Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• showed potential for bioimaging Escherichia coli cells due to its fluorescence response when exposed to Co2+ [81]. A new fluorescent–colorimetric chemosensor was designed based on 1,8-bis{2-{N-[2′-(8′-hydroxy-9,10-anthraquinon-1-yloxy) ethyl] benzimidazoliumyl} ethoxy}-9′,10′ anthraquinone

• functioned as both the recognition unit and the chromophoric indicator, while the sensing response was expressed through ratiometric spectral variation. Upon interacting with this cation, a significant 44 nm shift in its absorption spectra by altering color from yellow to red was recorded, which could be

• naphthalene moiety (TSNCS)) has been recently designed for the colorimetric detection of Ni2+ and Co2+ ions, in which the Schiff-base provided the recognition site, the naphthalene group served as the chromophoric indicator, and the detection relied on a distinct colorimetric response. Upon exposure to these

Electromagnetic study of a split-ring resonator metamaterial with cold-electron bolometers

• Ekaterina A. Matrozova,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Leonid S. Revin and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2199–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.152

• -established magnetic metamaterial element whose resonant properties are governed by its internal inductance and capacitance, allowing for a strong magnetic response and associated current loops at the designed resonance frequency. The simulations of the metamaterial arrays were performed in the time-domain

• ). Parameters of metamaterials with CEBs and different designs are given in Table 1. As an experimental reference for our simulations, Figure 2 also shows the frequency response measured for a fabricated sample consisting of a 19-element single-ring metamaterial (black dashed curve). This sample had the design

• described in [17] and was characterized using the same experimental setup described there. This setup employs a YBaCuO Josephson junction oscillator as a broadband source, with the signal delivered to the sample via an oversized waveguide. Therefore, the measured frequency response is the combined frequency

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• recently demonstrated the effectiveness of biofilms formed by engineered microbial consortia in expediting enzymatic degradation in response to specific environmental conditions, such as low temperatures [42]. Biofilms are very beneficial in habitats such as Himalayan lakes. Biofilm-based remediation

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• generated to systematically explore the formulation space. The specific combinations and corresponding response results for all experimental runs are summarized in Table 4. Although the BBD does not include extreme combinations of variables, it improved precision and accuracy for predictions near the center

• of the experimental space. The prepared formulations corresponding to the experimental design runs are shown in Figure 4, and a summary of the BBD is presented in Table 5. To refine the model and improve predictive accuracy, the response data were subjected to Box–Cox transformation, an essential

• response surface plots for each response, as shown in Figure 6. The axes were selected based on the most significant interactions identified through ANOVA, while the third factor was held constant at its central level. The resulting plots provide a visual representation of the individual and interactive

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• updated every decade [23][24]. The hallmarks framework has enabled researchers to develop more nuanced, spatially informed approaches to cancer therapy, reinforcing its role in driving multidisciplinary strategies for predicting treatment response [25]. Targeted drug delivery is an emerging

Calibration of piezo actuators and systems by dynamic interferometry

• Knarik Khachatryan and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2086–2091, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.143

• parts with high accuracy. This is commonly accomplished by piezo actuators, for instance, in the form of tube piezos for positioning the tip or optics. For their calibration, we propose an approach based on the dynamic response signal from a fiber interferometer used for cantilever displacement

• detection. The fine-positioning z-piezo of the fiber is calibrated by the analysis of measurements of the dynamic interferometer response signal recorded for various cantilever oscillation amplitudes and varied distances between the cantilever and the fiber end. Furthermore, we demonstrate the cantilever

• a systematic effect yielding a bow shape that can qualitatively be explained by the action of creep accumulated over the extension steps. The striking observation that the bow is not observed for the contraction measurement points to a significant difference of the piezo response for contraction and

Multifrequency AFM integrating PeakForce tapping and higher eigenmodes for heterogeneous surface characterization

• Yanping Wei,
• Jiafeng Shen,
• Yirong Yao,
• Xuke Li,
• Ming Li and
• Peiling Ke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2077–2085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.142

• piezoelectric actuator PD-II while the tip was retracted approximately 200 nm from the surface to avoid any influence of tip–sample interactions. The amplitude–frequency response was measured using the built-in lock-in amplifiers, and the operational excitation frequencies were determined by referencing the

• peaks of these response curves. The free oscillation amplitude for the higher eigenmode (e.g., 600 pm) was set based on the amplitude–frequency response curve. The voltage amplitude measured by the lock-in amplifier was converted to nanometers using the InvOLS coefficient obtained from the calibration

• extracted by lock-in amplifiers for compositional contrast. Driving and response signals in standard PFT mode. (Top) Vertical motion trajectory of the Z-piezo actuator (Z-PZT). (Bottom) Corresponding tip–sample force response, indicating key stages: (A) cycle start; (B) initial contact; (C) peak force; (D

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

• continuum and particle domains exchange information through a handshake region using our coupling algorithm, which will be detailed in Section “Methods”. The simulations presented in this paper visualize the mechanical response of whole seta and the peeling of spatulae during pull-off from a dry, smooth

• molecular resolution. This two-way, concurrent coupling turns adhesion from a prescribed boundary condition into an emergent, geometry- and state-dependent response: Local spatula-level peeling, sliding, and contact reorientation feed back into the global branched seta, which, in turn, reshapes the local

• mesh at the end of the spatulae were also removed to be replaced by molecular spatulae models. Table 1 lists the parameters and values used to construct the continuum part of the model. The finite element mesh response was governed by linear isotropic elasticity, with the stress–strain relationship

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• inflammatory response during wound healing [32][33]. Chemically, βCp is characterized as a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene found in several plants and essential oils, and as expected for compounds of this class, it exhibits characteristic volatility and low solubility in water [34]. To address these limitations

