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Synthesis of C70-fragment buckybowls bearing alkoxy substituents

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Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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This article is part of the thematic issue "C–H functionalization for materials science".
Guest Editor: K. Itami
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 681–690. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.16.66
Received 12 Feb 2020, Accepted 02 Apr 2020, Published 15 Apr 2020
A non-peer-reviewed version of this article has been posted as a preprint https://doi.org/10.3762/bxiv.2020.18.v1
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Abstract

Buckybowls bearing a C70 fragment having two alkoxy groups were synthesized and their structural and optical properties were investigated by single crystal X-ray analysis and UV–vis spectroscopy. In the synthesis of dioxole derivative 5b, the regioisomer 5c was also produced. The yield of 5c was increased by increasing the reaction temperature, indicating that the rearrangement might involve the equilibrium between the Pd(IV) intermediates through C–H bond activation.

Keywords: buckybowl; C70; rearrangement through C–H bond activation

Introduction

The study of buckybowls, the bowl-shaped π-conjugated aromatic hydrocarbons corresponding to the fragments of fullerenes, pioneered by the works on colannulene and sumanene, have been attracting great interests owing to their unique chemical and physical properties [1-8] and was extended to larger systems [9-17]. Among them, buckybowls having a C70 fragment are expected to exhibit different properties from that with C60 fragment because most of them consists of acene and/or pyrene units, which might give unique photochemical and electrochemical properties. Recently, we synthesized a buckybowl C28H14 1, which is corresponding to a 40% fragment of C70, from C60-fragment sumanene (2) in three steps via ring expansion by Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement, followed by Pd-catalyzed annulation (Figure 1) [18]. An UV–vis spectroscopy study revealed that the electronic character of 1 rather resembled that of an indenopyrene moiety than that of benzopyrene. Our synthetic route allows to easily introduce substituents on the external aromatic ring of the indenopyrene using various types of o-bromo arylaldehydes. Related to our study on buckybowl-containing liquid crystals [19], we planned to introduce alkoxy groups on the 1 framework. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of dimethoxy derivative 5a and dioxole derivative 5b together with an unexpected regioisomer 5c.

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Figure 1: Structure of the target buckybowls 5a–c.

Results and Discussion

Synthesis of dialkoxides 5a–c

Dialkoxides 5a–c were prepared according to the previous report on the synthesis of 1 (Scheme 1) [18,20]. The benzylic carbanion generated by the addition of 130 mol % n-BuLi to 2 in THF at −78 °C was treated with 150 mol % of the corresponding arylaldehydes to afford 3a and 3b quantitatively. The Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement from 3a and 3b to 4a and 4b by 100 mol % of p-TsOH in toluene under reflux conditions also occurred quantitatively. The final cyclization of 4a was carried out using 20 mol % of Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 and 150 mol % DBU in DMF at 150 °C under microwave irradiation conditions to afford the desired dimethoxy derivative 5a in 75% yield. In contrast, when the reaction of 4b was performed, not only the desired product 5b but also the unexpected regioisomer 5c was obtained. The temperature dependency of the product ratio between 5b and 5c was investigated and the results are shown in Table 1. The cyclization did not proceed under 140 °C, and at 140 °C the total yield is low (41% after 40 min microwave irradiation) but the ratio of 5b was the highest (5b/5c = 10:1). The reaction efficiency was high at 150 °C to reach 80% total yield, and the ratio of 5b/5c was 10:3. By increasing the temperature, the ratio of 5c was increased although the total yield was decreased. It should be noted that the conversion between 5b and 5c under the same conditions was not observed.

[1860-5397-16-66-i1]

Scheme 1: Synthesis of dialkoxides 5a–c.

Table 1: The change of 5b/5c ratio in the product mixture at various temperatures.

reaction temp. (°C) yield (%) 5b/5c
140 41 10/1
150 80 10/3
160 67 10/4
170 77 10/5
180 50 10/7

The above results strongly suggested the existence of an equilibrium between the intermediates corresponding to products 5b and 5c. A possible mechanism is shown in Scheme 2 [21-25]. After the oxidative addition of 4b to Pd0 to generate intermediate A, the neutral palladium(II) intermediate B is formed. Two competitive processes, the reductive elimination from B to give the product 5b, and the 1,5-palladium migration from A to C through B, might exist, and from C, after the bond rotation, the intermediate D would form to afford the isomer 5c. The selectivity of these two processes are dependent on the temperature as shown in Table 1. It is assumed that the ring-rotation process, which generated the regioisomer did not occurred in case of 4a because of two larger methoxy groups than the methylenedioxy group.

