Durable antimicrobial activity of fabrics functionalized with zeolite ion-exchanged nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

• Perla Sánchez-López,
• Kendra Ramirez Acosta,
• Sergio Fuentes Moyado,
• Ruben Dario Cadena-Nava and
• Elena Smolentseva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 262–274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.18

• /CBV-600 in Figure 2b, Cu/CBV-600 in Figure 2c, and Zn/CBV-600 in Figure 2d) were incorporated into the fabric, small, well-dispersed particles were observed on the textile surface. Panoramic micrographs of the functionalized fabrics showed varying degrees of nanomaterial aggregation: Ag/CBV-600 > Cu

• were found for Zn/CBV-600-bramante (Figure 2d) with uniform dispersion of nanomaterials on the fabric surface. Note, that the changes in the degree of aggregation may be attributed to the nature of the nanomaterial. The functionalization of fabrics with acrylic resin as a binder allowed for the

• effective fixation of nanomaterials onto the fabrics. It is known that the high concentration of the binder could affect the antimicrobial activity of the fabrics [30]. Neither aggregation of the acrylic resin (10% w/w) nor degradation of the fibers after functionalization was observed for the prepared

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• tunability, making AuNPs highly versatile in catalytic applications [5][6]. Traditional ligands such as thiols and citrates are commonly used in the synthesis of AuNPs due to their ability to control particle size, prevent aggregation, and enhance stability in solution [7]. Also, polyoxometalates (POMs) have

• coated with strong ligands that provide initial stability over time, ligand desorption, ligand exchange, or environmental factors such as pH and ionic strength can weaken the protective layer, leading to nanoparticle aggregation or structural degradation [14][15]. An important aspect of expensive noble

• filtration and where the NPs are further stabilized against coalescence, aggregation, sintering, or Ostwald ripening under the catalytic reaction conditions. By anchoring AuNPs onto a solid support, such as metal oxides, polymers, or carbon-based materials, their stability is significantly enhanced

Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment

• Georgi Mateev,
• Dean Dimov,
• Nataliya Berberova-Buhova,
• Nikoleta Kircheva,
• Todor Dudev,
• Ludmila Nikolova,
• Elena Stoykova,
• Keehoon Hong,
• Dimana Nazarova,
• Silvia Angelova and
• Lian Nedelchev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12

• relationship between the structural organization of the polymer side chains and temperature-induced optical changes. By combining experimental spectroscopic techniques with theoretical modeling, we demonstrate that the thermochromic response of PAZO films is strongly influenced by molecular aggregation, film

• thickness, and thermal treatment conditions. The observed changes in optical properties suggest that this response is governed by temperature-induced modulation of molecular ordering and aggregation state, which in turn alters the electronic transitions responsible for light absorption. Theoretical

• measuring the intensity of the emitted fluorescence light at another wavelength. Treating PAZO at 230 °C induced an increase in fluorescence intensity (≈400%) and a redshift (20 nm). Red shift can be induced by various factors, such as changes in the polymer structure, aggregation, or interactions with

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• also induce cytotoxicity and rapid clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte system [18]. Moreover, surface charge influences aggregation behaviour, colloidal stability, and protein corona formation, directly impacting the therapeutic efficacy of nanocarriers. Optimising surface charge is essential for

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• lipid structure of NLs, leading to AC leakage, while plasma protein adsorption may cause particle aggregation [7]. In this sense, the presence of proteins in the tissue environment can alter cellular uptake of both cationic and anionic carriers [8]. In short, our understanding of how nanodelivery

• expected. In this case, the increase was only observed in the upper size range. In this direction, the obtained results can be attributed to the fact that serum proteins can also stabilize nanocarriers, thus preventing their aggregation process [29]. Similar to NLb2, AF4 analysis showed that the particles

• analysis, it was shown that serum proteins present in the cell culture medium stabilize NLb0 in terms of preventing the process of aggregation. Additionally, unlike for NLb2, there was a decrease in the average diameter over the incubation time of 4 h, which is probably due to the dynamic process of PC

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• for the nanoparticle stability to avoid aggregation. The results can be justified by the neutral pH in which these liposomes are dispersed, since in a more acidic medium, it is expected that the amines, present in the lipids, are protonated, decreasing the zeta potential [49]. The DL% rates of the

• surface, aggregation, or changes in surface charge [28]. In this study, liposomes and immunoliposomes containing or not 5-FU and R-PE were incubated in 10% bovine serum for up to 48 h, and the parameters of size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential were monitored. In general, conventional liposomes

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• coating density and physical barrier performance (ZIF-8 helps prevent Ti3C2Tx aggregation and chemically cross-links with WPU, enhancing mechanical integrity). The final cross-linked coating had a water contact angle of about 154°, indicating high water repellency and self-cleaning capabilities. More

