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Search for "methods" in Full Text gives 2385 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry. Showing first 200.
Enhancing chemical synthesis planning: automated quantum mechanics-based regioselectivity prediction for C–H activation with directing groups
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1171–1182, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.94
- QM methods. We determine the relevant reaction sites either by a set of SMART patterns or by screening all possible reaction sites using the Merck molecular force field calculated ring strain energy, for details see section “Beyond ortho-directing groups”. This restriction allows us to rapidly
Synthetic approach to borrelidin fragments: focus on key intermediates
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1135–1160, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.91
- complex structure, remains an attractive target for synthetic organic chemists worldwide. Several comprehensive reviews on borrelidin have been published, with a strong focus on its synthesis. The first notable comparison of total synthesis methods was conducted by Ōmura in 2005 [48], highlighting four
- borrelidin [38]. They highlighted a significant limitation in existing methods for constructing the deoxypropionate unit of borrelidin, which features four 1,3-alternating methyl groups with a syn,syn,anti-configuration. These methods typically required at least three synthetic steps to iteratively form each
- the various synthetic strategies employed in the construction of borrelidin fragments. By focusing on key intermediates and synthetic methods explored in recent literature, we have highlighted the feasibility and versatility of different approaches. These methods offer valuable insights into the
Investigations of amination reactions on an antimalarial 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine scaffold
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1126–1134, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.90
- cell line HEK293. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 44: Complete experimental methods, crystallographic data for 2, 7, 10 and 15, characterisation data and 1D/2D NMR spectra (1H, 13C, COSY, HSQC and HMBC) for 2–15. Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank and acknowledge the
Gold extraction at the molecular level using α- and β-cyclodextrins
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1116–1125, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.89
- several methods, with highlight to gravity concentration (based on the higher density of gold), cyanidation, and mercury amalgam [15]. The gravity method is a simple and, from the viewpoint of the environment, relatively harmless process that works well as a stand-alone for high-density gold particles and
- is the development of microbial leaching methods [18]. These resort to either cyanogenic microorganisms, such as Chromobacterium violaceum, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, which incorporate gold into their unicellular bodies when grown in the presence of gold-containing e
- -waste [21], or to acidophilic microbes such as chemolithotrophic bacteria and archaea, which can accelerate the oxidative dissolution of gold sulfides in a biotechnological extraction process suited for sulfidic ores [22]. Microbial leaching methods are not, however, implemented at the industrial scale
Salen–scandium(III) complex-catalyzed asymmetric (3 + 2) annulation of aziridines and aldehydes
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1087–1094, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.86
- derivatives were obtained under asymmetric catalysis with a Ni(II)–bisoxazoline complex [15] and a Nd(OTf)3/N,N'-dioxide/LiNTf2 delay catalytic system [16], respectively (Scheme 1b and c). However, further exploration for convenient asymmetric catalytic synthetic methods is still in demand because the former
- ) was attempted as well, delivering the expected product 3ga in 70% yield and 38% ee, illustrating that the 3-aryl group of aziridines 1 also has an important effect on the enantioselectivity in the (2 + 3) annulation. Compared with previously reported methods, our current method is more convenient and
- afford the pure product 3. The enantiomeric excess was determined using chiral HPLC analysis with a mixture of iPrOH and hexane as eluent. Oxazolidine-containing bioactive compounds. Asymmetric catalytic synthetic methods of oxazolidine derivatives. Scope of aziridines and aldehydes. Proposed reaction
Recent advances in synthetic approaches for bioactive cinnamic acid derivatives
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1031–1086, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.85
- construction, alkyne hydrogenation, ylide and carbene reaction, metathesis, E/Z isomerization, and other methods, including Cα and Cβ functionalizations. Preparing various functional group-tethered aromatic groups can be achieved by directly installing an aromatic group via cross-coupling reactions and other
- /N-acylation reactions, metal catalysts, particularly precious transition metals, are considered less sustainable due to their limited availability. Therefore, metal-free catalysis methods have emerged as an alternative to respond to the green chemistry agenda. For instance, Huy and Mbouhom (2019
