Synthesis and characterization of RF-sputtered ZnTe/Cu_2−xTe thin films for solar cell applications

• Gerardo Arreola Jardón,
• Susana Meraz Dávila,
• Claudia Elena Pérez García,
• Aime Margarita Gutiérrez Peralta and
• Sergio Joaquín Jiménez Sandoval

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1016–1027, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.69

• . Vibrational and structural surface properties Figure 4 shows Raman spectra and a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of the CuZnTeO film grown at 300 °C with a nominal Cu and O concentration of 3 atom %. The SEM image reveals an irregular surface morphology characterized by agglomerate formation with non

• agglomerated grains, whereas films grown at 350 °C display a more compact and continuous morphology, suggesting enhanced surface diffusion and grain coalescence at the higher substrate temperature. In the GIXRD patterns, a mixture of cubic and hexagonal ZnTe phases can be identified at all incidence angles. In

Ultrasonic irradiation in the synthesis of nanohydroxyapatite: a chemically friendly technique for improving hemocompatibility and antibiofilm applications

• Juan Mendoza Turmero,
• Cristina Parra Pantoja,
• Marcos Sabino Gutiérrez,
• Milagro Fernández-Delgado,
• Claudia Alvarado-Castillo,
• Damarys Soto Gil,
• María E. Gomes Gomes,
• Yony Gutiérrez Barrios and
• Daniel Suárez Arteaga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 991–1015, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.68

• morphology. These particles can be in the form of needles, regular and irregular spheres, rods, and many others [20][21]. They also exhibit high degrees of crystallinity, high purity, and nanoscale dimensions [22]. The fascinating properties of the resulting materials have led to very promising results

• replacement of its constituent chemical species (calcium, phosphate, and hydroxide ions) [38][39]. This substitution process produces changes in its properties, including crystallinity, morphology, and lattice parameters [40][41]. The nHA obtained using the three aforementioned mixtures as solvents exhibited

• determination via the BET method Figure 8 shows the morphology obtained by FESEM for the nHA obtained after 15 min of UI in the three solvent mixtures described above. Hydroxyapatite in W/ACET: This material consists of aggregates of spherical particles ranging in size from 60 to 70 nm. The arrangement is

Development of Protium heptaphyllum essential oil-loaded nanocapsules: experimental design and biological activity

• Debora Freitas Silva,
• Kaidy Giselle Orellana,
• Allessya Lara Dantas Formiga,
• Jin Wang,
• Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade,
• Aline Collares Valente Pinheiro,
• Maria Izabel de Jesus,
• Francisco Canindé Ferreira de Luna,
• Wallax Augusto Silva Ferreira,
• Edivaldo Herculano Correa de Oliveira,
• Francisco Humberto Xavier Junior,
• Emmanuel Abraham Ho and
• Marcele Fonseca Passos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 974–990, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.67

• significant (p = 0.492) (Supporting Information File 1, Table S2) with an adequate precision of 18.91. This indicates that the models adequately describe the experimental data. Furthermore, TEM analysis was performed to confirm the morphology and structural integrity of the nanocapsules prior to optimization

• and can be seen in Figure S3 (Supporting Information File 1). Assays revealed predominantly spherical morphology and smooth surfaces. The results indicate that PCL concentration was the primary factor influencing particle size, exhibiting significant linear and quadratic effects (p < 0.05). Increasing

• nanoprecipitation, achieving high encapsulation efficiency (>99%), structural stability, and uniform spherical morphology. These formulations maintained cell viability in keratinocytes (>70%), with reduced viability only at excessively high concentrations. Nanoencapsulation improved antibacterial activity and

Materials challenges in solid-state sensors for continuous monitoring of ions in water

• Maryam Darestani-Farahani and
• Peter Kruse

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 935–973, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.66

Enhanced erosion resistance and radiation stability of WC–WO₃ nanocomposite films under 100 keV Kr⁺ ion irradiation

