Beilstein J. Org. Chem.2015,11, 2493–2508, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.271
sulfur atoms of TDA. This result together with mutations of relevant genes of the primary sulfur metabolism pointed towards an introduction of sulfur from Cys via (S)-thiocysteine (73) into TDA.
Antimycins such as antimycin A1 (79) are known for their inhibitory effect on the respiratory chain [83] and
different isomers of fluoroanthranilic acid, the fate of the amino and the carboxylic acid group in the biosynthesis of antimycins could be followed [85]. Incorporation of 3-fluoro (R1 = F) and 4-fluoroanthranilic acid (R2 = F) into antimycins was observed with retention of the position for the amino group
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Graphical Abstract
Figure 1:
Structures of lovastatin (1), aflatoxin B1 (2) and amphotericin B (3).
Beilstein J. Org. Chem.2013,9, 2556–2563, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.290
10.3762/bjoc.9.290 Abstract Antimycins (>40 members) were discovered nearly 65 years ago but the discovery of the gene cluster encoding antimycin biosynthesis in 2011 has facilitated rapid progress in understanding the unusual biosynthetic pathway. Antimycin A is widely used as a piscicide in the catfish
farming industry and also has potent killing activity against insects, nematodes and fungi. The mode of action of antimycins is to inhibit cytochrome c reductase in the electron transport chain and halt respiration. However, more recently, antimycin A has attracted attention as a potent and selective
inhibitor of the mitochondrial anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Remarkably, this inhibition is independent of the main mode of action of antimycins such that an artificial derivative named 2-methoxyantimycin A inhibits Bcl-xL but does not inhibit respiration. The Bcl-2/Bcl-xL family of proteins are
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Graphical Abstract
Figure 1:
Antimycins: Antimycins A1, A2, A3, and A4 and non-natural antimycins referenced in the text. Antimy...