- -cinnamic acid esters 383–385 and amides 386 and 387 via zwitterionic allene species 389 (Scheme 83B) [142]. 3.1.2 Ylide reactions: The construction of double bond ylide reactions (e.g. Wittig and Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reactions) is one of the most reliable and stereoselective methods. Several
Biobased carbon dots as photoreductants – an investigation by using triarylsulfonium salts
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1024–1030, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.84
- ] and photopolymerization [10][11][12]. For these reasons, several strategies starting from different carbon-based materials have been proposed and optimized to prepare CDs. In general, such methods are classified in two categories, namely “top-down” and “bottom-up” [1][2][3][4][13]. In the top-down
- , organosilanes). The latter strategy is the most prevalent one, due to the simplicity of the procedures, environmental friendliness, and equipment required, as well as the ability to use a large variety of precursors. In the bottom-up synthesis methods, conversion of the carbon precursors is obtained by having
- different chemical treatments (hydrothermal and pyrolytic methods). The effect of nitrogen doping on the performance of the examined CDs has been also investigated. Results and Discussion Synthesis, photophysical and electrochemical properties of CDs. As hinted above, CDs have been prepared from different
Pd-Catalyzed asymmetric allylic amination with isatin using a P,olefin-type chiral ligand with C–N bond axial chirality
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1018–1023, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.83
- palladium catalysts with amines as nucleophiles have been reported [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25], there have been only a few reports on the N-substitution of isatin using asymmetric methods. Recently, Wolf’s group reported a transition-metal-catalyzed (Pd-catalyzed) asymmetric allylic
- allylic amination of acetate 12 with isatin (11a).a Supporting Information Data of thermal racemization of 7, DFT calculations for investigating racemization mechanism of 7, general methods and materials, experimental procedures and characterization data, 1H, 13C and 31P NMR spectra for 9 and 10, 1H, 13C
Recent total synthesis of natural products leveraging a strategy of enamide cyclization
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 999–1009, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.81
- , these methods offer promising strategies for the total synthesis of complex natural products. Review Aza-Prins cyclization – total synthesis of (−)-dihydrolycopodine and (−)-lycopodine Cyclizations of enamides can proceed via several distinct pathways. If protonation of the enamide occurs first, the
On the photoluminescence in triarylmethyl-centered mono-, di-, and multiradicals
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 964–998, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.80
- delves into the photoluminescent properties and spin ground states of trityl-based mono-, di-, and multiradicals, examining the strategies employed to enhance their performance. Additionally, we review predictive methods for determining the luminescence and spin states of radicals, highlighting critical
Silver(I) triflate-catalyzed post-Ugi synthesis of pyrazolodiazepines
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 915–925, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.74
- synthetic methods to access diazepines fused with other nitrogen-containing heterocycles towards their broader exploration in high-throughput screening for identifying new drug candidates. Traditional synthetic methods for producing medium-ring nitrogen-containing heterocycles often involve complex
Data accessibility in the chemical sciences: an analysis of recent practice in organic chemistry journals
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 864–876, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.70
- organic chemists, a myriad of different file formats across multiple spectroscopies are compounded by a lack of methods to collect, clean and label data in a way that makes it reusable and interoperable, especially for use by machines. Despite the barriers there are good reasons for organic chemists to
- findings suggest about the impact of author guidelines upon researcher practice. Methods 12 Specialist journals with a broad scope around the central discipline of synthesis, catalysis, and methods development in organic chemistry were selected for analysis (Table 1). Criteria for journal selection are
- article cited or linked?’ assesses if it is possible to trace data back to the original publication where the methods used to generate those data are described. 76% of primary data had a citation, however, publisher-led copying of SI files to Figshare positively distorts this proportion, as the repository
Chitosan-supported CuI-catalyzed cascade reaction of 2-halobenzoic acids and amidines for the synthesis of quinazolinones
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 839–844, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.67