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• are immobilized on supports like carbon-based materials or TiO2 to prevent aggregation and to maintain catalytic activity, strong adhesion is required [11]. To improve adhesion, Au NPs have been stabilized on SiO2 substrates by embedding them into an organometallic layer, effectively immobilizing the

• MiniLab 125 vacuum system equipped with a Nikalyte NL-UHV NP source, described in detail in a previous study [28]. The NP source is mounted at 45° angle to the deposition chamber and consists of two components, namely, the magnetron head and the aggregation zone with an attached quadrupole mass filter

• × 10−7 mbar. Ar was introduced as a sputtering gas, keeping a constant flow rate of 40 sccm. Sputtering was carried out at a constant current of 200 mA (≈70 W) applied to the target. The sputtered atoms start to form NPs and to grow in the aggregation zone, where the aggregation length was adjusted to

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• ; however, the success of the coating is confirmed by the stable dispersion of UCNPs in water, which prevents aggregation. C. elegans culture and maintenance The nematodes used in our experiments, N2 wild-type C. elegans, were cultivated on nematode growth medium (NGM) plates previously seeded with E. coli

• and 2.5 mg·mL−1. Figure 4a presents the three-dimensional reconstruction of the UC fluorescence signal at 550 nm for the higher concentration (2.5 mg·mL−1) sample. The image reveals the characteristic aggregation of lipid-coated UCNPs, forming macroliposomes of approximately 30 µm diameter within the

Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size

• Dounia Louaguef,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Sébastien Diliberto,
• Klaus M. Seemann,
• Thomas Gries,
• Joelle Bizeau,
• Damien Mertz,
• Eric Gaffet and
• Halima Alem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157

• -capping agents, such as oleic acid, which is commonly used during synthesis to control particle size and prevent aggregation. The broad peak observed at ≈3400 cm−1 is linked to the O–H stretching vibrations of adsorbed water or hydroxy groups on the particle surface, which is a common feature for

• anisotropy energy barriers, leading to zero remanent magnetization when the applied field is removed. Superparamagnetism is a desirable property for biomedical applications, as it prevents particle aggregation in the absence of an external magnetic field. Magnetic hyperthermia analysis In Figure 6, the SAR

Visualizing nanostructures in supramolecular hydrogels: a correlative study using confocal and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy

• Shaun M. Smith,
• Ferdinando Malagreca,
• Jacqueline Hicks,
• Giuseppe Mantovani,
• David B. Amabilino,
• Christopher Parmenter and
• Lluïsa Pérez-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2274–2284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.156

• disruption of the native gel morphology by avoiding aggregation or artefacts associated with high fluorophore loadings, an effect previously observed in such systems [26]. As illustrated in Figure 3A,B, the DPP-BC-containing gels exhibited a robust network of interconnected fibres and bundles across the CLSM

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• AuNP suspensions is substantially influenced by their particle size and dispersion speed. 10–20 nm AuNPs with a narrow size distribution tend to absorb light from the blue-green spectrum and reflect red light. In contrast, their aggregation leads to a light absorption shift to longer wavelengths

• , resulting in reflecting light ranging from pale blue to purple [75][76]. Selvakumar and Thakur developed a colorimetric sensor for detecting VB12 using AuNPs and a stable modified RNA aptamer. The RNA aptamer, which attaches to VB12, triggers the aggregation of AuNPs, resulting in a color shift from red to

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• either case the NPs will expand. We will, however, demonstrate the role of the ligand conformation. We obtained detailed spatial characterization by SEM, to measure size and shape, and to detect aggregation upon adsorption on surfaces of different hydrophilicity (see Supporting Information File 1

• size average of the dimanno-AuNPs is 30.4 ± 1.1 nm (PDI = 0.29) with a peak at 16.8 ± 0.9 nm. This indicates that the dimannoside coating results in reduced nanoparticle aggregation. Hence, a small number of multimers of the NPs is present in the solution (i.e., stronger particle association). DLS is

• inherently sensitive to the hydrodynamic radius, and therefore to aggregation, even when the core sizes are similar. A more hydrated surface is typically associated with higher colloidal stability and lower aggregation, which is consistent with the smaller hydrodynamic size observed by DLS for the dimanno

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• also seen in research in the Beas catchment, where MPs in low areas are transported upwards into sensitive ecosystems [25]. Such connectivity of the routes and sources is apparent in Figure 2, which presents the wide ecological extent and conveyance of MPs in water bodies. To allow aggregation of

