Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• cytotoxicity and skin irritation [8]. Furthermore, the optimization of microemulsion formulations may be time-consuming and costly, and their stability is often sensitive to environmental factors (e.g., pH, salinity, and temperature). These challenges highlight the importance of a comprehensive understanding

• . The observed cytotoxicity at higher concentrations is likely due to the increase proportion of surfactants in the formulation. Additionally, under certain experimental conditions, fatty acids may induce lipid peroxidation and trigger pro-inflammatory responses in endothelial cells such as HUVECs

• assessments to include additional cell types, particularly keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts, which are key players in skin regeneration and re-epithelialization [17]. Although the MTT assay is a widely accepted and convenient method for preliminary cytotoxicity screening, it offers limited insight into

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• ) planes of the AgSbS2 phase. TEM and SEM techniques were used to comprehensively characterize the NCs. The results showed that spherical NCs were predominantly formed, with an average diameter of approximately 32 ± 10 nm. Cytotoxicity studies demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect of the NCs

• retaining a blue color, while the MBC was determined by subculturing non-turbid wells onto MHA plates and identifying the lowest concentration that yielded no visible bacteria colonies after 24 h. Cytotoxicity assays Cell culture and Alamar Blue assay HT-29 colon cancer, MCF-7 breast cancer, and L929

• infections dominated by this pathogen. However, their relatively weaker activity against E. coli and B. subtilis suggests that optimization may be necessary to broaden their spectrum through surface modification, particle size reduction, or combination with other antibacterial agents. Cytotoxicity of AgSbS2

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• atomic force microscopy. Surface charge plays a significant role in determining how CNMs interact with biological membranes and intracellular environments. It influences processes such as cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, and inflammatory signalling. For example, BSA-derived negatively charged CDs exhibited

• . Depending on the intended route of delivery and application, this may involve cytotoxicity assays to assess effects on cell viability and metabolism, and hemocompatibility assays to evaluate interactions with blood components such as red blood cells, clotting factors, and platelets. In vitro release studies

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• %). The study also demonstrated controlled release of the active ingredient, with 53.3% released in 8 hours (33.31 mg/mL) and 71.5% after 24 hours. Finally, cytotoxicity tests were conducted, wherein the nanoemulsion maintained high cellular compatibility, with viability greater than 97% in murine

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• content. Despite promising results, gaps remain, such as the predominance of in vitro studies (68.7%) and insufficient cytotoxicity assessments (47.8%), underscoring the need for translational research. This review highlights the transformative potential of green-synthesized nanoparticles in dentistry

• significantly reduces the generation of toxic waste, occupational risks, and environmental impacts [13][14][15]. Furthermore, green-synthesized nanoparticles demonstrate enhanced biocompatibility, improved bioavailability, and reduced cytotoxicity, which broadens their applicability in fields such as dental

• , including cements, sealants, and mouthwashes [8][45]. CuNPs and nickel oxide nanoparticles, though less frequent, are also gaining attention for their antimicrobial activity, despite some concerns regarding cytotoxicity [46][47]. The presence AuNPs and titanium dioxide nanoparticles highlights an interest

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• presented in Table 1. 3T3 fibroblast-like cell viability Cell viability in mammalian cells was assessed using 3T3 fibroblast-like cells at 24 and 48 hours (Figure 3). Our results showed that none of the treatments induced significant cytotoxicity in this cell type at 24 hours. However, at 48 hours

• , cytotoxicity was observed in cells treated with free PHYT and blank-NE at a concentration of 200 µg/mL, resulting in 67% and 71% cell viability, respectively. Interestingly, PHYT-NE remained safe at all tested concentrations and time points, with cell viability above 80% even at the highest concentration. In

• on cytotoxicity in cutaneous leishmaniasis highlight the immunological interactions involving multiple cell types beyond macrophages, as well as the role of cytotoxic cells in disease progression and tissue damage, supporting the relevance of studying different cellular models, including fibroblasts