- ], but can also be readily converted into other functional compounds under specific conditions [4][5]. Due to their significant biological relevance and potential applications, numerous synthetic methods have been recently developed to synthesize these useful intermediates [6][7][8][9]. Among these
- methods, the cascade reaction between ortho-halogen (e.g., chlorine, bromine or iodine) substituted benzoic acids and amidines has become a prominent route to synthesize the corresponding quinazolinones [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. In 2009, Fu and co-workers found that copper(I) could effectively
Substituent effects in N-acetylated phenylazopyrazole photoswitches
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 830–838, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.66
- LED in CH3CN.a Overview over thermal half-lifes for NAc-PAPs in CH3CN at 30 °C. Eyring analysis of NAc-PAP-CN and NAc-PAP-OMe determined in toluene (for details see Supporting Information File 1, section 3.7). Supporting Information Supporting Information File 46: Materials and methods, analytical
4-(1-Methylamino)ethylidene-1,5-disubstituted pyrrolidine-2,3-diones: synthesis, anti-inflammatory effect and in silico approaches
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 817–829, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.65
- , while density functional theory (DFT) calculations provided insights into their electronic properties, including reactivity and stability. This comprehensive approach, integrating synthesis, biological evaluation, and computational methods, highlights the potential of 4-(1-methylamino)ethylidene-1,5
- development targeting iNOS-related pathologies. Future research should prioritize extensive in vivo studies and clinical evaluations to further explore their therapeutic potential and safety profiles. Experimental Experimental methods All chemicals were purchased from Merck, Sigma-Aldrich and Acros without
- determine the melting points of all products. All NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance II+ 600 MHz instrument and chemical shifts (δ) are reported in ppm (parts per million) relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) or internal deuterated solvent signals. Computational methods Prediction of drug-likeness
Recent advances in the electrochemical synthesis of organophosphorus compounds
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 770–797, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.61
- Babak Kaboudin Milad Behroozi Sepideh Sadighi Fatemeh Asgharzadeh Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran 10.3762/bjoc.21.61 Abstract In this review, we describe recent advances in electrochemical green methods for the
- . Electricity can perform the oxidation and reduction process by exchanging electrons on the electrode surface in a region called the double layer (DL) [12]. Unlike traditional methods that require high temperature, pressure, and external oxidants, electrochemistry is an efficient and energy-saving approach
- that controls reaction selectivity by adjusting voltage or current [13]. Simple synthetic systems in electrochemical methods are limited to electrodes, cells, electrolytes, and power supplies. Today, in addition to the above, light, metallic, and organic catalysts are also used to increase the
Development and mechanistic studies of calcium–BINOL phosphate-catalyzed hydrocyanation of hydrazones
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 755–765, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.59
- hydrocyanation of hydrazones, catalyzed by a calcium–BINOL phosphate complex, has been studied for the first time both experimentally and computationally with DFT methods. A full catalytic cycle for the enantioselective synthesis of α-hydrazinonitriles is proposed based on insights gained from DFT calculations
- configuration opposite to the results with in situ-formed Ca complex 6, for which BINOL phosphate was newly synthesized, instead of purchased, and with which we achieved much higher ee values (87–89% ee (R), Table 2, entries 1–3). These distinctly different outcomes, when methods to generate Ca complex 6, or
Origami with small molecules: exploiting the C–F bond as a conformational tool
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 680–716, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.54
- target binding will incur little entropic cost) and high selectivity (since off-target interactions will be minimised) [1]. There are several methods by which the conformations of small molecules can be controlled, but in this review we will focus upon one particular method, which is the installation of
- recognition processes. Therefore, methods for controlling the conformations of sugars are likely to have diverse and valuable applications in biotechnology and medicine. The structure of a sugar molecule offers several potential locations where fluorine can be introduced. Typical patterns include the
Recent advances in allylation of chiral secondary alkylcopper species
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 639–658, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.51
- eponymous Tsuji–Trost reaction, they faced a significant limitation: poor regioselectivity with non-symmetrical allylic substrates 2. This constraint led to the predominant development of Pd-catalyzed methods using symmetric 1,3-disubstituted allylic substrates 1 that contain a leaving group in the allylic
