Micro- and nanoscale effects in biological and bioinspired materials and surfaces

• Thies H. Büscher,
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira,
• Manuela Rebora and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 214–217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.14

• ]. For instance, Farran et al. [21] characterized orientation-dependent photonic bandgaps in scales of gold-dust weevils and titania-based artificial mimics of these scales obtained from sol–gel replication, aiding in the production of customizable photonic bandgaps for novel optical materials. On the

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of contaminant species in chemical vapour deposited graphene on copper

• Barry Brennan,
• Vlad-Petru Veigang-Radulescu,
• Philipp Braeuninger-Weimer,
• Stephan Hofmann and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 200–213, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.13

• ambient exposure detected on the surface. This is of note as the graphene/Cu interaction strength is known to depend on the Cu crystal orientation as well as the epitaxial relationship [49][50][51], which leads to anisotropy in the Cu oxidation rate at the graphene/Cu interface for different Cu

• industry application. It also appears that there are variations in the presence and distribution of these species, depending on the grain orientation of the underlying copper foil; the grain structure evident in Figure 4a as a change in intensity of the C2− signal due to crystal orientation enhancement of

• the ion signal. This can further add to the potential variation in chemical composition of a grown graphene layer on copper foils, where crystal orientation is not well controlled [54]. To explore some of these species in more detail, Figure 5 shows 500 µm × 500 µm 2D ToF-SIMS surface images of the

Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment

• Georgi Mateev,
• Dean Dimov,
• Nataliya Berberova-Buhova,
• Nikoleta Kircheva,
• Todor Dudev,
• Ludmila Nikolova,
• Elena Stoykova,
• Keehoon Hong,
• Dimana Nazarova,
• Silvia Angelova and
• Lian Nedelchev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12

• isomerization leads to various effects, including molecular orientation, formation of surface relief structures, and photomechanical deformations. Consequently, azo polymers have been intensively studied as interesting photoresponsive materials [7][8][9][10][11]. One of the widely studied azo polymers is the

• rearrange upon external impact [16][24]. It is known that photoinduced birefringence in thin films containing azobenzene derivatives is generated by the orientation of chromophores in response to repeating cycles of E–Z–E photoisomerization [15]. After a given photoisomerization cycle, chromophores can be

• the PAZO polymer with a relatively accurate but computationally expensive method (DFT calculations), models of a fragment of the polymer main chain with four side chains were considered (Figure 7). PAZO is a polymer with ionized end groups and the orientation of PAZO chromophores is highly dependent

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• efficiency than the formulation prepared at room temperature (25.22% vs 19.29%). This finding is supported by other studies, which demonstrated that elevated temperatures could alter the bilayer structure, negatively affecting ligand orientation and compromising functionalization efficiency [56]. Thus, the

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• energy, NP surface termination, relative orientation of the NP upon landing, and mechanical properties of NP and substrate [46][47]. However, a very decisive parameter is the impact velocity, which can be controlled by the substrate bias voltage applied during deposition. A higher bias voltage results in

• reality, the NPs are unlikely to be perfectly spherical; they likely possess facetted surfaces due to their crystalline nature. Consequently, both the interface energy and the mechanical properties can vary depending on the particle orientation and contacting facet, such as (001) and (111), as shown in [4

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• orientation of the polarization plane of linearly polarized light when traveling through a chiral medium. It is related to the real part of the material refractive index, and a chiral material has a different index for LCPL and RCPL. CB is measured through ORD expressed by Equation 3: where nRCPL and nLCPL

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• CH2). Moreover, the peak is unusually broad, possibly due to the complex shape of the disordered PEG chains. However, this type of disorder refers to the conformation of the PEG chains only; altogether, the C–H stretching vibrations must have a preferred orientation with respect to the gold surface

• either to the other dipole orientation of the CH group between the two samples [27], or to the charges of the molecules being opposite [28]. The latter seems unlikely since the isoelectric points of the two samples are similar. From symmetry rules and the ssp-polarization, one can deduce that the CH2

• , surface composition, and controlled orientation of the dimanno-AuNPs suggest suitable candidates for emulating viral surface glycoproteins, such as influenza hemagglutinin, under hydration–dehydration cycles in air, which correspond to the conditions of viral transmission. Indeed, several viral pathogens

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

• . The model reproduces key aspects of spatula behavior during adhesion and detachment, showing that spatula–substrate contact evolves through a combination of bending, sliding, and peeling, depending on the spatula’s initial orientation. Our results further demonstrate that lateral sliding can delay