[1860-5397-16-66-i2]

Scheme 2: Proposed mechanism of the formation of 5b and 5c.

Crystal structures of 5a–c

Single crystals of 5a–c were successfully obtained by vapour diffusion method using CHCl3/hexane conditions. Figure 2 shows the crystal structure of 5a. The crystal was obtained as a racemic compound containing a pair of two enantiomers defined by bowl chirality [26], as a result of the rapid bowl inversion under the crystallization conditions. 5a formed a columnar structure with alternative stack in convex-to-concave manner along the b axis with the overlap of the half part of the bowl structure (Figure 2b). All the columns along the a axis possessed the same stacking direction, while the neighboring columns along the c axis were in opposite directions (Figure 2c). Although the relatively low diffraction data quality prohibited the detailed discussion about the interaction distances, both π–π (C9∙∙∙C14, C5∙∙∙C10) and CH∙∙∙π (C11∙∙∙C11) interactions were confirmed within the column. These columns were further connected with the neighboring columns which possessed the same stacking direction (along the a axis) by CH∙∙∙π interactions (C16∙∙∙C23, C16∙∙∙C19, C29∙∙∙C3, C29∙∙∙C15), while connected to the columns with opposite stacking direction via CH∙∙∙O type weak hydrogen bonds (C13∙∙∙O1) along the c axis (Figure 2c).

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Figure 2: Crystal structure of 5a. a) ORTEP drawing of the crystallographically independent unit with thermal ellipsoid at 50% probability b) Packing structure viewed from the a axis and c) from the b axis. The dotted lines indicate; blue: π–π, grey: CH···π, red: CH···O interactions. In b) and c), hydrogen atoms which are not engaged in any interactions are omitted for clarity.

5b also gave the mixture of the two enantiomers, however, they were disordered with 50% site occupancy (Figure 2a). The POAV (π-orbital axis vector) pyramidalization angle φ [27], which is often used for quantifying the curvature of curved π-conjugated materials (Figure 3a) showed 6.5° at C1 as the minimum value, and 7.6° at C3, which is surrounded by two hexagonal rings and one pentagonal ring, as the maximum value, while the none-substituted 1 shows 6.2° and 7.6°, respectively (Table 2) [18]. Bowl depths, defined by the length of the perpendicular lines (Figure 3b, double-headed arrow) from its peripheral carbons to the bottom hexagonal ring’s plane (Figure 3c, red coloured part) in 5b were 0.80–0.84 Å from the peripheral benzylic carbons and 0.80–0.89 Å from the peripheral aromatic carbons, respectively, while 0.74–0.79 Å and 0.79–0.99 Å in 1, respectively (Table 2) [18]. As observed in the crystal of 5a, 5b formed convex-to-concave type stacking columns along the c axis while the stacking mode was eclipsed manner, in which molecular skeletons were completely overlapped (Figure 4b,c). The stacking directions of the columns were alternatively changed along the b axis. Unlike 5a, the stacking columns in 5b were exclusively stabilized by CH∙∙∙π interactions (C6∙∙∙C6: 3.77 Å, C9∙∙∙C9: 3.77 Å, C16∙∙∙C17: 3.51 Å) (Figure 4b). These columns were further connected to the neighboring columns by CH∙∙∙O type hydrogen bonds (C9∙∙∙O1: 3.32 Å) along the b axis and CH∙∙∙π interactions (C17∙∙∙C5: 3.60 Å) along the c axis (Figure 4c).

Table 2: Experimental POAV angles and bowl depths of 5b at the specific focused carbons.

molecule POAV angle φ/° bowl depth/Å
    benzylic aromatic
5b C1
C2
C3a 		6.5
6.7
6.7 		C3b
C4 		7.6
7.3 		C6
C9 		0.84
0.80 		C6
C7A
C8B 		0.81
0.89
0.88 		C9
C11
C12 		0.80
0.89
0.84

aCalculated using [Graphic 1]C4–C3–C8A, [Graphic 2]C8A–C3–C2, [Graphic 3]C2–C3–C4; bcalculated using [Graphic 4]C4–C3–C7B, [Graphic 5]C7B–C3–C2, [Graphic 6]C2–C3–C4.

