Glycerol photoelectrochemical oxidation reaction at carbon nitrides/BiVO₄ materials

• Charles Garcia da Cunha,
• Isabelle M. D. Gonzaga,
• Cristian Hessel,
• Izadora F. Reis,
• Ivo F. Teixeira,
• Lucia H. Mascaro and
• Elton Sitta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 806–817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.57

• context, the oxidation of small organic molecules has great potential to replace water oxidation in photoelectrochemical cells [22], as these molecules have a considerably lower standard potential, with the possibility to yield value-added products. Indeed, biomass derivatives, such as ethanol and

Tailoring Ag–Pt nanoalloys through solid-state dewetting: structural and optical insights

• Marcin Łapiński,
• Piotr Okoczuk,
• Blaž Grobiša,
• Ewa Pawlikowska,
• Amelia Rozwadowska,
• Wojciech Sadowski and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 748–759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.52

• were employed for optical investigations. Both types of substrates were cleaned with acetylacetone, subsequently rinsed with ethanol, and dried. Thin Pt and Ag thin films were sputtered using a table-top DC magnetron sputtering coater (EM SCD 500, Leica) in a pure Ar plasma environment (Argon, Air

Oxidative atmosphere-driven formation of single-phase spinel CuRh₂O₄ nanofibers for alkaline water oxidation

• Namhee Kim,
• Sumin Ko,
• Sohyeon Choi,
• Seoyoon Jang,
• Myung Hwa Kim and
• Dasol Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 737–743, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.50

• water oxidation. Experimental Materials Copper(II) chloride hexahydrate (CuCl2·6H2O), rhodium(III) chloride hydrate (RhCl3·xH2O), poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP, Mn ≈ 1,300,000), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and Nafion solution (5 wt %) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ethanol was

• metal precursors at concentrations of 0.151 and 0.076 mol/L, respectively, in 2.2 mL of a mixed solvent comprising ethanol (1.5 mL) and deionized water (0.7 mL), followed by ultrasonication for 30 min to achieve complete homogenization. Subsequently, 200 mg of PVP was added to the precursor solution

• °C for 10 min. This drop-casting procedure was repeated five times, resulting in a total catalyst loading of 60 μg on each electrode. Subsequently, 10 μL of 0.05 wt % Nafion solution (diluted in ethanol) was drop-cast onto the catalyst-modified GC electrode and dried in a desiccator for 30 min. All

Environmental applications of silver nanoparticles: state-of-the-art review and emerging trends

• Soni Prajapati,
• Akash Kumar and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 697–736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.49

• inhibition zone of 22.5 and 25 mm in chloroform and ethanol, respectively, against P. fragi. In contrast, inhibition of E. coli was achieved in methanol (23.5 mm) [74]. In another study, AgNPs stabilized with Eriobotrya japonica seed extract showed enhanced antibacterial activity compared to penicillin. The

Cellulose as a photocatalyst support material: extraction, structural features, and environmental applications

• Yee Teng Lim,
• Nur Farhana Jaafar,
• Azizul Hakim Lahuri and
• Endang Tri Wahyuni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 635–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.44

Probing tribological evolution in atomically thin MoS₂ at different scales

• Xingzhong Zeng and
• Miao Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 586–597, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.40

• sequentially in acetone, ethanol, and deionized water via ultrasonic cleaning and then dried with high-purity nitrogen. Sample characterization MoS2 layer thickness was determined via AFM (MFP-3D, Asylum Research) and Raman spectroscopy (inVia Reflex, Renishaw). AFM topographic images were acquired in tapping

Synthesis of Cu–Mo/TiO₂ and Co–Mo/TiO₂ photocatalysts for the efficient degradation of organic pollutants in water

• Ilse Acosta,
• Brenda Zermeño,
• Edgar Moctezuma,
• Luis F. Garay-Rodríguez and
• Isaías Juárez-Ramírez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 559–570, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.37

• reagents used were titanium butoxide (CAS: 5593-70-4, reagent grade 97%), ethanol (CAS: 64-17-5, reagent grade), ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate (CAS: 13106-76-8), copper nitrate (CAS: 10031-43-3), cobalt nitrate (CAS: 10026-22-9), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, CAS: 57-09-0), and acetic acid (CAS

• : 64-19-7) TiO2 synthesis was carried out using a stoichiometric amount of the reactive CTAB dissolved in ethanol, then titanium butoxide was added dropwise. The solution was homogenized for 1 h. After that, in the hydrolysis step, a mixture of acetic acid, water, and ethanol was added dropwise, using