• , differences in adhesion originate from structure and geometry rather than interface chemistry. We analyzed the 16 spatulae individually. Figure 10, Figure 11, and Figure 12 report, respectively, their force, contact, and displacement profiles in a representative run. Across runs, orientation (pad- vs tip

• full pad contact without requiring shearing. Pull-off phase During pull-off, spatulae experienced bending, shearing, and detachment, depending on their orientation and distance from the pulling point: As pull-off began, odd-numbered spatulae (tip-dominated contact) unbent (Figure 12), restoring the tip

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• of motional freedom could correspond to a brush conformation signature, where adjacent PEG chains force them into a linear orientation. In contrast, PEG chains in mushroom conformation would exhibit restricted motion and thus broader peaks [13]. While direct investigations into PEG conformations on

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• , volatility, and skin permeation of the active compounds, prolonging the repellent effect due to the controlled release of these compounds [151][152]. The mechanism of action may involve interference with the olfactory system of the mosquitoes, masking host signals and disrupting orientation behavior [147

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• measurements should include more cells to avoid conflicting results for the radial shrinkage. In addition, the original orientation during specimen preparation and imaging should remain traceable in order to differentiate between ab-/adaxial and lateral directions in the resulting images. The tissue average

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• -reinforced polypropylene and exhibits a continuously graded mistletoe-inspired V-shaped interface. Microtomographic analyses quantified the gradual transition of the glass fiber content along one specimen from 0 to 30%, further revealing the random fiber orientation in the polymer matrix. Tensile tests

• and the glass fibers [42][43]. All scans reveal the random orientation of the glass fibers in the PP matrix, with small areas of identical orientation being explained by the fiber alignment in the raw pellets (Figure 4C). Some distinct bright areas are visible at the edges of the specimen (Figure 4B

• the data sheet values were obtained by testing injection-molded test specimens, whereas our specimens were produced by hot pressing. Each method has an effect on the direction of the glass fibers; injection molding results in an anisotropic orientation of the fibers, whereas hot pressing results in

Modeling magnetic properties of cobalt nanofilms used as a component of spin hybrid superconductor–ferromagnetic structures

• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Olesya Severyukhina,
• Anastasia Salomatina and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1557–1566, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.110

• magnetic behavior of the cobalt crystallite was considered in two stages. At the first stage (50 ps), relaxation of the system was performed, which resulted in mutual ordering of the spins of the atoms and orientation of the magnetization vector of the whole crystallite in some specific direction. At the

• the symmetry of the modeled crystalline structures, the joint orientation of magnetic moments of atoms and their way of turning on the boundary, the types of domain walls may differ. For example, Bloch-type domain walls, Neel-type domain walls, walls with reduced angle, and cylindrical domain walls

• shows the orientation of atomic spins obtained by numerical simulation after the relaxation and equilibration of the system. As can be seen in Figure 7, the reversal of the magnetic moments of individual atoms occurs in the plane of the nanofilm. After the reversal, the spins of the atoms are oriented

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• ladder-like structure requires adjusting the scanning speed and step size between successive scans. Figure 4 shows the LSFL perpendicular to the incident beam polarization, with the HSFL forming deep inside the grooves of the LSFL. The orientation of these embedded HSFL is perpendicular to the LSFL and

• subsequently displays a decline with further increases in wavelength. This decline is less pronounced compared to our previous report, as we maintained a constant incident power. The HSFL variation trend is very similar to the LSFL trend, as evident from Figure 6, but their orientation is perpendicular to the

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• higher electrodeposition current densities, suggesting preferential growth along the crystallographic direction. Higher deposition currents influence ion migration rates and nucleation kinetics, potentially leading to a preferential orientation along the (040) plane. The intensity and sharpness of the

• effects of enhanced crystallinity, film morphology, and preferential crystal orientation. As shown in the XRD patterns (Figure 1), BiVO4(326) displays the most intense (121) and (040) diffraction peaks among all the samples, suggesting preferred growth along these planes, which are known to facilitate

Electronic and optical properties of chloropicrin adsorbed ZnS nanotubes: first principle analysis

• Prakash Yadav,
• Boddepalli SanthiBhushan and
• Anurag Srivastava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1184–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.87

• , optical absorption, and optical conductivity of the ZnS NT-CP system. Our findings reveal that the interaction between CP and ZnS NT induces notable changes in the electronic and optical properties of the nanotube, including a substantial bandgap reduction of up to ≈40% for the specific orientation A. The

