Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• assessments to include additional cell types, particularly keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts, which are key players in skin regeneration and re-epithelialization [17]. Although the MTT assay is a widely accepted and convenient method for preliminary cytotoxicity screening, it offers limited insight into

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• fibroblasts (L929) up to concentrations of 400 µg/mL. Finally, Mohammadi and colleagues (2020) evaluated the repellent efficacy of a nanoemulsion containing Mentha piperita and Eucalyptus globulus essential oils against Ae. aegypti [149]. These oils are widely found in tropical and temperate regions and are

• oils. Furthermore, these nanoemulsions demonstrate low toxicity given the high cell viability in tests with murine fibroblasts and safety in rats and humans, which makes them a promising and safe option

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• least 30 days of storage and at least 15 days even under stress conditions, with no signs of macroscopic instability or changes in droplet size. The cytocompatibility of NEs was confirmed in 3T3 fibroblasts at the concentrations tested, indicating potential safety for in vivo trials. Notably, PHYT-NE

• toxicity to host cells – especially intracellular amastigote forms [44]. Previous studies have shown that fibroblasts can act as alternative host cells and have been used to evaluate cytotoxic activity against Leishmania spp. in contexts involving epithelial cells and fibroblasts [45]. In addition, reviews

• on cytotoxicity in cutaneous leishmaniasis highlight the immunological interactions involving multiple cell types beyond macrophages, as well as the role of cytotoxic cells in disease progression and tissue damage, supporting the relevance of studying different cellular models, including fibroblasts

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• ], using the MTT assay to assess cell viability based on metabolic activity. L929 fibroblasts were seeded in 96-well plates at 2 × 104 cells per well. After 24 h, the medium was replaced with 100 µL of fresh medium containing sterile ophthalmic nanoformulations, providing final linseed oil concentrations

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• cellulose-based dressings. The resulting formulation displayed improved antimicrobial activity and enhanced wound healing properties [105]. Additionally, in vitro assays revealed that encapsulating silver sulfadiazine in SLNs protected fibroblasts and keratinocytes from metal-induced toxicity. Finally, the

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• some cells, such as fibroblasts, macrophages, hepatocytes, and vascular smooth muscle cells, from the amino acid methionine. Still, most cells, including cancer cells, cannot produce endogenous cysteine [68][69][70]. A range of delivery mechanisms contribute to supplying cells with the cysteine they

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• by electronic beam irradiation. Polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels can be used for wound healing. Suhaeri et al. (2018) manufactured an adhesive hydrogel with PVA and a derivative of human pulmonary fibroblasts, in addition to ciprofloxacin, for treating infected wounds [95]. For the preparation of the

• phenytoin showed drug release improvement, skin adherence, and increased content of both collagen fibers and fibroblasts in the wound tissue during the healing process in rats [40]. Liang et al., (2019) developed hydrogels composed of gelatin-grafted dopamine/chitosan/polydopamine-coated carbon nanotubes

• guanosine quartet hydrogels loaded with recombinant human-sourced collagen can be wrapped onto the skin surface. These films can supply collagen deposition for the wound by recruiting macrophages and fibroblasts and eventually inducing their proliferation and migration [42]. In the study by Zhao et al

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• % improvement in the larvicidal activity rate of the rotenoids in their original forms. The nanocomposites caused morphological and biochemical alterations to the larvae similarly to those caused by in natura rotenoids, but with greater intensity. Cytotoxicity MTT assays using human skin fibroblasts

• Probit regression performed in RStudio with the glm() function (binomial family, probit link). The lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) were calculated based on the estimated model parameters [40]. Cellular viability assessment by MTT assay The cellular viability of human skin fibroblasts (HSF) exposed

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• study demonstrated the use of a nanopipette for extraction of small mitochondrial subpopulations from fibroblasts for next-generation genome sequencing [33]. However, metabolically active, isolated mitochondria and their surface morphology at nanometer resolution have not been reported using SICM. In

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• , compared to those of 1 µg·mL−1 PLG-TA and CTRL+, should have no impact on cell fate because for all conditions the CV values are around 0.4. It was shown that in mouse fibroblasts grown on a graphene monolayer on a glass substrate, chromatin decompaction was induced [44]. Our results differ, probably due

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• cytotoxicity The cytotoxicity of M7-EOCF, EOCF, and S. Mix was assessed through cell viability measurements on L929 fibroblasts using the MTT method [MTT = 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoline bromide]. Figure 4 shows that EOCF was considered cytotoxic at all concentrations tested (50, 100, and

