Dual-heterodyne Kelvin probe force microscopy

Supporting Information

Fourier coefficient calculation and derivation of the formulas used to fit the spectroscopic DHe-KPFM data acquired under optical pumping on the organic BHJ solar cell (text and Figures S1, S2 and S3). Schematic illustration of the dual frequency mixing effect (Figure S4). Python routine for switching the demodulation configuration. Comparison between the data acquired under electrical pumping with n_4 sidebands, n_1 sidebands, and calculated Fourier coefficients (Figure S5). Numeric zooms from the images acquired by DHe-KPFM on the PTB7:PC₇₁BM blend (Figure S6). Complementary measurements on the PTB7:PC₇₁BM blend by differential SPV spectroscopy (Figure S7). DHe-KPFM data-cube spectroscopy on the PTB7:PC₇₁BM blend: unfiltered (raw-data) images and error images (Figure S8). Images of the first ten harmonic phase signals recorded on the PTB7:PC₇₁BM blend (Figure S9). Complementary measurements on the PTB7:PC₇₁BM blend by pump-probe KPFM (Figure S10). CsPbBr₃ nanosheets: synthesis protocol (text); CsPbBr₃ nanosheets: photoluminescence spectroscopy (Figure S11). CsPbBr₃ nanosheets: complementary characterization by SEM imaging (Figure S12). CsPbBr₃ nanosheets: complementary characterization, by “tapping-mode” AFM imaging (Figure S13). CsPbBr₃ nanosheets on HOPG: in dark KPFM data and built-in interface electric field model (Figure S14); detecting weak modulated components: complementary DHe-KPFM measurements under electrical pump (Figure S15).

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