- Following the initial demonstration by Buchwald that styrenes are viable substrates for the CuH-catalyzed hydroallylation, the development of methods applicable to vinylboronic esters presented unique opportunities for the synthesis of versatile chiral organoboron compounds [52]. A breakthrough in this
Entry to 2-aminoprolines via electrochemical decarboxylative amidation of N‑acetylamino malonic acid monoesters
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 630–638, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.50
- and the development of efficient synthetic methods to access these medicinally relevant structural motifs. Herein, we report an electrochemical synthesis of 2-aminoproline and 2-aminopipecolic acid derivatives 6 (Figure 1). Recently, we disclosed an electrochemical approach to tetrahydrofuran and
- NMR methods, and all attempts to obtain crystals suitable for X-ray crystallographic analysis were unsuccessful. N-Protected 2-aminoproline derivatives 6 are relatively stable under basic conditions as evidenced by successful hydrolysis of the ester moiety in 6a,d,e using aqueous LiOH to provide acids
Photocatalyzed elaboration of antibody-based bioconjugates
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 616–629, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.49
- , combining the specificity of antibodies with the potency of cytotoxic drugs to enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. The development of new chemical methods for bioconjugation is essential to generate ADCs and to optimize their stability, efficacy, and safety. Traditional
- conjugation methods often face challenges related to site-selectivity and heterogeneous product mixtures, highlighting the need to develop new, innovative chemical strategies. Photoredox chemistry emerges as a powerful tool in this context, enabling precise, mild, and selective modifications of peptides and
- proteins. By harnessing light to drive chemical transformations, photoredox techniques can facilitate the synthesis of antibody bioconjugates. This perspective will discuss the drive to develop and empower photoredox methods applied to antibody functionalization. Keywords: antibodies; bioconjugation
Sequential two-step, one-pot microwave-assisted Urech synthesis of 5-monosubstituted hydantoins from L-amino acids in water
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 596–600, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.46
- ]. Furthermore, several methods for hydantoin synthesis have been reported. The modified Bucherer–Bergs reaction using nitriles or methyleneaziridines with organometallic reagents gave moderate yields of 40–77% and 48–75%, respectively [7][8]. Amino acids remain key building blocks, with approaches involving
- amino acid. The hydantoins were found to be optically active (except for H2d), suggesting that enantiomeric information was preserved during the reaction (see Supporting Information File 1). Hydantoin yields (34–89%) are generally comparable to previously reported methods [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14
- of this process is promising, driven by its simplicity, moderate to high yields, and the use of environmentally friendly reagents. Notably, microwave-assisted one-pot reactions eliminate the need for column chromatography, a common step in traditional purification methods but limits scalability
Formaldehyde surrogates in multicomponent reactions
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 564–595, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.45
- for obtaining propargylamines. Synthesis of α-aminophosphonates One of the most robust methods for the synthesis of α-aminophosphonates is the Pudovik reaction, along with its multicomponent version, the Kabachnik–Fields reaction (Scheme 25) [72][73]. In the Pudovik reaction, a dialkyl phosphite 31
- is a very interesting alternative for the synthesis of P-chiral α-aminophosphorous compounds without formaldehyde due to the straightforward procedure, the good yields observed, and the absence of byproducts compared to more conventional methods (Pudovik reaction or Kabachnik–Fields MCR reaction) [72
Study of the interaction of 2H-furo[3,2-b]pyran-2-ones with nitrogen-containing nucleophiles
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 556–563, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.44
- biological activity [1][2][3]. Among the numerous approaches using considered furanones as starting compounds the recyclization processes are of significant interest [4][5]. The important subclass of such synthetic methods is the interaction with nitrogen-containing reagents. In this case depending on the
Asymmetric synthesis of β-amino cyanoesters with contiguous tetrasubstituted carbon centers by halogen-bonding catalysis with chiral halonium salt
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 547–555, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.43
- catalysis (Figure 2c). Results and Discussion Chiral halonium salts 9a–c were prepared according to our previously reported methods [33]. The Mannich reaction of ketimine 7a and cyanoester 16a was selected as a benchmark, and catalyst screening was conducted (Scheme 1). The reaction was carried out with 1.0
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