• spectrophotometer at 595 nm. The results were expressed in absorbance. Evaluation of cytotoxicity on L929 fibroblasts Cells of the L929 strain of mouse fibroblasts were inserted into 96-well plates (EasyPath®, EP-51-25244) with a final volume of 200 µL. The fibroblasts (1 × 105 cells/mL cultured in Dulbecco MEM

• medium supplemented with 10% SFB (Gibco®, Thermo Fisher Scientific) and 1% antibiotic solution (5,000 UI penicillin + 5 mg streptomycin/mL, Sigma-Aldrich) were kept in an oven (5% CO2 atmosphere at 37 °C for 24 h) [55][56]. After this period, the adherent fibroblasts were treated with the S. Mix. samples

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• cells [29]. Multiple cell types including immune cells, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes work together to repair wounds [30]. Skin regeneration occurs mainly through the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes, the major cell type of the epidermis, that move to cover the wound and generate new

• against microbes and as scaffold for immune cells. Also, it stores growth factors and cytokines to promote healing [35]. Platelets bring the immune cells to the injury site either through direct capturing or by the release of the secretome. The secretome activates keratinocytes and fibroblasts of the

• are cleared by macrophage efferocytosis, apoptosis, or return to blood vessels [40]. Proliferation Granulation tissue development, re-epithelialization, and neovascularization are features of the proliferative phase. This period may last several weeks [41]. Fibroblasts, keratinocytes, macrophages, and

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• lung cancer cells (A549), whereby larger particles showed higher cell affinity. In another study, MWCNTs smaller than 8 nm were more toxic in 3T3 fibroblasts and bronchial epithelial cells compared with larger MWCNTs (20–30 nm and >50 nm, with the same length 0.5–2 µm); however, MWCNTs larger than 50

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• , over time, the excessive proliferation of conjunctival fibroblasts and remodeling of collagen around the vesicles can lead to the failure of the surgical effects [144]. The primary strategy to counter fibrosis has been the use of antimetabolic drugs, but this often leads to complications like filter

• thermally destroys conjunctival fibroblasts and invasive bacteria around conjunctival vesicles, while the 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) inhibits fibrous responses in filter vesicles, thus achieving effective IOP reduction [145]. 3.5 Endophthalmitis Endophthalmitis, commonly resulting from pathogenic infections, is

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• demonstrated by Ji and colleagues in a mouse model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced fibrosis, where they inhibited the proliferation of fibroblasts [46]. An alternative to depletion is the inhibition of KCs through chloroquine, an antimalaria agent that inhibits macrophage-specific endocytosis, or

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• the initial 120 h. Furthermore, in vitro tests showed the effective inhibition of MCF-7 human breast cells without any damage to human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). The created new alginate-based nanoplatform can be used in targeted and prolonged drug delivery of capsaicin in cancer prevention and

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory phenotypes. The final step in the immune system response involves the formation of foreign-body giant cells on the implant surface. Increased cytokine levels trigger the release of pro-fibrogenic factors and recruiting fibroblasts. Fibroblasts induce the

• roughness, inducing macrophage polarization to the pro-inflammatory state without producing a great excess of pro-inflammatory factors. Furthermore, GO-coated implants showed a reduction of the expression of the fibrosis-related protein α-SMA and collagen deposition in the presence of both fibroblasts and

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• . In the repair phase, where the hematoma is replaced by fibrin-rich granulation tissue over time, the granulation tissue first evolves into fibrous tissue consisting of fibroblasts and then into soft callus. At this stage, new vessels, fibroblasts, intracellular material, and supporting cells begin to

Electrospun polysuccinimide scaffolds containing different salts as potential wound dressing material

• Veronika Pálos,
• Krisztina S. Nagy,
• Rita Pázmány,
• Krisztina Juriga-Tóth,
• Bálint Budavári,
• Judit Domokos,
• Dóra Szabó,
• Ákos Zsembery and
• Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 781–796, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.65

• Staphylococcus epidermidis), and finally cytotoxicity assays on two human cell types (i.e., MG-63 tumor cell line and 155BR fibroblasts). Materials and Methods N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF ≥99.5%, Alfa Aesar, USA); dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO ≥99.9%, Fisher Chemical, USA); zinc acetate (99,99%, Sigma-Aldrich, USA

