Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• -dependent studies, larger nanoparticles tend to have higher MICs for E. coli, indicating that membrane permeability and nanoparticle size are key factors affecting antimicrobial strength [42]. Of particular interest is the high resistance exhibited by B. subtilis, which demonstrated an MIC of 5.0 mg/mL and

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• ) increased cutaneous permeability of various molecules; (d) reduced emulsifier concentrations compared to that of macro- and microemulsions; (e) protection of molecules from adverse environmental conditions such as pH-induced hydrolysis and oxidation; and (f) versatile applications allowing administration in

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• ]. Recently, Yan et al. developed a reduced graphene oxide (S-rGO) membrane with small lateral size and a rejection rate of up to 99.9% while maintaining high water permeability (236.2 L·m−2·h−1·bar−1) [56]. As another type of material belonging to carbon-based adsorbents, CNTs have also gained attention

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• agents such as surfactants and co-surfactants, forming a kinetically stable system. With droplet sizes ranging from 20 to 500 nm, NEs can significantly enhance drug permeability and bioavailability [24][25][26][27]. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop a nanoemulsion containing phytol, produced

• surface curvature and increased solute concentration at the droplet interface in the aqueous phase. Such structural features can promote a higher drug flux and localized delivery in the skin layers [34][35][36]. Chiu et al. (2024) reported a significant increase in curcumin skin permeability when carried

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• permeability, critical factors for effective oral drug delivery, are discussed in detail. Furthermore, nanoparticle synthesis methods that enable controlled release profiles, optimized biodistribution, and improved therapeutic efficacy are also explored. Thus, polymers represent a dynamic platform for

• products intended for human use [1]. Despite their advantages, drug candidates for oral administration face several limitations, as shown in Figure 1, including chemical instability caused by the gastric environment, low bioavailability, and poor permeability across barriers in the gastrointestinal tract

• anionic glycoprotein that plays a pivotal role in determining the thickness and structure of the mucus layer. Consequently, its barrier function and permeability to drugs are also influenced. As a consequence, positively charged substances are attracted to mucin by electrostatic forces and retained within

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• conjugates and aptamer-functionalized drug nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery in esophageal cancer are reviewed in this paper. In addition, we expect investigators to pay special attention to improving aptamer permeability and stability to accelerate aptamer clinical transformation. In conclusion

• aptamers in terms of global market share. However, the large size of antibodies (150–180 kDa, 15 nm), limited tissue permeability, expensive, time-consuming and laborious in vivo screening, and high immunogenicity [26] make it imperative to develop safe, effective, and simple ApDCs. Aptamer-functionalized

• deliver PTX and siRNA to ESCC cells overexpressing EFNA1. Due to the excellent permeability and retention of natural yolk lipid nanocarriers (EYLNs) [127], as well as the combined effects of chemotherapy and gene therapy, the EA1-EYLNs-PTX/siEFNA1 delivery system exhibited significant antitumor effects

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• Freire 01, Cidade Universitária, 50740-540, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil 10.3762/bjnano.16.120 Abstract The treatment of dry eye disease (DED) often requires frequent use of artificial tear products. Because of their low permeability and limited ocular bioavailability, repeated applications are required

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• permeability, which can help overcome challenges like multidrug resistance [23]. Moreover, this technology enables better encapsulation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), contributing to improved drug delivery to the tumor region and promoting new therapeutic approaches for cancer treatment [99]. In

• cytotoxicity. The nanoparticles showed inhibition of the proliferation of breast cancer cells, with lower cytotoxicity to normal liver cells compared to standard drug and free drug. This is due to the nanoparticles’ enhanced permeability and retention, which improves tumor-specific targeting. Mitochondrial

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• seawater and brackish water [111]. The physical mechanisms involved in the removal of pollutants are schematically represented in Figure 9 and explained in Table 5 [112]. Membrane technology faces a key limitation in balancing selectivity with permeability, often resulting in a compromise between the two

• associated modules. The efficiency of a membrane system is primarily governed by the material used in its construction. Enhancing membranes with functional nanomaterials provides a promising path to boost permeability, reduce fouling, and increase both mechanical and thermal durability, while also enabling

• explored for applications such as water treatment and purification [114]. Yang et al. [120] introduced for the first time a membrane with an enhanced water permeability. This membrane was obtained by selectively etching Co3O4 nanoparticles embedded within Ti3C2Tx nanosheets, followed by vacuum filtration

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• structures [18][19][20][21]. These characteristics allow DENA to create a variety of structures for nanoscale biosensor manufacturing. Parylene-C is a polymer known for its exceptional properties, including high tensile strength, excellent electrical insulation, low water permeability, and biocompatibility

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• water supply methods [13]. Additionally, traditional membranes face challenges such as the trade-off between permeability and selectivity, as well as susceptibility to biological pollution [14][15]. Biofouling, which involves attachment, growth, reproduction, and proliferation of microorganisms on the

• membrane surface, significantly reduces the efficiency of water production [16]. Therefore, there is an urgent need to enhance membrane properties to achieve both high permeability and high selectivity while improving resistance to biological contamination. Antibacterial nanomaterials have garnered

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• systems [40][41]. Other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus express alpha-toxin, which perforates the membrane of liposomes and can be utilized to trigger the release of antibiotics from the drug delivery system at the target site [42]. Also, enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) is observed at

• vascular permeability. Due to the intrinsic characteristics of nanoparticles, they can accumulate at infection sites due to this effect, resulting in better therapeutic outcomes and reduced toxic problems [43][44]. In contrast to passive targeting, active targeting takes advantage of the conjugation of

• resistance mechanisms that involve reduced membrane permeability. These complexes may bypass conventional porin-mediated pathways, enabling drug entry through alternative mechanisms, primarily controlled by electrostatic interactions with the membrane surface [117]. In 2022, Ghosh et al. described the

