Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• drugs from clearance, improve their accumulation at tumor sites, and potentially lead to more positive clinical feedback. Paclitaxel (PTX) was approved by the FDA in 1992 for the treatment of a variety of solid tumors. Poor water solubility is a major obstacle limiting its anticancer activity. PTX

• dominated the market for many years until the arrival of Abraxane, an albumin-based formulation of paclitaxel. Abraxane is the gold standard for cancer treatment, and the formulations developed by researchers can be directly compared head-to-head with Abraxane. Related reports include chimeric polypeptide

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• modulate immune checkpoints, such as curcumin seen in patents CN111202719 and US240447339, and terpenoids with direct anticancer activity, such as paclitaxel, observed in patent CN111202719 [46][47][48][49][50]. Moreover, natural products play a promising role in cancer treatment and immunotherapy. Their

• membrane potential investigation using 2 μg·mL−1 of NPs for 12 h determined that the formulation induced early apoptosis in the targeted cells [70]. Patent CN111202719 (2020) utilized a nanosystem containing ursolic acid and oleanolic acid, paclitaxel, curcumin, camptothecin, and polyvinyl alcohol as APIs

• , significantly improved blood indicators compared to paclitaxel injection (p < 0.01), extended circulation, improved targeting to tumor sites, and reduced toxic side effects [65]. CN109846857 (2019) describes the development of a natural photosensitizer derived from chlorophyllin e6 (Ce6). Self-assembled

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• with chemotherapeutic agents, rHDL shows outstanding active targeting and anticancer activities [57]. Moreover, rHDL showed potential to co-load hydrophobic paclitaxel and hydrophilic doxorubicin in apo A-I targeted rHDL nanoparticles. These nanoparticles showed superior antitumor activity in vitro and

• chemotherapeutics in lung cancer MDR cell lines. They isolated different cell membranes (RBCs, 4T1, LO2, and A549-T) and constructed cell membrane-camouflaged biogenic nanoparticles to deliver antitumor paclitaxel and MDR-modulator disulfiram. Consequently, the MDR cancer cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (A549/T CM

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• transfersomes was developed to enhance the transdermal delivery of paclitaxel, an antineoplastic agent, as a strategy for noninvasive topical chemotherapy in melanoma treatment. The transfersomes were prepared using phospholipids and surfactants, such as Tween 80 and sodium deoxycholate, to modify the lipid

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

• Taisei Himeda,
• Risako Kunitomi,
• Ryosuke Nabeya,
• Tamotsu Zako and
• Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

• acetate [23], paclitaxel [24], naproxen and fenofibrate [25], curcumin [26], and cinnamon [27]. This work aims to fabricate aqueous colloids of MPc (M = AlCl, Fe, Co, Zn) and Pt complex octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) (Figure 1) nanoparticles with a high dispersion stability and to demonstrate the potential

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), a contamination-free and degradation-free manufacturing process must be ensured, which requires fine-tuning of the laser parameters. Meunier et al. reported that successful NP generation of megestrol acetate [39], paclitaxel [40], beclomethasone dipropionate [41], naproxen, and

• organic drugs such as paclitaxel [40] and fenofibrate [42] and on C60 and VOPc [2][22][34], where a reduction of particle size distributions with increasing laser fluence was reported (at either undefined or high PPV values), we also analyzed the particle size distribution of the educt and product

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

Nanocarrier systems loaded with IR780, iron oxide nanoparticles and chlorambucil for cancer theragnostics

• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan-Thang Cao,
• Vy Tran-Anh and
• Hieu Vu Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.17

• ][24]. Thus, using IR780 in our NPs would bring advantages for local imaging and treatment. Chemotherapy medications assist in inhibiting the development of tumors. Chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin attach to chromosomes and inhibit DNA replication, while paclitaxel depolymerizes the

• cytoskeleton and chlorambucil (CHL) inhibits DNA synthesis. These drugs can be encapsulated inside nanoparticles for administration to increase the stability of the medication in circulation and therapeutic efficacy. For example, doxorubicin can be inserted into liposomes and paclitaxel attaches to the protein

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics

• Mamta Kumari,
• Amitabha Acharya and
• Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 912–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.75

• stable irreversible thioether linkages [55]. Swaminathan et al. used the maleimide conjugation technique to coat the surface of paclitaxel-loaded-PLGA NPs with anti-CD133 antibody. The antibody-conjugated NPs improved the intracellular uptake of paclitaxel as well as the targeting effectiveness of the

Recent progress in cancer cell membrane-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications

• Qixiong Lin,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Yanyan Wen,
• Xiaoqiong Li,
• Donglian Du,
• Weibin Dai,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 262–279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.24

• ]. This biomimetic strategy reduces the presence of the drug in normal tissues and clearance from the body, which will facilitate precision therapy and reduce the cytotoxicity of the drug to normal tissues. Similarly, as a commonly used chemotherapeutic drug, paclitaxel also faces many limiting problems

Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

• Filip Gorachinov,
• Fatima Mraiche,
• Diala Alhaj Moustafa,
• Ola Hishari,
• Yomna Ismail,
• Jensa Joseph,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Nikola Geskovski and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23

Systematic studies into uniform synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Nahal Habibi,
• Ava Mauser,
• Jeffery E. Raymond and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 274–283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.22

• molecules [7] and has been shown to be an attractive vehicle for hydrophobic drugs in several clinical and preclinical applications [8]. This feature is highlighted in the success of AbraxaneTM, a nanoparticle albumin bound (nab) technology to delivery paclitaxel – a hydrophobic cancer therapeutic