• Shristi Bist,
• Parswajit Kalita,
• Ratnesh K. Pandey,
• Sejal Shah,
• Richa Krishna,
• Umapathy G. R.,
• Sunil Ojha and
• Devesh K. Avasthi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 922–934, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.65

• nanoclusters is observed. At a higher fluence of 3 × 1016 ions/cm2, the surface morphology evolves further, showing enhanced clustering and the emergence of surface features such as voids and cracks, suggesting substantial structural modification. These changes arise from ion–solid interactions, primarily

• persistence of crystalline features in XRD patterns, even at higher fluences, confirm that the WC–WO3 nanocomposite maintains a degree of structural integrity, despite surface modifications. Altogether, these results highlight that while ion irradiation alters surface morphology significantly, the overall

Nanocarrier strategies to overcome P-glycoprotein-mediated drug resistance in cancer therapy

• Andreina Quevedo-Enríquez,
• Katty Yi Zhang,
• Denisse Yajaira Enriquez,
• Byron Raul Inapanta,
• Roxana Noemí Peroni and
• Christian Rafael Quijia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 882–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.64

Supramolecular one-dimensional conducting nanofibers from a C₃-symmetric tetrathiafulvalene derivative

• Yoko Tatewaki,
• Fumiya Hirose,
• Sadafumi Nishihara,
• Tomoyuki Akutagawa,
• Takayoshi Nakamura and
• Tsuyoshi Minami

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 872–881, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.63

• such as hydrogen bonding, π–π stacking, and donor–acceptor interactions, resulting in three-dimensional interconnected nanofibrous networks [7][8]. Such one-dimensional nanostructures can be precisely controlled in terms of morphology and physical properties through molecular design, making them

• films of MeS-TTF-Ts revealed the formation of well-defined one-dimensional nanostructures with relatively uniform morphology. Specifically, dimethylformamide (DMF) solution of MeS-TTF-Ts (6 mM) was dripped onto a mica substrate, and the solvent was allowed to evaporate, resulting in the formation of

• dimensions of approximately 50 nm in width, 5 nm in height, and lengths exceeding 10 μm. Compared with the nanorod structures obtained from DMF, a markedly different morphology was observed in the DMSO system, highlighting the important role of solvent conditions in determining the self-assembled structures

He⁺ FIBID-fabricated 3D AFM tip architectures: an exploratory study of hollow pillars, helices, and spirals

• Alba Arroyo-Fructuoso,
• Ana Galet,
• Gregor Hlawacek and
• Rosa Córdoba

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 863–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.62

• measurements from commercial reference probes serving as a step height baseline. Importantly, each printed structure was also inspected by electron microscopy before and after AFM use in order to document morphology changes, degradation pathways and architecture-dependent failure modes. In this way, the work

• step height values under matched conditions. In the second stage, the same tips were transferred to SEM in order to document their post-use condition. This before/after workflow allowed us to relate apparent AFM functionality to the actual post-operation morphology of the structures. From this point on

Sustainable fabrication of 2D-based devices through reuse of substrates with microfabricated electrodes

• Ying Zhang,
• Yigit Sozen,
• Esteban Zamora-Amo,
• Thomas Pucher,
• Nuria Jiménez-Arévalo,
• Zdenek Sofer,
• Yong Xie and
• Andres Castellanos-Gomez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 818–827, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.58

• . Kelvin probe force microscopy KPFM measurements were carried out on the same electrode in two states, that is, pristine electrode and electrode after roll-to-roll mechanically exfoliated MoS2 transfer followed by NMP cleaning. Morphology and surface-potential characterization were performed under ambient

Glycerol photoelectrochemical oxidation reaction at carbon nitrides/BiVO₄ materials

• Charles Garcia da Cunha,
• Isabelle M. D. Gonzaga,
• Cristian Hessel,
• Izadora F. Reis,
• Ivo F. Teixeira,
• Lucia H. Mascaro and
• Elton Sitta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 806–817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.57

• even after the PCN layer deposition, the typical FTO morphology is clearly observed. The Bi and V signals appear above the other elements, confirming that BiVO4 is the species in contact with the electrolyte and suggesting the formation of a heterojunction. Finally, the scattered-colored dots in the