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• , which may be due to the fact that the aptamer was not modified and was easily degraded by nucleases. The cytotoxicity of Te4 to TE-1 and HEEC cells showed no potential as a therapeutic agent for EC alone. In addition, Te4 target has been identified as a membrane protein only by flow cytometry, and the

• experiments showed that about 50% of EPI was released after 25 h. Cytotoxicity studies were carried out in KYSE-70 and EC109 cell lines. PEI–aptamer–EPI had significantly higher tumoricidal effects compared with EPI and Aptamer-EPI groups. Unfortunately, this study was only in vitro; biocompatibility, in vivo

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• absorbance of the nanoformulation, and Absblank represents the absorbance of the sample without DPPH (sample + ethanol). Cytotoxicity assay L929 fibroblast cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% (v/v) penicillin–streptomycin, and 1% (v/v) GlutaMAX

• , maintained under standard conditions (5% CO2 at 37 °C). Cell viability was determined using the trypan blue exclusion method. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the sterile nanoformulations was evaluated according to the guidelines of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 10993-5:2009) [59

• the cytotoxicity data analysis, technical replicates were collapsed using the median. Outliers were identified and excluded based on the interquartile range (IQR) method: values above Q3 + 1.5 × IQR or below Q1 − 1.5 × IQR were removed for each experimental group. Normality and homoscedasticity were

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• cytotoxicity. The nanoparticles showed inhibition of the proliferation of breast cancer cells, with lower cytotoxicity to normal liver cells compared to standard drug and free drug. This is due to the nanoparticles’ enhanced permeability and retention, which improves tumor-specific targeting. Mitochondrial

• and drug carriers, and methanol, ethanol, and acetone as solvents. Both nanoparticle systems exhibited high biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity to normal cells. Additionally, the results demonstrated the technology had a tumor inhibition greater than 70% in mice with a synergistic antitumor effect

• properties [142][143]. The tests showed that the nanoparticles containing MTX and DOX were around 400 times more effective and yielded higher cytotoxicity in CT26, MDA-MB-231, and NAR cancer cells, compared to the free drugs [60]. CN117534780 (2024) uses chitosan–glucan nanopolysaccharide complexes (CGCs

Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion

• Philippe de Castro Mesquita,
• Karla Samara Rocha Soares,
• Manoela Torres-Rêgo,
• Emanuell dos Santos-Silva,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115

• carriers, further investigation is required to assess their safety profile. In vitro cytotoxicity assays on relevant cell lines, particularly immune or epithelial cells and long-term biocompatibility studies, including histopathological analysis following repeated administration, will be essential to

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• barrier, while MPs of 20 μm can reach internal organs. Exposure occurs through inhalation, posing risks to adults, while children face dangers from MPs in contaminated drinking water. Once inside the body, MPs can trigger neurotoxicity, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, immune response, metabolic disruption

• been linked to reproductive, immune, and digestive systems through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal exposure. Polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride have been detected in human implants and are associated with carcinogenic effects. These plastics can induce oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, DNA damage

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• steep decrease in the cytotoxicity of the liposomal formulation compared to free gold(III) metalloantibiotic was observed, resulting in an optimal therapeutic index. The formulation also minimized gold-induced cardiotoxicity and cytochrome inhibition, addressing some of the key limitations of gold-based

• tenfold increase in efficacy against M. smegmatis and M. bovis relative to the free Zn complex. Immunofluorescence analyses confirmed selective uptake of Zn-RIF-Tf-QDs by macrophages and dendritic cells, with minimal internalization by lung epithelial cells and no evidence of cytotoxicity or genotoxicity

• against E. coli, S. aureus, and L. monocytogenes. In addition, improved biofilm disruption and reduced cytotoxicity were also observed. Bismuth complexes Bismuth and its derivatives have been widely employed in biomedical applications [130]. Among their most prominent applications is the treatment of