• 24 h of incubation. The msalt is the calculated mass of the salts in a scaffold disc (6 mm in diameter). In vitro cell studies Cell cultures An osteosarcoma cell line (MG-63, ECACC 86051601) and skin fibroblasts (155BR, ECACC 90011809), both of human origin, were cultured as monolayers at 37 °C and 5

• research group [34]. The tests were performed first on tumor cells to optimize the experimental conditions and then on fibroblasts to investigate if the scaffolds have a cytotoxic effect. The discs with diameters of 16 mm (m = 0.5 ± 0.1 mg) were sterilized under UV light for 1 h. After that, they were

Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review

• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Edijane Matos Sales and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 37–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.4

• decrease in macrophage cytotoxicity of the nanoencapsulated molecule when compared to its free form. In addition, the uptake of these nanoparticles by macrophages was higher than that by fibroblasts, with an IC50 approximately two times lower than that of the free drug, and a selectivity index 20 times

• , respectively. Additionally, this nanosystem proved to be biocompatible with skin fibroblasts (in vitro). However, neither the cell viability of this system in healthy macrophages nor models of parasite infection in this cell type were evaluated. Considering that the nanoscale platform approved by the FDA and

Curcumin-loaded albumin submicron particles with potential as a cancer therapy: an in vitro study

• Nittiya Suwannasom,
• Netsai Sriaksorn,
• Chutamas Thepmalee,
• Krissana Khoothiam,
• Ausanai Prapan,
• Hans Bäumler and
• Chonthida Thephinlap

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1127–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.93

• cytotoxicity of CUR-HSA-MPs showed promising anticancer potential against human hepatocellular carcinoma (Huh-7) and human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cell lines, although this effect was less pronounced in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFB) and human cholangiocyte (MMN) cell lines. Confocal microscopy was used

• FasL in Huh7 cells [5]. Cytotoxicity toward non-cancer cells The cytotoxicity of CUR-HSA-MPs was also evaluated in the non-cancerous cell line HDFB, derived from normal human dermal, fibroblasts and the MMNK-1 human cholangiocyte cell line. The data show that free CUR at lowest concentrations (12.50 μg

• /mL) had toxic effects toward fibroblasts, whereas CUR-HSA-MPs significantly reduced the toxicity of the free drug (Figure 7A,B). However, when the CUR concentration in CUR-HSA-MPs was increased to 50 μg/mL, a significant loss of viability was observed in fibroblasts. Moreover, CUR-HSA-MPs showed a

Carboxylic acids and light interact to affect nanoceria stability and dissolution in acidic aqueous environments

• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Eric A. Grulke and
• Robert A. Yokel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 762–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.63

• absorption edge in the UVA region [43]. Studying the effects of UV irradiation on nanoceria would be informative for environmental applications. In biological systems, colloidal nanoceria dispersions were found to be non-toxic to fibroblasts and were capable of preventing damage from UV irradiation [44

Structural, optical, and bioimaging characterization of carbon quantum dots solvothermally synthesized from o-phenylenediamine

• Zoran M. Marković,
• Milica D. Budimir,
• Martin Danko,
• Dušan D. Milivojević,
• Pavel Kubat,
• Danica Z. Zmejkoski,
• Vladimir B. Pavlović,
• Marija M. Mojsin,
• Milena J. Stevanović and
• Biljana M. Todorović Marković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 165–174, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.17

• o-phenylenediamine did not disrupt the cytoplasmic membrane. Cytotoxicity testing Low cytotoxicity is one of the mandatory requirements for biomedical applications. In this paper, we performed cell viability tests by applying the MTT assay toward MRC5 human lung fibroblast cells. Lung fibroblasts

• . After that time bacterial colonies were counted. Cytotoxicity In order to assess the cytotoxicity of CQDs/PU (antiproliferative activity), standard MTT assay and methods suitable for materials testing were used [55][56]. All tests were carried out in triplicate. Human lung fibroblasts (MRC5) cells

Frequency-dependent nanomechanical profiling for medical diagnosis

• Santiago D. Solares and
• Alexander X. Cartagena-Rivera

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1483–1489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.122

• cells as well as healthy human melanocytes and fibroblasts, showing that clear cell differentiation is possible when a wide frequency range is considered instead of a single number such as a pseudo-Young’s modulus. Furthermore, such representations would be extremely useful to evaluate the gradual