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Figure 3: a) Definition of POAV angle (φ). b) Side and c) top view of the molecular skeleton of 1. The double-headed arrow show the perpendicular line from the peripheral carbons to the bottom hexagonal ring coloured in c). In b) and c), pink colored atoms are benzylic, and blue colored ones are aromatic carbons.

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Figure 4: Crystal structure of 5b. a) ORTEP drawing of the crystallographically independent unit with thermal ellipsoid at 50% probability. b) Packing structure viewed from the b axis and c) from the a axis. The dotted lines indicate; grey: CH···π, red: CH···O interactions. In b) and c), hydrogen atoms which are not engaged in any interactions and the contribution of the one enantiomer are omitted for clarity.

In the crystal structure of 5c, two crystallographically independent units were observed (Figure 5a). 5c also contained both of the enantiomers and formed a columnar structure along the b axis with the slipped stack manner, which was composed of only one side of the enantiomer (Figure 5b,c). The columns with the same stacking direction were arranged along the a axis, while an alternative stacking direction was observed along the c axis. Although relatively low diffraction data quality prohibited the detailed discussion about the interaction distances, the stabilization of the 1-dimensional stacking column of 5c by both π–π (C5∙∙∙C44, C27∙∙∙C54, C14∙∙C44, C12∙∙∙C43) and CH∙∙∙π (C11∙∙∙C42, C42∙∙∙C9) was clearly observed (Figure 4b c). As found in the other two, the stacking columns in 5c crystal were also further connected each other by both CH∙∙∙π interaction (C58∙∙∙C38, C37∙∙∙C50) and CH∙∙∙O type hydrogen bonds (C37∙∙∙O1, C11∙∙∙O2, C40∙∙∙O4) (Figure 5c).

[1860-5397-16-66-5]

Figure 5: Crystal structure of 5c. a) ORTEP drawing of the crystallographically independent unit with thermal ellipsoid at 50% probability b) Packing structure viewed from the b axis and c) from the a axis. The dotted lines indicate; blue: π–π, grey: CH···π, red: CH···O interactions. In b) and c), hydrogen atoms which are not engaged in any interactions are omitted for clarity.

Photophysical properties of the dialkoxides were investigated by UV–vis and emission spectroscopies (Figure 6). UV–vis spectra of 5a and 5b well reflected the electric property of 1, showing two strong bands observed at around 280–300 nm and 330–350 nm, and a broad one at around 350–480 nm, which was attributable to the indenopyrene moiety of 1 (Figure 6a) [18]. Meanwhile, 5a and 5b showed emission bands at 564 nm and 566 nm, respectively, which were red shifted around 50 nm from that of 1, clearly indicating the effect of the introduction of dialkoxides (Figure 6b). In contrast, 5c exhibited different features in both UV–vis and emission spectra from the other two. In the UV–vis spectrum of 5c, the splitted sharp absorptions at 266 and 287 nm and a broad band at 320 nm together with a relatively strong broad band at 409 nm are visible. The emission spectrum of 5c was similar to that of 1 rather than those of 5a and 5b. These differences indicate the substitution position of the dialkoxides significantly affected the electric nature of the molecules even though 5a–c possess the same molecular skeleton of 1.

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Figure 6: a) UV–vis spectra and b) emission spectra of 1 and dialkoxides 5a–c. For all the spectra, the concentration was 1 × 10−5 M in CH2Cl2. Excitation wavelength: 332 nm for 1; 345 nm for 5a; 335 nm for 5b; 319 nm for 5c.

Conclusion

As described above, we succeeded in synthesizing three different alkoxy-substituted C70-fragment buckybowls 5a–c. In particular, 5c was not an intended molecule, but was formed unexpectedly through the rearrangement through the Pd-catalyzed C–H bond activation reaction. The X-ray crystal structure analysis of 5a–c clearly revealed there nature in the solid state to form a 1-dimensional columnar structure stabilised by π–π and/or CH∙∙∙π interactions with full or partial overlap of the molecular skeleton as seen in the crystal structure of 1, however, each packing fashion is different depending on the substituent. UV–vis and emission spectra of 5a–c well showed the effect of the introduction of the dialkoxides onto the skeleton of 1, in which the substitution position also contributed to their electric properties. These results give us a lot of suggestions for further investigations to design buckybowl-containing liquid crystals [19].