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• . CNMs must retain their structural and functional integrity under physiological conditions, including varying pH, ionic strength, and temperature. Instability can result in aggregation, degradation, or loss of therapeutic payload. Strategies such as lyophilisation, drug encapsulation, and the use of

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• either homogeneous or heterogeneous containing inclusions [6][10][11][12]. The adhesive proteins are packaged into secretory granules via a process called complex coacervation, which involves the aggregation of oppositely charged proteins along with a sulfated polysaccharide and significant amounts of

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• colloid, preventing aggregation [7]. Charge manipulation can be achieved by applying electric fields or varying laser beam polarization. It can also be used at later stages of the NP formation, ensuring self-assembly and growth into oriented structures. In general, the growth of NPs produced by laser

• modification and oxidation, and influencing the processes of ageing, oxidation, aggregation, and agglomeration. As a result, in [36], the increase of the ambient temperature was demonstrated to induce oriented growth of the NPs with the formation of nanospindles, whereas at room temperature only isotropic

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• LNPs, PEG lipids are widely used to provide the nanoparticles with a unique outer layer. The “stealth” properties of PEG chains can prevent nanoparticle aggregation, reduce nonspecific protein adsorption, and delay immune recognition, thereby extending LNP circulation half-life in the bloodstream [2][4

• aggregation [12]. A structural analysis of mRNA-LNPs has provided compelling evidence that the conformation of PEG lipids on the nanoparticle surface plays a significant role. LNPs composed of ionizable lipid ALC-0315, DSPC, cholesterol, and PEG lipid ALC-0159 at a molar ratio of 46.3:9.4:42.8:1.6 were

• careful handling to mitigate possible safety risk [57][58]. For instance, a DBCO-functionalized PEG lipid was found to induce protein aggregation on the nanoparticle surface, primarily due to the hydrophobic nature of the DBCO group, leading to elevated complement activation. Excessive maleimide can react

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• between them and results in more uniform nucleation and better control over particle size and morphology. Moreover, continuous stirring prevents aggregation of the nanoparticles, contributing to their colloidal stability. Studies have shown that variations in stirring speed can significantly impact the

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• [10]. The delocalized electrons in these regions can freely pass between neighboring centers, thereby reducing the energy activation for conducting electric current. At the same time, the aggregation of the implanted Ag ions and the formation of metal islands or clusters in the form of nanostructures

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• porosity, crystallinity has a reduced impact on molecule release [61]. The influence on compound diffusion can be attributed to the polymer’s molecular weight, which affects the formulation’s behavior, aggregation, and architecture. Degradation products form more rapidly in polymers with lower molecular

• increasing mucus penetration by modulating cellular absorption and reducing particle entrapment [65][66]. Maisel et al. [67] demonstrated that hydrophobic mucoadhesive particles adhere to mucus, leading to aggregation and limited distribution along the GIT after oral administration. Conversely, non

• mucin chains and consequently modifying the aggregation degree of the mucin network through various interactions [68][69]. Surface coating techniques play a key role in the interaction of PNs with the biological environment. These strategies involve the physical adsorption or covalent attachment of

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• use can be limited by stability issues like drug leakage, lipid oxidation, and vesicle aggregation, which depend on drug properties and bilayer composition [54]. These challenges are significant regarding chronic topical use. Conversely, micellar nanoemulsions, such as those in this study, offer

• reduced interfacial tension and the reorganization of lecithin molecules, which minimize aggregation over time. However, a high density of ionic surfactants at the system interface requires careful consideration. Strong electrostatic repulsion within the dispersion can generate dipole moments between

Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion

• Philippe de Castro Mesquita,
• Karla Samara Rocha Soares,
• Manoela Torres-Rêgo,
• Emanuell dos Santos-Silva,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115

• barrier to aggregation and support long-term colloidal stability [14][37]. The protein release study of venom-loaded PLA cationic nanoparticles occurred in two stages. In the first stage, a burst release effect was due to surface-adsorbed proteins, followed by the diffusion through the external swollen

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• mitigates the aggregation issues and simplifies the separation and recovery of photocatalysts within a slurry system. TiO2 nanowires are known for their significantly high surface area and are important for photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical applications. Template-mediated methods such as sol–gel

• cloth, facilitating the separation of photogenerated electron–hole pairs [13][35], and (3) the substrate’s fibrous structure significantly enhancing the effective contact area and preventing the aggregation of nanowires. Conclusion TiO2 nanowire thin films of ca. 1.5 μm in thickness were precipitated on

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• outer rings of the Bessel beam should be considered when discussing the morphology peculiarities of the formed NPs. At later stages of the process, the outer rings might be also involved in nucleation and growth of nanoparticles by trapping the produced seeds and guiding their aggregation in distinct