Substrate-dependent pore formation in molybdenum disulfide monolayers under ion irradiation

• Yossarian Liebsch,
• Umair Javed,
• Lucia Skopinski,
• Leon Daniel,
• Franziska Appel,
• Radia Rahali,
• Clara Grygiel,
• Henning Lebius,
• Carolin Frank,
• Lars Breuer,
• Leon Kirsch,
• Frieder Koch,
• Jani Kotakoski and
• Marika Schleberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 769–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.54

• Information File 1, Figure S1), consistent with the pore morphology previously reported for suspended MoS2 [25]. Representative pores are shown in STEM annular dark-field (ADF) images in Figure 1a–d. We quantified pore-size distributions by measuring ≈150 pores. Mean pore radii are summarized in Figure 1e

• are comparable in size to those on SiO2, while the 0.4 MeV/u Ar6+ irradiation of MoS2 on Au yields on average the largest pores. The pores on Au additionally exhibit a broad size distribution and an unusual morphology (see Supporting Information File 1, Figure S6 and Figure S7), with many showing

Tailoring Ag–Pt nanoalloys through solid-state dewetting: structural and optical insights

• Marcin Łapiński,
• Piotr Okoczuk,
• Blaž Grobiša,
• Ewa Pawlikowska,
• Amelia Rozwadowska,
• Wojciech Sadowski and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 748–759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.52

• plasmonic properties. Results and Discussion As-deposited thin Ag–Pt bilayers exhibit a granular morphology, as evidenced by atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements shown in Figure 1. This granular character leads to instability of the layers at higher temperatures, causing cracking of the continuous

• presented in Figure 3d confirms the presence of Ag and Pt. The Ag and Pt ratio was calculated to be approximately 40 atom %:60 atom %. This reduced fraction may result from partial desorption of silver. Sublimation of Ag atoms plays a significant role in the morphology and the evolution of the elemental

• homogeneous Ag–Pt nanoalloys, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) observations were performed. Representative cross-section TEM images of two samples with various compositions are shown in Figure 8. Images for both nanostructures exhibit uniform morphology, which strongly indicates alloy

Oxidative atmosphere-driven formation of single-phase spinel CuRh₂O₄ nanofibers for alkaline water oxidation

• Namhee Kim,
• Sumin Ko,
• Sohyeon Choi,
• Seoyoon Jang,
• Myung Hwa Kim and
• Dasol Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 737–743, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.50

• electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to investigate the surface morphology and structural uniformity of the electrospun nanofibers after post-annealing. In the as-spun state prior to annealing, the fibers containing PVP exhibit smooth surfaces with an average diameter of approximately 300 nm (Supporting

• morphology. Structural and spectroscopic characterizations confirmed the formation of a highly crystalline spinel phase with well-defined nanofiber architecture; XPS analysis further verified stabilized surface chemical states of Cu and Rh under the optimized annealing atmosphere. Importantly, the phase-pure

• characterization Morphology and elemental composition of the synthesized nanomaterials were examined using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM; JEOL JSM-6700F) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM; JEOL JEM-2100F). Surface chemical states and crystallographic structures were

Environmental applications of silver nanoparticles: state-of-the-art review and emerging trends

• Soni Prajapati,
• Akash Kumar and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 697–736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.49

• through various synthetic approaches, including physical, chemical, and biological methods [35]. Each offers distinct advantages and limitations regarding particle size control, morphology, stability, and cost-effectiveness [35]. Chemical methods are commonly employed to synthesise AgNPs due to their

• , which calculated the AgNP concentration as particles per millilitre [53]. Microscopic techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy, provide high-resolution images of individual nanoparticles, confirming morphology, size distribution, and elemental composition when coupled with energy-dispersive

• citrate as a capping agent to assess the impact of nanoparticle size on bacterial strain [62]. The study found that 5 nm AgNPs have a greater effect on killing bacterial strains compared to other sizes [62]. Collectively, these studies indicate that morphology and size significantly influence AgNP