Experimental

General

All experiments with moisture- and air-sensitive compounds were performed in anhydrous solvents under nitrogen atmosphere in flame-dried glassware. All reagents were purchased from commercial sources and used without further purification unless otherwise noted. The microwave experiment was carried out with a Biotage Initiator Eight EXP. UV–vis absorption spectra were recorded on a JASCO V-670 spectrometer and a SHIMADZU UV-1800 spectrometer. Fluorescence spectra were recorded on a JASCO FP-6500 spectrometer. Melting points were determined on a Stanford Research Systems MPA 100 or a Yanako MP-500P apparatus and were uncorrected. Infrared (IR) spectra were recorded on a JASCO FT IR-4100 spectrometer using dispersed KBr pellets. 1H and 13C NMR spectra were measured at 23 °C on a JEOL RESONANCE JNM-ECZ400S spectrometer at 400 MHz and 100 MHz, respectively. CDCl3 was used as a solvent and the residual solvent peaks were used as an internal standard (1H NMR: CDCl3 7.26 ppm; 13C NMR: CDCl3 77.00 ppm). High-resolution fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectra were measured on a JEOL JMS-700 spectrometer. TLC analysis was performed using Merck silica gel 60 F254, and the preparative TLC (PTLC) purification was conducted using Wakogel B-5F PTLC plates. Elemental analyses were measured on a J-Science Micro corder JM10 at the Analysis Center at Osaka University.

General experimental procedure for the addition reaction

In a similar manner as described in [18], to a solution of 2 (0.20 mmol) in dry THF (20 mL) was added dropwise n-BuLi in hexane solution (0.26 mmol) at −78 °C. After stirring for 10 min, to the reaction mixture was added arylaldehyde (0.30 mmol) at −78 °C. The mixture was stirred for 1 h, warmed up to room temperature and quenched by sat. NH4Claq The resulting mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2. The extract was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The mixture was purified by PTLC (ethyl acetate/hexane = 3:2 for 3a, ethyl acetate/hexane = 1:4 for 3b) to afford 3.

General experimental procedure for the rearrangement reaction

In a similar manner as described in [18], to the mixture of 3 (0.19 mmol) and p-toluenesulfonic acid (0.19 mmol) was added a dry toluene (20 mL). The mixture was refluxed with stirring for 1 h. After the addition of sat. NaHCO3aq, the mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2. The extract was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The mixture was purified by PTLC (CH2Cl2/hexane = 4:1 for 4a, CH2Cl2/hexane = 3:2 for 4b) to afford 4.

Preparation of dialkoxides by intramolecular coupling reaction

In a similar manner as described in [18], in a glove box to the microwave vial was added 4 (0.030 mmol), Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 (6.0 μmol), and degassed DMF (3 mL) and prior sealing the vial DBU (6.7 μL, 0.045 mmol) and the mixture was stirred for 40 min at 150 °C using microwave. After the addition of ethyl acetate/hexane, the mixture was washed with water (3 times) and brine (3 times), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The mixture was purified by PTLC (only CH2Cl2 for 5a, CH2Cl2/hexane = 1:3 for 5b and 5c) to afford both 5 as yellow solid.

Characterization data

3a: yellow solid; yield: 97% (98.3 mg (0.19 mmol) from 52.8 mg (0.20 mmol) of 2). mp 133 °C; IR (KBr) ν: 3438, 3003, 2922, 2841, 1502, 1398, 1257, 1213, 1159, 1032, 798 cm−1; 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 7.29 (s, 1H), 7.08 (s, 2H), 7.05 (s, 1H), 7.04 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 5.92 (dd, J = 5.6, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (d, J = 19.4 Hz, 2H), 4.00 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.39 (dd, J = 19.4, 4.8 Hz, 2H), 2.76 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, 1H); 13C NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 150.00, 149.87, 148.97, 148.91, 148.86, 148.82, 148.76, 148.74, 148.64, 148.46, 147.91, 147.30, 133.58, 125.81, 124.18, 123.54, 123.46, 123.38, 115.10, 112.33, 111.05, 74.39, 61.75, 56.26, 41.85, 41.84; FAB MS m/z: [M+] calcd for C30H21BrO3, 508.0674; found, 508.0665.