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• : Acrocomia aculeata; cytotoxicity; hemolysis; inflammation; nanoemulsion; Introduction Acrocomia aculeata Jacq is a palm of the Arecaceae family, commonly known as bocaiúva or macaúba. It is widespread in South America and is particularly abundant in Mato Grosso do Sul, located in the Center-West region of

• potent hemolytic effect [50]. As shown in Figure 5A, AANE maintained erythrocyte membrane integrity across all tested concentrations, reinforcing its biocompatibility. Furthermore, cytotoxicity evaluation showed that AANE did not inhibit cell growth, as cellular viability remained at 100% across all

• showed a markedly greater anti-inflammatory effect compared to unformulated bocaiúva oil with an efficacy comparable to that of diclofenac. In addition, this nanoemulsion showed no cytotoxicity or hemolytic activity, indicating a favorable safety profile. These findings underscore the potential of the

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• temperature and polymer concentration [130]. Chitosan-based hydrogels have aroused a lot of interest in the health sciences field due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low cytotoxicity [131]. This makes them attractive as a promising material for topical administration of biomolecules such as

• become attractive due to their high biocompatibility and long circulating time in the blood, as well as low cytotoxicity [73]. They can be prepared by various methods, including phase inversion [73], copolymerization [110][111], and double chemical cross-linking reaction [51]. Cellulose derivatives, such

• pH [213]. This microenvironment of skin tumors has been used to modulate site-specific drug delivery, which leads to an increase in the effectiveness of chemotherapy and also a reduction of the cytotoxicity of antineoplastic drugs [211][212]. The pH-responsive nanogel can be designed with cross

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• , even when delivered via nanocomposites. The cytotoxicity analysis of natural rotenoids to HSF cells revealed no statistically significant differences in cell viability between the control group and the treatments with either in natura rotenoids or the CS/TPP-β-CD–rot nanocomposite (Figure 7; p > 0.05

• ). Both treatments maintained cell viability at levels comparable to the control, indicating the absence of cytotoxic effects. These findings demonstrate that the encapsulation of rotenoids into the CS/TPP-β-CD system does not induce cytotoxicity, similarly to the free compound, suggesting that the

• % improvement in the larvicidal activity rate of the rotenoids in their original forms. The nanocomposites caused morphological and biochemical alterations to the larvae similarly to those caused by in natura rotenoids, but with greater intensity. Cytotoxicity MTT assays using human skin fibroblasts

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• interaction studies Cell viability assay The concentrations and exposure-time-dependent cell viability data for the cells treated with hBNs, hBNs+US, BaTiO3, and BaTiO3+US are shown in Figure 2. As observed, none of the tested concentrations of the NMs exhibited cytotoxicity on HOb cells over a 48 h period

• with PBS before adding the Alamar Blue reagent to the well [59]. However, no significant cytotoxicity was observed after 48 h, suggesting that cells recovered from the transient mechanical stress and restored their membrane function and viability over time. The use of low-intensity ultrasound (20–50 mW

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• room temperature for at least 48 h, as evidenced by the unaltered values of the hydrodynamic diameter and the unchanged absorption and emission features over this time window. Cytotoxicity and cell targeting properties of 1 The effects of the nanoassembly of 1 on cell viability were evaluated on

• dermal HuDe cells, whose different transporter expression level was confirmed by Wester blotting assay (Figure S10, Supporting Information File 1). Based on the cytotoxicity results, the cells were treated with a non-toxic amount of compound 1 (0.5 μM) for 1 h at 37 °C (see Experimental section). As

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• particle surface and quantified regarding feedstock mass concentration and nutraceutical type. Cytotoxicity in HepG2 cancer cells was significantly reduced in cells treated with laser-processed curcumin in comparison to unirradiated curcumin controls, and antioxidant effects were proven, ensuring high

• greater intracellular uptake and increased cytotoxicity on rat C6 glioma cells [36]. Laser-generated nanoscale cinnamon was also synthesized and showed enhanced antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria after particle size reduction compared to the unirradiated educt [37