Decontamination from water pollutants and pathogens by electrospun nanofibers doped with heavy-atom-free borafluorene-BODIPY photosensitizers

• Angelika Zaszczyńska,
• Paulina H. Marek-Urban,
• Karolina Wrochna,
• Agnieszka E. Kuklewska,
• Kacper Kręgielewski,
• Marta Grodzik,
• Dawid R. Natkowski,
• Jolanta Mierzejewska,
• Ewa Iwanek,
• Agata Blacha-Grzechnik,
• Paweł Sajkiewicz and
• Krzysztof Durka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 668–682, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.46

• photocatalyst for the degradation of the pharmaceutical agents ranitidine, propranolol, and cimetidine, selected as model water pollutants. The obtained nanofibers showed smooth and uniform morphology along with very high durability and resistance toward oxidation, remaining active even after 20 reaction cycles

• 30 µm, Rotilabo®, Roth Selection, Germany), which was attached to the collector. After the electrospinning process, all mats were placed under a fume hood for 48 h to evaporate solvents in the fibers. Morphology analysis The morphological properties of samples were examined through scanning electron

• ) supported by Tukey’s post hoc test. Results and Discussion Selection of the matrix material Samples of BODIPY 1 encapsulated in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), and polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers were formed using electrospinning, following by SEM analysis of the morphology. To ensure

Cellulose as a photocatalyst support material: extraction, structural features, and environmental applications

• Yee Teng Lim,
• Nur Farhana Jaafar,
• Azizul Hakim Lahuri and
• Endang Tri Wahyuni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 635–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.44

• , and these fibers interlock through hydrogen bonding to impart both mechanical strength and flexibility to the paper matrix, enabling the production of a wide range of paper products with tailored properties [64]. The fiber morphology and the degree of polymerization of cellulose strongly influence the

Two-step laser synthesis of Ag@TiO₂ nanomaterials for the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B

• Marija Kovačević,
• Miloš Tošić,
• Rafaela Radičić,
• Vladimir Rajić,
• Nikša Krstulović,
• Miloš Momčilović and
• Sanja Živković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 622–634, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.43

• UV–vis spectroscopy confirmed the formation of nanoparticles with a predominantly anatase TiO2 phase. The synthesized particles exhibited spherical morphology, with average diameters ranging from 97–331 nm for the 200p sample and 86–144 nm for the 2000p sample. The photocatalytic efficiency was

• the morphology, composition, and crystallinity of the resulting nanostructures with high precision. The absence of organic contaminants or residual reagents maximizes the catalytic surface area, while the presence of silver can influence the optical response of TiO2 through plasmon-related effects

• nanoparticle formation, leading to improved control over nanoparticle structure and photocatalytic performance. Results and Discussion SEM analysis The surface morphology of PLD-prepared samples was analyzed using SEM-EDS (Figure 2 and Figure 3). SEM images of the sample surface after deposition of silver on

Recent progress in enhancing built-in electric fields of perovskite solar cells via junction engineering

• Tong Xiao and
• Ke Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 602–621, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.42

Laser–material interactions in liquids for the synthesis of nanomaterials: current status and perspectives

• Carlos Doñate Buendia,
• Bilal Gökce and
• Leonid V. Zhigilei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 571–575, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.38

• photothermal mechanisms [17]. Laser melting in liquids (LML) employs lower pulse intensities to increase particle size [18] and/or modify crystallinity and morphology through melting and resolidification [19]. At moderate laser fluences, close to or even below the melting threshold, irradiation can induce

Synthesis of Cu–Mo/TiO₂ and Co–Mo/TiO₂ photocatalysts for the efficient degradation of organic pollutants in water

• Ilse Acosta,
• Brenda Zermeño,
• Edgar Moctezuma,
• Luis F. Garay-Rodríguez and
• Isaías Juárez-Ramírez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 559–570, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.37