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• emulsified systems loaded with plant extracts have better pharmacological activity than extracts when used naturally [22]. For example, plant oil-loaded nanoemulsions exhibit high water solubility, improved permeability, and enhanced bioavailability [23]. This contrasts with the limited solubility and poor

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• ]. Similarly, the water vapor permeability has also been reported to change. It generally decreases with the incorporation of nanocellulose [24], thereby preventing the drying out of the fruits to be preserved, which can greatly reduce their quality [25]. One factor to be considered with this reduced

• permeability is that the trapped moisture with the inherent highly nutritious components of the fruits can also inversely introduce the growth of microbials, thereby facilitating the spoiling process [26]. This pushes recent research to focus on the incorporation of bioactive ingredients to introduce

• that these biopackaging are thermally suitable for applications like food packaging where moderate temperature resistance is required. The effect of CEO concentration on water vapor permeability (WVP) of the biopackaging films is illustrated in Figure 2b. WVP is a critical factor for packaging

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• structural organization of the intercellular lipid matrix of the SC [171][172][173]. The poor cutaneous permeability leads to low efficacy [170] and low selectivity [174] of drugs on the skin. Nonetheless, the development of topical delivery systems, such as nanostructured systems, has been qualified as the

• most helpful strategy to minimize possible side effects related to systemic drug administration. This is because, with current technologies, it is possible to perform cutaneous drug release both in a controlled and site-specific manner. The permeability of drugs through the skin depends on the

• /vehicle, drug/skin, and skin/vehicle [169][176][177]. Besides the drug/vehicle interaction, skin permeability can be changed by the effect of vehicles on the SC [170][174][178]. Many solvents, including dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) [175], glycols [179], and fatty acids [180] act as penetration enhancers (i.e

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• effectiveness in encapsulating PpIX for drug delivery in biological systems. Moreover, the small size of the micelles observed in water tend to exhibit improved permeability, which may present significant implications for the application of PpIX in biological systems [17]. Conclusion This study demonstrated

• pharmaceutical applications. TEM micrographs revealed that PpIX micelles in water formed smaller and more uniform structures, suggesting improved drug load ability and permeability compared to alcoholic solutions. Moreover, dissolution kinetics, modeled using the Korsmeyer–Peppas equation with lag time (tlag

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• channels contributing to its selective permeability [12][13]. Also integrated into the outer membrane, specific tension-activated channel proteins are responsible for the osmoregulation of the membrane envelope and its protection from threatening conditions such as severe osmotic downshocks, which can lead

• proposed [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. Likewise, the application of silver and copper nanoparticles to block these molecular pores has been reported for PA and other bacteria as well [33][34][35][36][37]. In the latter cases, a direct consequence of this highly controlled membrane permeability is that

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• blood–brain barrier [8]. Its mean volume of distribution is approximately 70 L. In the range of pH 2–10, APT has very low solubility (0.37 µg/mL) [9]. Because of the low water-solubility, the low permeability, and the rate-limiting step of poor gastrointestinal absorption, APT is categorized as a BCS

• oral relative bioavailability of APT, APT-CD-NP4, and APT-PX-NP8 is related to solubility and permeability of APT. APT-CD-NP4 significantly increased the oral bioavailability of the less soluble APT with low permeability through the large surface at small particle size. Palmelund et al. carried out a

• pharmacokinetic APT analysis on rats and obtained an AUC0–t value of 1198 ± 317 ng·h/mL [23]. The pharmacokinetic data suggest that APT has excellent permeability in the gastrointestinal tract and drug absorption was more rapid when APT was solubilized in polymeric material. APT-CD-NP4 was superior to APT and APT

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• pathological conditions. In addition, cell edema (B) was found, characterized by swelling of the hepatocytes due to excessive accumulation of intracellular fluid. This alteration may be associated with dysfunctions in the permeability of the plasma membrane, leading to an osmotic imbalance, which favors fluid

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• were used just as they were provided [155]. Because of its excellent barrier qualities and oxygen permeability, PU is commonly utilized in wound dressings [156]. Since PU is soft and hydrophobic, using it as a dressing material on its own would be unsuitable because the dressing might be too soft for

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• NPs led to a higher permeability of RA and CUR across the BBB. This suggests that the antibody plays a crucial role in improving the uptake of NPs by cells and drug delivery to the brain [65]. Additionally, antibody conjugation can help to reduce the immunogenicity of NPs, enhancing their safety and

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• permeability to chemotherapeutics, which leads to alterations in the cell cycle, genotoxicity, and autophagy modulation in cancer cells [39][55]. The cell cycle includes a division phase and an interphase which are responsible for the efficient cellular physiology and metabolic pathways. Any impairment in the

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• -fibrous thin film; hence. it may not suit applications that highly depend on the properties of a nanofibrous structure, such as large surface area-to-volume ratio or high permeability of the material. Similarly, Kang et al. [110] fabricated chitosan-coated PVA nanofibers by coating the heat-treated PVA

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• for active agent loading and functionalization with (intra)cellular component targeting ligands, and extremely small size for crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and targeted delivery to the brain. The hydrophobic nature of the CNs offers good membrane permeability. Through chemical modifications

• biopharmaceutical properties [43]. In this paper, TMZ was incorporated in the same carriers, this time covalently dual-functionalized with PEG (average Mw 6000 g/mol) and FA, with an overall aim to prolong the TMZ circulation time (through the stealth effect of PEG) and to increase permeability through the BBTB and

• the structure [65]. There is also a great possibility that the changes in size and structure of CNs impact their physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties (including solubility and permeability) [47]. The changes in the structure of the CNs after exposure to radiation were analyzed using XRPD