• synthesis of co-doped materials was carried out in a similar way. For the Mo/TiO2 synthesis, a stoichiometric amount of the reactive CTAB was dissolved in ethanol, and then titanium butoxide was added dropwise. The solution was homogenized for 1 h. After that, ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate (0.5 wt %) and

Electrochemical determination of ciprofloxacin using a MIL-101/reduced graphene oxide-modified electrode

• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Nguyen Ngoc Nghia,
• Nguyen Vinh Phu,
• Vo Thi Khanh Ly,
• Le Lam Son,
• Pham Khac Lieu,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Nguyen Dinh Luyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 541–554, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.35

• µm) on a polishing cloth, thoroughly rinsed with deionized water, and sonicated in ethanol and water to remove residual impurities. To prepare the modified electrode, a specific amount of MIL-101/rGO composite was dispersed in deionized water using ultrasonication to create a uniform suspension (1

Upcycling agroindustrial waste into graphene oxide supports for gold nanoparticles: toward sustainable nanomaterials

• Juan Marcos Castro-Tapia,
• Selene Acosta,
• Hiram Joazet Ojeda-Galván,
• Elsie Evelyn Araujo-Palomo,
• Edgar Giovanni Villabona-Leal and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 489–504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.32

• mixture was magnetically stirred at 50 °C for 12 h under reflux. The oxidation process was stopped by adding 3 mL of 30% H2O2. The resulting mixture was sequentially washed with deionized water, 30% HCl, 99% ethanol and, finally, again with deionized water until reaching a pH of 5. Eventually, GO was

Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability

• Thayse Viana de Oliveira,
• Ana Paula Farias Leão,
• Júlia Leão,
• Cesar Liberato Petzhold and
• Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30

• stress is defined as the minimum stress required to initiate flow [36]. HG-CMC/Algc hydrogels required the highest stress to initiate flow, which is consistent with their higher complex viscosity values (Table 3). This behaviour can be attributed to the presence of ethanol, which was necessary for the

• solubilisation of curcumin in these formulations. Ethanol acts as a co-solvent and can significantly influence hydrogel rheology. Specifically, the reduction in the dielectric constant of the medium promotes intermolecular interactions between polymer chains, leading to a more compact and cohesive polymer

• network. This effect can result in increased yield stress and complex viscosity, particularly at moderate ethanol concentrations [37]. Results from the frequency oscillation test (see Figure 1D–F) are consistent with a predominantly elastic behaviour. Furthermore, all hydrogels (with or without curcumin

Polycatecholamine nanocoatings on stainless steel: the effect on attachment of human fibroblasts and platelets

• Paulina Trzaskowska,
• Ewa Rybak,
• Maciej Trzaskowski,
• Kamil Kopeć,
• Jakub Krzemiński,
• Rafał Podgórski,
• Hatice Genc,
• Mehtap Civelek and
• Iwona Cicha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 365–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.25

• methods of wet sterilization were applied, namely, (a) soaking in a 70% ethanol solution for 30 min, and (b) soaking in a solution containing 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 µg/mL streptomycin, and 0.25 µg/mL amphotericin for 30 min. The exact procedure and the results are described in Supporting Information

• File 1. For the following biological tests, soaking in 70% ethanol was applied for sterilization. Coating resistance in physiological-like conditions All SS-PDA and SS-PTYR materials were dipped in PBS in a 24-well plate at 37 °C. Well plates were placed on a microplate shaker (200 rpm) for 1–28 d. The

• cleaved by mitochondrial dehydrogenase in metabolically active cells and is reduced to an insoluble, purple formazan crystal. Before the test, all materials were sterilized in 70% ethanol for 30 min, rinsed thoroughly with PBS, and air-dried. Then extracts from the materials were prepared according to ISO

Interconnection morphology effects on the radio frequency response of carbon nanotube sponges

• Manuela Scarselli,
• Javad Rezvani,
• Zeno Zuccari,
• Mattia Scagliotti and
• Simone Tocci

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 343–351, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.23

• . In particular, we observed that the response of S11 = −22.6 dB around 4.8 GHz from the CNS antenna improved after a mild treatment with ethanol, reaching S11 = −32.6 dB measured after 10 min of waiting. This observed effect is studied in detail with scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy

• , which point to significant modifications of the CNS’s inner morphology after the treatment. Signal reception tests simulating real-world operation conditions were also carried out at two different distances to evaluate the practical application of the CNS as RF antennas. The ethanol treatment was also