• results of co-doped TiO2 materials are shown in Figure 2. The titanium oxide prepared by the sol–gel method exhibits a poorly defined spherical morphology. With the incorporation of 0.2 wt % of copper and 0.5 wt % of molybdenum, a morphology quite similar to that of the pure oxide is observed. The

• with a better-defined spherical morphology and apparently smaller size than that of the pure oxide particles are observed. The photocatalysts TiO2, Cu–Mo/TiO2, and Co–Mo/TiO2 were characterized through nitrogen physisorption analysis using the BET technique. Pure titanium oxide has a specific surface

• area of 34.4 m2/g; with the incorporation of 0.5 wt % Mo and 0.2 wt % Cu, the surface area decreases substantially to 16.4 m2/g. This result can be related to changes in the morphology and crystalline structure of the TiO2 after doping. The decrease in surface area after Cu doping is a behavior

Electrochemical determination of ciprofloxacin using a MIL-101/reduced graphene oxide-modified electrode

• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Nguyen Ngoc Nghia,
• Nguyen Vinh Phu,
• Vo Thi Khanh Ly,
• Le Lam Son,
• Pham Khac Lieu,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Nguyen Dinh Luyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 541–554, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.35

• -101 to GO. For comparison, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was also prepared using the same reduction process without MIL-101. Equipment The X-ray diffraction analyses were conducted using a D8 Advance Bruker (Germany). Morphology and elemental mapping were measured with a Hitachi S-4800 FESEM (Japan

• morphology that offers a large surface area and a conductive substrate for material deposition. The pristine MIL-101 (Figure 4b) consists of irregular polyhedral particles that tend to aggregate, forming relatively compact clusters. In contrast, the MIL-101/rGO composite (Figure 4c) reveals that MIL-101

Upcycling agroindustrial waste into graphene oxide supports for gold nanoparticles: toward sustainable nanomaterials

• Juan Marcos Castro-Tapia,
• Selene Acosta,
• Hiram Joazet Ojeda-Galván,
• Elsie Evelyn Araujo-Palomo,
• Edgar Giovanni Villabona-Leal and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 489–504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.32

• oxidation level and effective exfoliation of the graphite precursor, consistent with typical GO morphology. In contrast, the rGO sample (Figure 6e–h) displays darker, less transparent sheets, with noticeable regions that are flatter and less wrinkled than in GO. These smoother areas corroborate the presence

• rough and compact morphology. The lamellae are well defined and contain regions that clearly display stacked sp2-hybridized carbon sheets with locally ordered domains that evidence the presence of few-layer graphitic structures. However, regions of amorphous carbon are also observed, consistent with the

• sheet-like, although they still show evidence of partial structural disorder along their edges and within the basal planes. This intermediate morphology matches the spectroscopic observations, which point to a moderate defect density and a balance between disordered and graphitic domains. Agro-GOC

Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability

• Thayse Viana de Oliveira,
• Ana Paula Farias Leão,
• Júlia Leão,
• Cesar Liberato Petzhold and
• Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30

• conditioning. Furthermore, morphological assessment was performed at both the nano- and the macroscale, using particle size distribution, polydispersity index, and zeta potential as indirect indicators of nanocapsule structural organization, while the morphology and integrity of the multilayer 3D-printed films

Eco-efficient materials for agricultural crops based on a mineral rich in MOR- and HEU-type zeolites

• Esperanza Yamile de la Nuez-Pantoja,
• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Gerardo Rodríguez-Fuentes,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• Ariel Martínez García,
• José Juan Calvino Gámez and
• Daniel Goma Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 381–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.26

• an irregular surface with dispersed agglomerates and single particles with different morphologies, where the mineral nature with impurities affects the observation of surface details and obscures crystalline habits [43][44]. MOR crystals can be observed with their characteristic elongated morphology

• , some with a fibrous shape (as shown in Figure 5) and others acicular (as observed more clearly in Figure 6b) [45][46]. HEU crystals with laminar habit can also be distinguished, the morphology of which is associated with the presence of potassium [43][44]. The SEM images (Figure 6) of the modified