Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• ), the thermal evaporation is preferential [1], while for picosecond and femtosecond laser pulses of lower power density, the explosive ejection mechanism typically prevails resulting in NP formation at earlier stages from the ejected droplets or fragments. 1.3 Nanoparticle nucleation and growth After

• femtosecond laser ablation of ZnSe powder in water. The transformation to nanowires, which were 100–300 nm in diameter and 50 μm long, was observed during ageing for a week. Furthermore, the authors applied air bubbling through the solution to induce change of nanowires into hollow nanotubes, which is

• femtosecond laser irradiation. As in the case of laser ablation of solid targets, utilization of femtosecond laser beams for laser modification of pre-formed nanomaterials is strongly dependent on the polarization of the laser beam. In [85] copper nanoflakes transformed into nanowires under fs laser

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• , repetition rate, and liquid composition. The parameters of the ablated target, such as its optical characteristics and conductivity/resistivity, might also have a pronounced impact on size and morphology of the produced NPs. As demonstrated in [12], femtosecond laser ablation of silicon with varying

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• fragmentation. Additionally, the synthesis of heterostructured NPs composed of Au and Co using femtosecond laser techniques demonstrates the creation of metastable structures that can evolve into stable core–shell configurations [38]. These findings emphasize the role of non-equilibrium processes, rapid

• side. This was achieved by adding a low concentration of trivalent cations such as In or Ga into the colloid. The authors then synthesized colloidal metallic NPs of Cu−In and Cu−Ga alloys using an ultrashort femtosecond laser (1040 nm wavelength, 600 fs pulse duration, 10 μJ pulse energy in the

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• promising alternative to high-precision lithography techniques [1][2][3]. The utilization of short femtosecond laser pulses has proven instrumental in overcoming diffraction limit restrictions, enabling controlled fabrication of periodic subwavelength structures [4][5][6][7][8][9]. This controlled

• laser-affected zone, and its impact on material processing efficiency using femtosecond laser pulses. The study reveals deviations from the expected behavior predicted by existing theories, showing a wavelength-dependent penetration depth on stainless steel. This finding challenges our understanding of

• . Before and after the laser treatment, these SS surfaces underwent ultrasonic rinsing with acetone for 10 min each, aiming to eliminate dust particles and other contaminants. Experimental details A commercially available Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser operating at an 800 nm central wavelength, with 75 fs

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• -transition kinetics using femtosecond laser pulses is critical. Such research promises to improve the ability to engineer functional materials through on-demand customization. Recognizing that photoexcited electrons serve as the initial point, it is intuitive to envision controlling localized surface

• plasmons through the wavelength and polarization state of femtosecond laser pulses [82]. Active research in this domain is anticipated to facilitate the precise optical control of material phases. Furthermore, advances in imaging technologies, particularly those enabling ultrafast, three-dimensional, and

• electrons of the liquid sample pumped by a synchronized femtosecond laser pulse are then recorded by a detector as a scattering pattern, which provides a momentum transfer range (denoted by q) reaching as large as 10 Å−1, cf. Figure 4B for the liquid water scattering pattern. Here q = 4πsinθ/λ, where θ is

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• chemical degradation [29]. Other purely organic materials, such as vitamin C and capsaicin (an alkaloid in chili), were also fragmented using a femtosecond laser with a wavelength of 800 nm, and the yield was determined based on an increase in extinction using UV–vis extinction spectroscopy. It was shown

Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• for the radicals generated by laser irradiation in the solution. Methods Nanoparticles were synthesized by focusing and irradiating femtosecond laser pulses (Ti:sapphire laser, pulse width = 100 fs, pulse energy = 7 mJ, repetition rate = 1,000 Hz) on a precursor salt solution in a 3 mL fused silica

Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• literature. In our earlier reports, HfO2 nanoparticles, nanoribbons, and nanofibres were synthesised by ablating HfO2 pellets utilising femtosecond laser pulses at 800 nm [10][30]. A bulk Hf target was also ablated in another work using nanosecond laser pulses in different liquids to synthesise oxides and

Effect of wavelength and liquid on formation of Ag, Au, Ag/Au nanoparticles via picosecond laser ablation and SERS-based detection of DMMP

• Sree Satya Bharati Moram,
• Chandu Byram and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1054–1069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.86

• et al. [20] achieved size-controllable Au NPs in stable solutions via femtosecond laser fragmentation, tuning sizes by adjusting fluence. This technique is employed to create various categories of alloy NPs [21]. Alloying by LASiS can mitigate undesired features associated with plasmonic materials

• laser ablating Au/Fe multilayers with varying thicknesses and deposition orders. Jakobi et al. [26] reported the synthesis of Pt–Ir alloy NPs by femtosecond laser ablation of a Pt9Ir target in acetone and further utilized as PtIr electrodes. In recent years, laser-ablated NPs/NSs have gained prominent

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• –C bonds. In addition to hydrogen, other gases including methane, ethylene, acetylene, and ethane have been reported by multiple groups during irradiation of neat alkanes, alcohols, and aromatics with nanosecond, picosecond, and femtosecond laser pulses [116][117][119]. Gas formation also occurs