• treatment of the CNS in ethanol. The obtained results are discussed, correlating the EM measurements with morphological and structural analyses. Results and Discussion We first studied the S11 parameter to get insight into the antenna’s impedance matching and resonant behaviour. We acquired the S11 signal

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

Comparative study on 3D morphologies of delignified, single tracheids and fibers of five wood species

• Helen Gorges,
• Felicitas von Usslar,
• Cordt Zollfrank,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Martin Müller,
• Clemens F. Schaber,
• Chuchu Li and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 239–250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.16

• , first using distilled water and acetone (1:6, v/v, ≥99.5%, Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany), followed by toluene (≥99.5%, Carl Roth) for 24 h each. Afterwards, toluene was washed out by extraction with ethanol for 2 h, and the samples were dried at reduced pressure overnight (15 mbar, 40 °C). For

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• and hydrophobicity after 15 days of exposure and kept its transparency, with only minimally altered color of the bronze, preserving visual authenticity. Importantly, the coating was also removable with ethanol under ultrasonic treatment, aligning with conservation principles of reversibility and

Subdigital integumentary microstructure in Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkota): do those lineages with incipiently expressed toepads exclusively exhibit adhesive setae?

• Philipp Ginal,
• Yannick Ecker,
• Timothy Higham,
• L. Lee Grismer,
• Benjamin Wipfler,
• Dennis Rödder,
• Anthony Russell and
• Jendrian Riedel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 38–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.4

• the expression of setae will be more phylogenetically constrained and species within the same clade will share similar adaptations of their subdigital microstructure and digital form than those species that are more distantly related. Results We examined 53 ethanol-preserved specimens representing 27

• of setae, and the selective forces that drive the elaboration of a more fully integrated digital adhesive system are required. Experimental Specimens For this study, 53 ethanol-preserved specimens representing 27 Cyrtodactylus species were examined (Figure 1C, Supporting Information File 1). The

• tendency towards lamella-like subdigital scales (see Supporting Information File 1 for phylogenetic uncertainty of the relationships of C. cf. consobrinus). Sample preparation Specimens were ethanol-preserved, in some cases having previously been fixed in formalin. They were air-dried for 2 min and then

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• adhesion forces. Experimental Synthesis of Cu nanoparticles Before deposition, single-crystalline Si(100) wafer substrates, with a thickness of around 500 µm and covered by a native oxide, were cleaned in an ultrasonic bath for 10 min with ethanol, followed by rinsing with isopropanol. Then, the substrates

Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size

• Dounia Louaguef,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Sébastien Diliberto,
• Klaus M. Seemann,
• Thomas Gries,
• Joelle Bizeau,
• Damien Mertz,
• Eric Gaffet and
• Halima Alem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157

• acetylacetonate, manganese acetylacetonate and oleic acid were purchased from Aldrich. Zinc acetylacetonate was purchased from Merck KGaA. Benzyl ether 99% from Acros organics. And finally, ethanol absolute anhydrous and toluene were purchased from Carlo ERBA. All the reactants were used as received. Synthesis

• NPs (see Table 1) and 52.61 mL of benzyl ether (276.77 mol) [14][15]. The mixture was heated under an argon atmosphere (flow rate of ≈100 mL·min−1) at a rate of 5 °C·min−1 to 290 °C and maintained at this temperature for 30 min. After cooling to room temperature under ambient conditions, ethanol (100

• mL) was added to precipitate the nanoparticles. The resulting black solid was collected by centrifugation (10,000 rpm, 10 min), washed twice with ethanol, and redispersed in toluene (10 mL) [7]. Synthesis of polyhedral core–shell nanoparticles The polyhedral Zn0.4Fe2.6O4 nanoparticles were coated

Visualizing nanostructures in supramolecular hydrogels: a correlative study using confocal and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy

• Shaun M. Smith,
• Ferdinando Malagreca,
• Jacqueline Hicks,
• Giuseppe Mantovani,
• David B. Amabilino,
• Christopher Parmenter and
• Lluïsa Pérez-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2274–2284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.156

• . The comparison is important because it could reveal an effect of the probe on the morphology of the network of fibres. The gel network itself is formed by the self-assembly of 1,3-bis[(3-octadecyl-1-imidazolium)methyl]benzene dibromide (1·2Br) in a 1:1 water–ethanol solvent system [20][21] and is made

• crystals form, the presence of the ethanol and/or the mechanical strength of the gel are believed to obviate the problem here). The subsequent sublimation of surface ice exposes the underlying fibres. This allows for high-resolution imaging without the extensive drying that can collapse fibrous networks

