Kitamura, T.; Fujiwara, Y. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 7516–7522. doi:10.1021/jo000861q
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  43. Song, C. E.; Jung, D.-u.; Choung, S. Y.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.-g. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 6183–6185. doi:10.1002/anie.200460292
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  44. Vacala, T.; Bejcek, L. P.; Williams, C. G.; Williamson, A. C.; Vadola, P. A. J. Org. Chem. 2017, 82, 2558–2569. doi:10.1021/acs.joc.6b02984
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  45. Shibuya, T.; Shibata, Y.; Noguchi, K.; Tanaka, K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 3963–3967. doi:10.1002/anie.201100152
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  46. Shibuya, T.; Nakamura, K.; Tanaka, K. Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 944–950. doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.105
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  47. Banfi, L.; Basso, A.; Riva, R. Top. Heterocycl. Chem. 2010, 23, 1–39. doi:10.1007/7081_2009_23
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  48. Sharma, U. K.; Sharma, N.; Vachhani, D. D.; Van der Eycken, E. V. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, 1836–1860. doi:10.1039/c4cs00253a
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  49. Li, X.; Jia, X.; Yin, L. Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2017, 37, 2237–2249. doi:10.6023/cjoc201704026
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  50. Liu, C.; Wang, G.; Wang, Y.; Van Hecke, K.; Pereshivko, O. P.; Peshkov, V. A. Tetrahedron Lett. 2018, 59, 1823–1827. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.03.079
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  51. Vachhani, D. D.; Kumar, A.; Modha, S. G.; Sharma, S. K.; Parmar, V. S.; Van der Eycken, E. V. Synthesis 2015, 47, 1337–1347. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1379894
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  52. Li, Z.; Kumar, A.; Vachhani, D. D.; Sharma, S. K.; Parmar, V. S.; Van der Eycken, E. V. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2014, 2084–2091. doi:10.1002/ejoc.201301507
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  53. Kumar, A.; Li, Z.; Sharma, S. K.; Parmar, V. S.; Van der Eycken, E. V. Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 6803–6805. doi:10.1039/c3cc42704h
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  54. He, Y.; Li, Z.; Robeyns, K.; Van Meervelt, L.; Van der Eycken, E. V. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 272–276. doi:10.1002/anie.201710592
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  55. Vacala, T. L.; Carlson, P. R.; Arreola-Hester, A.; Williams, C. G.; Makhoul, E. W.; Vadola, P. A. J. Org. Chem. 2018, 83, 1493–1501. doi:10.1021/acs.joc.7b03125
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  56. He, Y.; Li, Z.; Tian, G.; Song, L.; Van Meervelt, L.; Van der Eycken, E. V. Chem. Commun. 2017, 53, 6413–6416. doi:10.1039/c7cc03152a
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  57. Kumar, A.; Vachhani, D. D.; Modha, S. G.; Sharma, S. K.; Parmar, V. S.; Van der Eycken, E. V. Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2097–2102. doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.246
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  58. Modha, S. G.; Kumar, A.; Vachhani, D. D.; Jacobs, J.; Sharma, S. K.; Parmar, V. S.; Van Meervelt, L.; Van der Eycken, E. V. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 9572–9575. doi:10.1002/anie.201205052
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  59. Nechaev, A. A.; Van Hecke, K.; Zaman, M.; Kashtanov, S.; Ungur, L.; Pereshivko, O. P.; Peshkov, V. A.; Van der Eycken, E. V. J. Org. Chem. 2018, 83, 8170–8182. doi:10.1021/acs.joc.8b00953
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  60. Rasouli, M. A.; Mahdavi, M.; Saeedi, M.; Ranjbar, P. R.; Shafiee, A.; Foroumadi, A. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 2015, 52, 386–391. doi:10.1002/jhet.2053
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  61. Gordon, C. P.; Young, K. A.; Hizartzidis, L.; Deane, F. M.; McCluskey, A. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2011, 9, 1419–1428. doi:10.1039/c0ob00029a
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  62. Marcaccini, S.; Pepino, R.; Pozo, M. C.; Basurto, S.; Garcı́a-Valverde, M.; Torroba, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2004, 45, 3999–4001. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.03.184
    Return to citation in text: [1]
  63. Dandia, A.; Singh, R.; Joshi, J.; Kumari, S. Mini-Rev. Org. Chem. 2014, 11, 462–476. doi:10.2174/1570193x1104140926170237
    Return to citation in text: [1]

© 2018 Du et al.; licensee Beilstein-Institut.
This is an Open Access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). Please note that the reuse, redistribution and reproduction in particular requires that the authors and source are credited.
The license is subject to the Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry terms and conditions: (https://www.beilstein-journals.org/bjoc)

Other Beilstein-Institut Open Science Activities
Journal Logo
Institut Logo
Preprint Logo
Symposia Logo