• elemental carbon is used as a source to form the initial polyyne fragments, fs-LAL reaches power densities that enable direct ionization and dissociation of the solvent, which may form ionized, short polyynes or cumulenes without intermediate steps. Short C4 polyynes have been observed by femtosecond laser

Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• for a monolayer of graphene onto SiO2) measured using AFM, shown in the insets of Figure 1D, agree with the data obtained in studies presenting femtosecond laser thinning of graphene [28]. In addition to the region located below the baseline, we also observe an elevation in the central part of the

Industrial perspectives for personalized microneedles

• Remmi Danae Baker-Sediako,
• Benjamin Richter,
• Matthias Blaicher,
• Michael Thiel and
• Martin Hermatschweiler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 857–864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.70

• ) can add up to 50,000+ USD, and this price does not include the femtosecond laser or anti-vibration systems. Custom-built 2PP systems also require extensive optical expertise for the initial installation and are typically a major milestone for several doctoral students. In general, custom-built 2PP

Roll-to-roll fabrication of superhydrophobic pads covered with nanofur for the efficient clean-up of oil spills

• Patrick Weiser,
• Robin Kietz,
• Marc Schneider,
• Matthias Worgull and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1228–1239, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.102

• with high aspect ratio. These needles render superhydrophobic properties to the surface. Such surfaces can either be prepared using a RIE process [12] or a laser-assisted etching process described by Mazur et al. [13], which requires expensive silicon wafers as substrate as well as a femtosecond laser

Fabrication of nano/microstructures for SERS substrates using an electrochemical method

• Jingran Zhang,
• Tianqi Jia,
• Xiaoping Li,
• Junjie Yang,
• Zhengkai Li,
• Guangfeng Shi,
• Xinming Zhang and
• Zuobin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1568–1576, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.139

• . [47] employed femtosecond laser irradiation to fabricate nanorod arrayed structures decorated with Au nanoparticles. The study showed that the Raman intensity tended to decrease as the Au film thickness increased. Based on the above results, we selected Au films of 10 nm thickness for further

Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles as a saturable absorber for giant chirped pulse generation

• Ji-Shu Liu,
• Xiao-Hui Li,
• Abdul Qyyum,
• Yi-Xuan Guo,
• Tong Chai,
• Hua Xu and
• Jie Jiang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1065–1072, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.107

• views of the graph corresponding to the (0,−1,0), (1,1,1), and (0,0,−1) crystal faces. Figure 2c shows the self-designed nonlinear optical measurement system for the FONP SA material. After passing through the coupler, the femtosecond laser light is divided into two channels on average. One path is

Femtosecond laser-assisted fabrication of chalcopyrite micro-concentrator photovoltaics

• Franziska Ringleb,
• Stefan Andree,
• Berit Heidmann,
• Jörn Bonse,
• Katharina Eylers,
• Owen Ernst,
• Torsten Boeck,
• Martina Schmid and
• Jörg Krüger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3025–3038, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.281

• transfer. Additionally, a procedure for processing these microabsorbers to functioning micro solar cells connected in parallel is demonstrated. The resulting cells show up to 2.9% efficiency and a significant efficiency enhancement under concentrated illumination. Keywords: chalcopyrite; femtosecond laser

• groups of Paire [15] and Sadewasser [16] successfully deposited linear and dot-shaped precursors and processed them to solar cells. Here, we focus on reviewing two different femtosecond laser-based, material-saving approaches to produce CuInSe2 (CISe) and CIGSe microabsorbers. Several studies ranging

• created, site-controlled via femtosecond-laser treatment, which were subsequently processed to microabsorbers. For further processing to microcells, a pathway was demonstrated, in which an isolation concept based on spin coating was applied. The advantage of this approach is that imperfections can be

Biomimetic surface structures in steel fabricated with femtosecond laser pulses: influence of laser rescanning on morphology and wettability

• Camilo Florian Baron,
• Alexandros Mimidis,
• Daniel Puerto,
• Evangelos Skoulas,
• Emmanuel Stratakis,
• Javier Solis and
• Jan Siegel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2802–2812, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.262

• allows fabrication of specific micro- and nanostructures over extended areas. In this work, we exploit this approach to fabricate complex biomimetic structures on the surface of steel 1.7131 formed upon irradiation with high repetition rate femtosecond laser pulses. In particular, the fabricated

• angle measurements of water drops placed on the surface reveal that a wide range of angles can be accessed by selecting the appropriate irradiation parameters, highlighting also here the prominent role of the number of scans. Keywords: biomimetics; femtosecond laser irradiation; laser-induced periodic

• repetition rate femtosecond laser system and a beam scanning system. B) Continuous irradiated areas are formed by overlapping consecutive laser pulses (ω0 = 19.4 µm) in two dimensions through a proper adjustment of the laser repetition rate (ν), the scanning speed (V), and the line separation (Δ). C) Several

Enhancement of X-ray emission from nanocolloidal gold suspensions under double-pulse excitation