• during the formation of the xerogel in conventional SEM preparation [34]. The study of the gel systems prepared here was potentially complicated by the fact that the bis(imidazolium)-based gels are formed in 1:1 water–ethanol. A high ethanol content posed a potential challenge to effectively freezing the

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• mercaptan. To eliminate any unattached allyl mercaptan, the chip underwent washing with distilled water and ethanol, followed by drying under vacuum at 200 mmHg and 25 °C. The determined LOD for vitamins B2, B9, and B12 were 1.6 × 10−4, 13.5 × 10−4, and 2.5 × 10−4 ng/mL, respectively. Not only was a

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• (99.5%) was obtained from Acros (Belgium) and absolute ethanol (99%) from Panreac (Spain). Aqueous solutions of dimanno-AuNPs and PEG AuNPs were kindly provided by the Bio Nano Plasmonics Lab at CIC Biomagune (San Sebastián, Spain). Water was of ultrapure quality (Milli-Q, 18.2 MΩ·cm, <10 ppb total

• -propanol, and absolute ethanol and then dried with a nitrogen stream. Oxygen plasma etching (Diener, DE) was carried out for 8 min with 300 W of nominal power (100%), at millibars of oxygen pressure, which creates an OH-terminated layer of hydrophilic silicon oxide. For the hydrophilic functionalization

• of dimanno-AuNPs and PEG AuNPs was recorded in a broad-band VSFG system at Fritz-Haber-Institute (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany). Gold thin films (200 nm on 10 nm Cr on glass) were used as surfaces. Prior to sample deposition, the surfaces were cleaned with ethanol and Milli-Q water under

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• ) chloride (SbCl3, ≥99.95%), 1-octadecene (ODE, 90%), and ethanol were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Toluene was obtained from VWR. 1-Dodecanethiol (1-DDT, C12H26S) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. Rapid synthesis of AgSbS2 NCs Cubic-phase silver antimony sulfide NCs (AgSbS2 NCs) were synthesized by hot

• was maintained at this temperature for 5 min, after which the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. The obtained products were then precipitated using an ethanol/toluene mixture and subsequently collected by centrifugation (6500 rpm for 1 min). Antibacterial activities of AgSbS2

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• molecule. T = 103 K is below the melting point of ethanol. Therefore, one obtains a solid-state spectrum of 3CP. At T = 183 K, one can see that the spectrum contains both characteristics, some freely rotating 3CP and some molecules with slower, tumbling dynamics. As shown in the past, one can assign the

• SerNH10oSil contain the same amino acid and the same overall concentration of it. Therefore, we investigated another material that contains an alternative amino acid, that is, alanine (AlaNH10oSil). The cw-ESR spectra recorded in ethanol as solvent are shown in Figure 6a. One can see that, at high and at low

• be misleading if one only looks at the selectivity parameter. There is only one explanation why χads is so low in AlaNH10oSil. It is much more preferable for both enantiomers of 3CP to interact with the solvent (ethanol) than with the surfaces. If there is no dynamic equilibrium between a substantial

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• core removal, the fibers exhibited a filled core structure, as depicted in Figure 6A. Sequential washing with water and ethanol, followed by drying and cryofracture, effectively solubilized and removed the core material, yielding hollow fiber structures (Figure 6B). These observations confirmed the

• SEM imaging of the cross-section of the HA+NE2/PLA sample was performed before and after core removal to observe the core–shell structure. For core removal, a portion of the sample was washed multiple times with distilled water, followed by ethanol, and then dried at room temperature. Samples, both

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• electron imaging, the anterior parts of a few worms as well as some reconstructed tube fragments were fixed in Bouin’s fluid for 24 h, dehydrated in graded ethanol, dried by the critical-point method, and mounted on aluminium stubs using carbon adhesive tabs. The samples were then coated with gold

• samples were then dehydrated in a series of ethanol baths of increasing strength (25%, 50%, 70%, 90%, and 100%) and embedded in Spurr resin. Semi-thin sections of 1 µm thickness were cut using a Reichert Om U2 ultramicrotome. They were then stained with a 1:1 mixture of 1% aqueous solution of methylene

• % paraformaldehyde solution in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4). The samples were then dehydrated through graded ethanol series and embedded in paraffin wax. Sections of 14 µm in thickness were cut with a Microm HM 340 E microtome and mounted on Superfrost Ultra Plus (Thermo Scientific) microscope slides using a