• . Paclitaxel was traditionally formulated through solubilization with harsh solvents, which led to adverse side effects and special administration instrumentation [9]. While AbraxaneTM was first FDA-approved for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer, it has since been investigated for other cancers

• , particularly as a combination therapy [10]. To leverage the endogenous properties of albumin, nab technology uses a high-pressure manufacturing process to force hydrophobic drugs into the internal hydrophobic pockets of human serum albumin (HSA) [11]. This leads to the formation of albumin-bound, paclitaxel

Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity in vitro of surface-functionalized drug-loaded spinel ferrite nanoparticles

• Sadaf Mushtaq,
• Khuram Shahzad,
• Tariq Saeed,
• Anwar Ul-Hamid,
• Bilal Haider Abbasi,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Waqas Khalid,
• Muhammad Atif,
• Zulqurnain Ali and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1339–1364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.99

• efflux chemotherapeutic drugs, a phenomenon known as MDR. P-glycoprotein belongs to the ABCB1 family of ABC proteins and is involved in the efflux of doxorubicin, paclitaxel, vincristine, rhodamine, and etoposide [63]. Conversely, multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) is a member of the ABCC1

Use of nanosystems to improve the anticancer effects of curcumin

• Andrea M. Araya-Sibaja,
• Norma J. Salazar-López,
• Krissia Wilhelm Romero,
• José R. Vega-Baudrit,
• J. Abraham Domínguez-Avila,
• Carlos A. Velázquez Contreras,
• Ramón E. Robles-Zepeda,
• Mirtha Navarro-Hoyos and
• Gustavo A. González-Aguilar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1047–1062, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.78

• %) [2]. The most commonly used treatments involve chemotherapy, surgery, or a combination of both. Chemotherapy is based on the use of molecules such as doxorubicin, paclitaxel, cisplatin, and some proteins and peptides that induce cell death [3]. Conventional or low molecular weight chemotherapeutics

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• decreased without enhancing the risk of skin damage [131]. It has been established that ADV-mediated delivery of several chemotherapeutic drugs, including DOX [132], paclitaxel [133], and chlorambucil, could be achieved when loaded into PFC droplets [134]. The NDs could be successfully accumulated in a

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• developed E-selectin-targeted porous silicon particles with capabilities for selective uptake to the BM [35]. The authors formulated a multistage carrier composed of porous silica microparticles that encapsulate nanoscale paclitaxel-loaded liposomes. The porous silica particles were decorated with E

Differences in surface chemistry of iron oxide nanoparticles result in different routes of internalization

• Barbora Svitkova,
• Vlasta Zavisova,
• Veronika Nemethova,
• Martina Koneracka,
• Miroslava Kretova,
• Filip Razga,
• Monika Ursinyova and
• Alena Gabelova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 270–281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.22

• upregulated in many cancer types [56] aids the vesicle formation, facilitating the accumulation of albumin in the tumor mass [57]. This phenomenon forms the basis of Abraxane, a 130 nm paclitaxel-bound albumin nanodrug [58]. There is, however, no evidence that albondin is expressed on tumor cells; in contrast

Electrokinetic characterization of synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Daniel F. Quevedo,
• Cody J. Lentz,
• Adriana Coll de Peña,
• Yazmin Hernandez,
• Nahal Habibi,
• Rikako Miki,
• Joerg Lahann and
• Blanca H. Lapizco-Encinas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1556–1567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.138

• vaccines [5][6]. Significant advances in self-assembled PNPs via protein engineering techniques have also been observed [7][8]. PNPs have successfully reached the clinic with nab-paclitaxel (Abraxane®), a PNP made of human serum albumin, which is being used for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer

Key for crossing the BBB with nanoparticles: the rational design

• Sonia M. Lombardo,
• Marc Schneider,
• Akif E. Türeli and
• Nazende Günday Türeli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 866–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.72

• the survival time of mice when loaded with paclitaxel. Thus, this formulation could be a promising drug delivery system for antitumor therapy. Solid lipid nanoparticles: Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are particles with a solid lipid core at room and body temperature [27]. SLNs can be prepared with

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• drug-loaded PVPAlk capsules were even shown to overcome multidrug resistance with Dox and paclitaxel against LIM1899 colorectal cancer cells [98]. A new kind of dual (pH and redox) responsive, charge shifting click capsules based on poly(2-diisopropylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDPA) were also fabricated

Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

• ]. Once the PS has been chosen, the PS/vector affinity can be tuned by adjusting the polymer structure, introducing additional functional groups that are able to interact with the PS. This approach by itself is not new and Kataoka et al. used this strategy in 2005 to improve the loading of paclitaxel in

Bombesin receptor-targeted liposomes for enhanced delivery to lung cancer cells

• Mohammad J. Akbar,
• Pâmela C. Lukasewicz Ferreira,
• Melania Giorgetti,
• Leanne Stokes and
• Christopher J. Morris

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2553–2562, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.246

• ]. In the lung cancer field, cisplatin formulated as a pegylated liposomal formulation (Lipoplatin®) has delivered comparable antitumour response against non-small cell lung cancer tumours with reduced side effects when delivered in combination with paclitaxel compared to when cisplatin and paclitaxel

Incorporation of doxorubicin in different polymer nanoparticles and their anticancer activity

• Sebastian Pieper,
• Hannah Onafuye,
• Dennis Mulac,
• Jindrich Cinatl Jr.,
• Mark N. Wass,
• Martin Michaelis and
• Klaus Langer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2062–2072, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.201

• degradation, and sustain therapeutic drug concentrations due to prolonged/controlled drug release. In addition, nanoparticles can be used to administer poorly soluble agents, as demonstrated for nab-paclitaxel, a HSA nanoparticle-based paclitaxel preparation approved for the treatment of different forms of