• Wei-Hung Hsu,
• Frances Camille P. Masim,
• Armandas Balčytis,
• Hsin-Hui Huang,
• Tetsu Yonezawa,
• Aleksandr A. Kuchmizhak,
• Saulius Juodkazis and
• Koji Hatanaka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2609–2617, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.242

• was revealed that the volume around gold nanoparticles where the permittivity is near zero, ε ≈ 0, accounts for the strongest absorption, which leads to the effective enhancements of X-ray emission. Keywords: double pulse; gold nanoparticles; intense femtosecond laser; plasma; water; X-ray

• ; Introduction X-ray-related science and technology is one of the most powerful tools for material science, in particular regarding nanomaterials [1]. Femtosecond laser-based X-ray pulse sources [2] have been available on the basis of linear- and nonlinear-optical processes such as plasma formation [3][4][5] and

• great interest, due to the efficient conversion of the absorbed energy into energetic ions, electrons and X-rays [12][13][14]. Plasmonic nanoparticles are expected to be highly useful for femtosecond laser-based X-ray emission due to high functionality, large absorption cross section and spectral

Optical near-field mapping of plasmonic nanostructures prepared by nanosphere lithography

• Gitanjali Kolhatkar,
• Alexandre Merlen,
• Jiawei Zhang,
• Chahinez Dab,
• Gregory Q. Wallace,
• François Lagugné-Labarthet and
• Andreas Ruediger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1536–1543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.144

• with a femtosecond laser, thereby inducing polymerization at the hot spots. In another approach, based on confocal fluorescence microscopy, a dye solution is deposited on the samples, and the higher fluorescence magnitude originating from the hot spots is measured [19]. However, these last four

Engineering of oriented carbon nanotubes in composite materials

• Razieh Beigmoradi,
• Abdolreza Samimi and
• Davod Mohebbi-Kalhori

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 415–435, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.41

• above techniques summarized in Table 1, there are other less widespread methods such as the dip-pen nanolithography technique [116], uniaxial pressure technique [117][118] and the use of femtosecond laser pulses [119], which are not presented here. Evaluating the arrangement and alignment of CNTs After

Interactions of low-energy electrons with the FEBID precursor chromium hexacarbonyl (Cr(CO)₆)

• Jusuf M. Khreis,
• João Ameixa,
• Filipe Ferreira da Silva and
• Stephan Denifl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2583–2590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.258

• multiple ionization in a femtosecond laser field was recently reported by Tanaka et al. [24] for Cr(CO)6, Mo(CO)6 and W(CO)6. In the present work we studied the interaction of LEE with the chromium carbonyl precursor, Cr(CO)6. In general, a low-energy electron may be captured by a target molecule, which

Laser-assisted fabrication of gold nanoparticle-composed structures embedded in borosilicate glass

• Nikolay Nedyalkov,
• Mihaela Koleva,
• Nadya Stankova,
• Rosen Nikov,
• Mitsuhiro Terakawa,
• Yasutaka Nakajima,
• Lyubomir Aleksandrov and
• Reni Iordanova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2454–2463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.244

• irradiating the glass by nanosecond and femtosecond laser pulses over a wide range of fluences and number of applied pulses. The irradiation by nanosecond laser pulses (emitted by a Nd:YAG laser system) induced defect formation, expressed by brown coloration of the glass sample, only at a wavelength of 266 nm

• . At 355, 532 and 1064 nm, no coloration of the sample was observed. The femtosecond laser irradiation at 800 nm also induced defects, again observed as brown coloration. The absorbance spectra indicated that this coloration was related to the formation of oxygen deficiency defects. After annealing

• with dimensions of 10 × 10 × 3 mm and polished. We chose borosilicate glass because of its low thermal expansion coefficient and good resistance to the high thermal gradients likely to be induced by laser processing. The samples were irradiated by nanosecond and femtosecond laser pulses with different

The longstanding challenge of the nanocrystallization of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

• Florent Pessina and
• Denis Spitzer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 452–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.49

• our everyday electronic devices for decades, PVD applied on energetic materials will never be able to reach a production of several hundred of grams per hour. However, PVD is suitable for the current trend to create ”pyrotechnic integrated circuits”. Femtosecond laser ablation is used for nanoparticle

The role of morphology and coupling of gold nanoparticles in optical breakdown during picosecond pulse exposures

• Yevgeniy R. Davletshin and
• J. Carl Kumaradas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 869–880, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.79

• optical breakdown process [37][42][43]. Hatef and Meunier [43] recently reported the impact of size and inter-particle distance for femtosecond laser pulse widths on the energy absorption by gold nanosphere dimers and by the plasma surrounding the dimers. They showed that the energy deposition in the

Controlled graphene oxide assembly on silver nanocube monolayers for SERS detection: dependence on nanocube packing procedure

• Martina Banchelli,
• Bruno Tiribilli,
• Roberto Pini,
• Luigi Dei,
• Paolo Matteini and
• Gabriella Caminati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 9–21, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.2

• distance permits the creation of an efficient hot spot distribution. Additionally, recent experiments on localized surface plasmon emission via delayed femtosecond laser pulses confirmed that small clusters lead to a plasmonic response that provides the highest peak intensity [60]. Conclusion Here we