3b: yellow solid; yield: >99% (148 mg (0.30 mmol) from 79.2 mg (0.30 mmol) of 2). mp 133 ºC; IR (KBr) ν: 3546, 3041, 3014, 2889, 1502, 1475, 1398, 1236, 1038, 931, 795 cm−1; 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 7.31 (s, 1H), 7.11 (s, 2H), 7.07 (s, 1H), 7.06 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.07 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.04 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.91 (dd, J = 6.4, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.70 (d, J = 17.6 Hz, 2H), 4.00 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 3.41 (d, J = 19.6 Hz, 2H), 2.74 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, 1H); 13C NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 149.94, 149.89, 148.86, 148.77, 148.73, 148.72, 148.62, 147.86, 147.79, 147.57, 147.40, 135.04, 125.71, 124.18, 123.45, 123.41, 113.00, 112.51, 108.37, 101.92, 74.54, 61.71, 41.82; FAB MS m/z: [M+] calcd for C29H17BrO3, 492.0361; found, 492.0364.

4a: yellow solid; yield: >99% (98.5 mg (0.19 mmol) from 98.3 mg (0.19 mmol) of 3a). mp 186 ºC; IR (KBr) ν: 3018, 2929, 2897, 2839, 1601, 1498, 1437, 1375, 1327, 1244, 1209, 1167, 1020, 791 cm−1; 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 7.92 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 2H), 7.85 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.54 (s, 2H), 7.53 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 4.35–4.52 (m, 4H), 4.00 (s, 3H), 3.86 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 149.21, 148.40, 143.94, 143.89, 143.74, 141.20, 141.11, 140.62, 140.46, 139.13, 133.43, 130.55, 130.33, 127.58, 125.81, 125.58, 124.39, 124.20, 124.11, 124.02, 123.23, 115.68, 114.67, 114.31, 56.45, 56.26, 42.14, 42.03; FAB MS m/z: [M+] calcd for C30H19BrO2, 490.0568; found, 490.0569.

4b: yellow solid; yield: >99% (86.0 mg (0.17 mmol) from 81.6 mg (0.17 mmol) of 3b). mp 124 ºC; IR (KBr) ν: 3026, 2897, 1469, 1383, 1223, 1043, 930, 796 cm−1; 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 7.88 (s, 2H), 7.86 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (s, 2H), 7.31 (s, 1H), 7.03 (s, 1H), 6.12 (s, 1H), 6.11 (s, 1H), 4.46 (d, J = 20.2 Hz, 2H), 4.28 (d, J = 20.2 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 148.17, 147.48, 143.91, 143.87, 143.73, 141.14, 141.10, 141.04, 141.01, 140.56, 140.37, 139.07, 134.48, 130.49, 130.22, 127.62, 125.75, 125.54, 124.33, 124.14, 124.06, 123.97, 123.06, 114.94, 113.04, 111.85, 102.10, 53.61, 42.10, 41.99; FAB MS m/z: [M+] calcd for C29H15BrO2, 474.0255; found, 474.0258.

5a: yellow solid; yield: 75% (4.9 mg (11.9 μmol) from 7.8 mg (15.9 μmol) of 4a). mp 281 ºC (dec.); IR (KBr) ν: 2929, 2889, 2831, 1606, 1473, 1392, 1290, 1205, 1163, 1053, 858, 783 cm−1; 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 8.16 (s, 1H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.93 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 7.47 (s, 1H), 7.39 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (s, 2H), 4.29 (s, 2H), 4.06 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 149.65, 148.38, 148.32, 147.55, 146.49, 146.01, 144.38, 143.85, 142.90, 138.02, 135.45, 135.32, 134.48, 132.17, 127.44, 127.06, 126.66, 124.92, 124.15, 122.85, 120.67, 118.06, 106.01, 104,79, 56.41, 42.77, 41.67; anal. calcd for C30H18O2(H2O)0.5: C, 85.90%; H, 4.57%; found: C, 85.75%; H, 4.92%.

5b: yellow solid; yield: 80% (6.3 mg (16.0 μmol) from 7.9 mg (20.0 μmol) of 4b). mp 270 ºC (dec.); IR (KBr) ν: 3041, 3006, 2920, 2887, 1460, 1390, 1286, 1159, 1038, 943, 850, 785 cm−1; 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 8.12 (s, 1H), 7.93 (s, 1H), 7.92 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (s, 1H), 7.39 (s, 1H), 7.38 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.07 (s, 2H), 4.34 (s, 2H), 4.28 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 148.32, 148.14, 146.93, 146.53, 146.13, 144.39, 144.34, 143.94, 142.86, 137.59, 136.96, 135.21, 135.01, 134.36, 133.59, 127.39, 127.17, 126.55, 124.94, 124.15, 122.87, 120.94, 118.16, 103.56, 102.51, 101.60, 42.75, 41.66; anal. calcd for C29H14O2(H2O)0.4: C, 86.73%; H, 3.71%; found: C, 86.74%; H, 3.55%.