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• , demonstrating no cytotoxicity to periodontal ligament cells up to 200 µg·mL−1 while promoting cellular adhesion and maintaining chromatin integrity. Overall, because of its favorable biocompatibility FLG–TA holds promise as a novel biomaterial for dental applications. Keywords: antioxidant properties

• , its production typically involves harsh chemical treatments, which can introduce defects and impurities. These alterations may negatively affect its desirable properties and compromise its biocompatibility. Previous assessments have demonstrated that the cytotoxicity of these products is mainly

• antioxidant characteristics. Given TA’s significant antioxidant potential due to its phenolic functional groups [17], it was hypothesized that graphene layers rich in phenols could serve as a biocompatible interface for PDL cells. Thus, the cytotoxicity of the FLG–TA biocomposite was evaluated by measuring

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• cytotoxicity The cytotoxicity of M7-EOCF, EOCF, and S. Mix was assessed through cell viability measurements on L929 fibroblasts using the MTT method [MTT = 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoline bromide]. Figure 4 shows that EOCF was considered cytotoxic at all concentrations tested (50, 100, and

• 200 µg/mL), with cell viability values of less than 70% when compared to the control (100% viability). The cytotoxicity of EOCF was confirmed in the study by Al-Ghanayem [38], who showed viabilities in keratinocyte cells of 51.5% and 70.5% at concentrations of 1.25 and 0.6 µL/mL of EOCF, respectively

• . In contrast, S. Mix and the microemulsion (M7-EOCF) were considered non-cytotoxic at all concentrations tested, with cell viability values greater than 70%. In the study of Sá et al. [39], MEs containing the cytotoxic essential oil of C. zeylanicum also showed no cytotoxicity, even with a high

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• receptor activator (XD4). These W20/XD4-SPIONs demonstrated promising results in mitigating the cytotoxicity induced by AβOs and enhancing microglial phagocytosis of these toxic aggregates [57]. Previously, the same NPs were found to show promising early diagnostic potential for AD [58]. Brambilla et al

• , exhibiting the greatest reduction in Aβ1–42 peptide-induced cytotoxicity in Neuro-2a cell lines. Structural studies indicate that these palladium complexes interact with both the fibrillar (PDB: 2BEG) and monomeric (PDB: 1IYT) forms of the Aβ1–42 peptide. This interaction occurs through a variety of binding

• eliminate these adverse effects. Multifunctional SPIONs conjugated with W20 and XD4, a class A scavenger receptor activator not only have diagnostic value but also retain the anti-amyloid properties of W20 and XD4, inhibiting amyloid aggregation, reducing cytotoxicity, and enhancing microglial phagocytosis

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• potential in precision disease treatment. Synthetic polymers have shown significant promise in enhancing the delivery, stability, and therapeutic efficacy of ASOs by addressing key challenges such as cellular uptake, endosomal escape, and reducing cytotoxicity. The review highlights key studies from the

• effective complexation with ASOs and enhanced cellular uptake. Additionally, while these high-generation DPLs exhibited moderate cytotoxicity, complexation with ASOs was shown to reduce toxicity, making them a promising vehicle for gene therapy applications. Confocal microscopy further confirmed the ability

• for transfection, limiting its exploration in gene delivery [85]. Furthermore, while both PLO and PLL can induce cytotoxicity at elevated concentration, PLL’s toxicity has been more thoroughly studied and mitigated. This success has made PLL the preferred choice in many studies, reducing the impetus

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• rate. The mucoadhesive characteristic of the system was tested in situ and in vitro. In addition, the in vitro cytotoxicity and internalization of the nanoparticles by mucus-secreting gastric cells were also investigated. We believe that usage of the developed system may increase the retention time of

• cell line AGS (ATCC CRL-1739) were cultured under normal conditions (37 °C, 5% CO2) in RPMI medium, supplemented with 10% FBS, penicillin/streptomycin (1%) and 2 mM ʟ-glutamine. To analyze the cytotoxicity of EudAlg nanoparticles, cells (1 × 105 cells/well) were seeded into 24-well plates and incubated