• electronic charge transfer from CP to ZnS NT for each molecule orientation (see below Table 4). The corresponding charge transfers are 0.073e, 0.095e, 0.109e, and 0.06e for orientations A, B, C, and D, respectively. The electronic charge transfer led by the weak physisorption phenomenon plays a critical role

• evident from the band spectra and highlights the electronic interaction between CP and ZnS NT. The most prominent reduction of 40% is observed for orientation A. The decrease in the bandgap implies improved electronic conductivity of ZnS NT upon exposure to CP. The PDOS profiles show additional peaks in

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• direction of the scanning in relation to the orientation of the bacteria. Especially at the edges, the influence of the finite 3D size and angle of the AFM tip became evident because indentation can take place perpendicularly, along the longer axis of PA, or in an intermediate diagonal direction of the

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• to reorganize and form a regular crystal structure. To determine the degree of the preferential orientation, the texture factor (f) was estimated using the Lotgering method. A value of f = 0 indicates a random orientation, while f = 1 testifies the perfect orientation for the calculated plane [33][34

• ][35]. For the annealed TiO2 thin films, the preferred orientation was calculated for the (004) lattice plane. The highest value of texture factor was determined for the film prepared without IBAD and was equal to 0.834. In the case of films prepared with additional ion beam assistance, the Lotgering

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

• Taisei Himeda,
• Risako Kunitomi,
• Ryosuke Nabeya,
• Tamotsu Zako and
• Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

• , the relative orientation between neighboring molecules. A sharp absorption peak at 680 nm of isolated molecules was not observed, confirming that AlClPc dispersed as nanoparticles in water. The slight change in spectral shape over time (Figure 2d) is probably due to the change in molecular packing

Single-layer graphene oxide film grown on α-Al₂O₃(0001) for use as an adsorbent

• Shiro Entani,
• Mitsunori Honda,
• Masaru Takizawa and
• Makoto Kohda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1082–1087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.79

• to σ*(C=O) transitions, respectively [26][27][28]. It is also found that P3 and P4 show no X-ray incident angle dependence, which suggests that oxygen functional groups attached to graphene have no particular orientation distribution. Cs adsorption The electronic structure of Cs-adsorbed SLGO was

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• materials is achieved through the selection and combination of a range of techniques, including the manipulation of atoms and molecules, physical and chemical material transformation, self-assembly and self-organization, orientation and organization by external forces and fields, micro- and nanoscale

• crystal nanoarchitectonics Liquid crystals are an attractive form of soft materials, characterized by a combination of moderate fluidity and orientation [223][224][225]. They exhibit a high degree of diversity with regard to both the type of phase and the size of the regular structures. Furthermore, they

• treatment enabled the axis of linearly polarized electroluminescence to be rotated by 90°. These findings suggest that the molecular chirality, in conjunction with the tilted orientation of the chromophores within the liquid crystal molecules, induces a macroscopic electric polarization, resulting in a bulk

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• metabolically driven vibration modes [47], ferroelectricity [48], resonant ionic conductance, and memristive behaviour [49]. Mitochondrial morphodynamics respond to the proximity and orientation of microtubules. Non-spherical mitochondria near microtubules align their long axes with those of the microtubules

Tendency in tip polarity changes in non-contact atomic force microscopy imaging on a fluorite surface

• Bob Kyeyune,
• Philipp Rahe and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 944–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.72

• ) reconstructed unit cell from STM imaging [33]. With the surface orientation established, the sublattices can be identified through a distance-dependent analysis of NC-AFM images [10], and corresponding model drawings of the CaF2(111) surface geometry are superimposed on the image data. To improve the signal-to

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• of diamond surfaces is important for many applications, which require the formation of thin conductive electrodes on dielectric substrates. Transition metal catalysts can facilitate the graphitization process, which depends on the diamond face orientation. In the present work, the role of a nickel

• coating on the electronic structure and chemical state of graphite layers formed on the surface of a polycrystalline diamond (PCD) film with mixed grain orientation was studied. A synthetic single-crystal diamond (SCD) with a polished (110) face was examined for comparison. The samples were coated with a

• fine structure (NEXAFS) methods. XPS data revealed the formation of a thin graphite-like film with low-ordered atomic structure on the surface of the nickel-coated PCD film. The chemical state of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms was found to be insensitive to the face orientation of the diamond micro-sized