5c: yellow solid; yield: 80% (as 10:3 mixture with 5b (reaction temp. 150 °C)). mp 267 ºC (dec.); IR (KBr) ν: 2877, 1647, 1469, 1429, 1236, 1097, 1047, 933, 802 cm−1; 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 8.14 (s, 1H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 7.91 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.17 (s, 2H), 4.36 (s, 2H), 4.29 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 148.56, 148.06, 146.54, 146.49, 145.77, 144.46, 144.15, 144.05, 142.86, 142.32, 139.70, 137.81, 135.70, 134.69, 134.47, 131.71, 127.37, 126.88, 126.61, 124.96, 124.13, 123.19, 120.68, 120.60, 115.81, 105.84, 101.66, 42.74, 41.70; anal. calcd for C29H14O2(H2O)0.4: C, 86.73%; H, 3.71%; found: C, 86.58%; H, 3.50%.

Single crystal X-ray analysis

The diffraction data for 5a and 5c were collected on a Rigaku FR-E Superbright rotating-anode X-ray source with a Mo-target (λ = 0.71073 Å) equipped with a Rigaku RAXIS VII imaging plate as the detector at 150 K in house. The diffraction images processsing and absorption correction were performed by using RIGAKU RAPID AUTO [28].

The diffraction data for 5b was recorded on an ADSC Q210 CCD area detector with a synchrotron radiation (λ = 0.70000 Å) at 2D beamline in Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL). The diffraction images were processed by using HKL3000 [29]. Absorption correction was performed with the program PLATON.

All the structures were solved by direct methods (SHELXT-2014, 2015 [30] (for 5a, 5b) or XS [31] (for 5c)) and refined by full-matrix least squares calculations on F2 (SHELXL-2015) [32] using the Olex2 program package [33].

5a: C30H18O2, orthorhombic, space group pbca (No. 61), a = 17.382(4) Å, b = 7.290(2) Å, c = 28.978(6) Å, V = 3672(1) Å3, ρcalcd = 1.485 g/cm3, Z = 8, 925 unique reflections out of 4205 with I > 2σ (I), 291 parameters, 3.65º < θ < 15.71º, R1 = 0.1319, wR2 = 0.2925, GOF = 0.903.

5b: C14.5H7O, monoclinic, space group P21/m (No. 11), a = 3.7712(7) Å, b = 15.097(3) Å, c = 14.845(3) Å, β = 113.312(3)°, V = 845.1(3) Å3, ρcalcd = 1.550 g/cm3, Z = 4, 2296 unique reflections out of 2458 with I > 2σ(I), 166 parameters, 1.92º < θ < 30.03º, R1 = 0.0718, wR2= 0.2346, GOF = 1.153.

5c: C29H14O2, monoclinic, space group P21/c (No. 14), a = 17.274(4) Å, b = 7.441(2) Å, c = 27.913(6) Å, β = 90.85(3)°, V = 3526(1) Å3, ρcalcd = 1.486 g/cm3, Z = 4, 2351 unique reflections out of 7995 with I > 2σ(I), 253 parameters, 3.03º < θ < 27.37º, R1 = 0.1217, wR2 = 0.1498, GOF = 1.000.

CCDC 1981719 (5a), 1981720 (5b) and 1981721 (5c) contain the crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (https://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/).

Supporting Information

Supporting Information File 1: CIF files of compounds 5a–c.
Format: ZIP Size: 813.7 KB Download
Supporting Information File 2: 1H and 13C NMR data of 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b and 5a–c, simulated UV–vis spectra of 5a, 5b and 5c.
Format: PDF Size: 1.4 MB Download

Funding

This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Area “π Space Figuration” from MEXT (No. JP26102002), and JSPS KAKENHI (19H00912). The X-ray diffraction study of 5b with synchrotron radiation was performed at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (Beamline 2D) supported by POSTECH.

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