Mechanical property measurements enabled by short-term Fourier-transform of atomic force microscopy thermal deflection analysis

• Thomas Mathias,
• Roland Bennewitz and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1952–1962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.136

• contact stiffness. However, for harder materials, such as Si–HOPG or diamond–Si, model 1 (Figure 1a(i)) has a frequency response in the dispersion curve that saturates at a reduced frequency (f1/f0) that is lower than the measured reduced frequency. We note that the PtSi–PEO combination showed a high

• frequency response, which is unexpected for a soft material such as PEO. We attribute this to a very high elastic modulus measured a low penetration depths in PEO samples [26]. Model 3 (Figure 1a(iii))) in this case does not saturate as early, but the plateau in the dispersion curve translates into a wide

• the capture of the thermal motion of the AFM cantilever during a force-versus-distance measurement. STFT analysis was used to produce power spectra at regular time intervals during the experiments, with the frequency resolution varied to balance a faster time response of the cantilever’s oscillation

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• create a new precursor, extensive testing using specialized gas injection systems is required along with time-consuming and costly chemical analysis typically conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This process can be quite challenging due to its complexity and expense. Here, the response of

Quantum circuits with SINIS structures

• Mikhail Tarasov,
• Mikhail Fominskii,
• Aleksandra Gunbina,
• Artem Krasilnikov,
• Maria Mansfeld,
• Dmitrii Kukushkin,
• Andrei Maruhno,
• Valeria Ievleva,
• Mikhail Strelkov,
• Daniil Zhogov,
• Konstantin Arutyunov,
• Vyacheslav Vdovin,
• Vladislav Stolyarov and
• Valerian Edelman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1931–1941, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.134

• thin film of normal metal (the absorber is an element sensitive to incoming radiation) and two NIS junctions that act as a thermometer. An SEM view of the SINIS detector was shown in Figure 1a–f. Often SINIS detectors are considered as classical devices with the optical response equivalent to the

• electrical response to thermal heating of the absorber by direct current, for example, in [12][14][33][34][35]. But in practice, the electrical response to heating by direct current is always significantly higher than the optical response for microwave, terahertz, or IR radiation. This is explained by the

• , and the maximum response is measured at a bias voltage of 0.5 Δ/e. The list of designed and fabricated devices contains different arrays of SINIS detectors for frequencies from below 100 GHz to above a few terahertz, broadband detectors integrated with log-periodic antennas, and narrow-band detectors

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• primed for a heightened response. As illustrated in Figure 5, anti-PEG antibodies can rapidly neutralize PEGylated nanoparticles, triggering the accelerated blood clearance (ABC) phenomenon [4][69]. This effect is characterized by a dramatic reduction in circulation time for subsequent doses, often

• , which further enhances immune recognition [69]. An earlier study found that a single dose of PEGylated LNPs can induce anti-PEG IgM responses, with a dosage of 2.35 mg phospholipids kg−1 reaching a peak log10 IgM concentration of ≈4.26. After a second dose in 21 days, the immunogenic response was

• levels after mRNA-OVA-LNP vaccination. Specifically, the total IgG absorbance increased in anti-PEG antibody positive mice indicated a ≈29% enhancement compared to control mice [64]. This suggests that the induced anti-PEG antibody production may act as adjuvant to boost the humoral immune response

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• deflection ζ in response to a force F at the frequency Ω: where is the resonance frequency and Γ = η/meff the damping rate, with meff, k and η being, respectively, effective mass, stiffness, and damping coefficient of the eigenmode. A key figure of merit of a force transducer is its force sensitivity

• the AFM’s suspension system is roughly 1 Hz, with a quality factor of roughly 2. Mechanical oscillation of the tip causes phase modulation of the reflected microwave pump, detected as motional sidebands in the signal spectrum. Measuring the microwave response at a sideband, the detection responsivity

• increasing Pin. In practice, nonlinear effects emerge at large nc, such as heating (nonlinear loss) and resonance-frequency shift (Kerr nonlinearity), which cause the linear response picture of cavity optomechanics to break down. Detection noise in the cavity optomechanical scheme is determined by quantum

Self-assembly and adhesive properties of Pollicipes pollicipes barnacle cement protein cp19k: influence of pH and ionic strength

• Shrutika Sawant,
• Anne Marie Power and
• J. Gerard Wall

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1863–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.129

• morphologies and β-amyloid content of fibrils formed under different pH and salt concentration conditions demonstrate the conformational plasticity of cp19k in response to its environment, with its self-assembly into elongated fibrils favoured under low pH/high salt concentration conditions, and the prolonged

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• immune response and stimulate periodontal tissue repair [72]. In the field of endodontics, biosynthesized AgNPs and ZnO-NPs have been employed as adjuvants to conventional irrigants and intracanal dressings, thereby enhancing the disinfection efficacy of root canal systems [21]. The nanoscale properties

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• 48 h. These incubation times were selected to evaluate the acute response, focusing on immediate effects. After this period, the supernatant was removed, and 100 μL of an MTT solution in DMEM (final concentration 1 mg/mL) was added to each well. The plates were incubated at 37 °C with 5% CO2 for 4 h

Further insights into the thermodynamics of linear carbon chains for temperatures ranging from 13 to 300 K

• Alexandre Rocha Paschoal,
• Thiago Alves de Moura,
• Juan S. Rodríguez-Hernández,
• Carlos William de Araujo Paschoal,
• Yoong Ahm Kim,
• Morinobu Endo and
• Paulo T. Araujo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1818–1825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.125

• 0.86) were identified using 514.5 nm, while two LCC with N = 40 and 50 (γP = 0.67 and 0.81, respectively) were identified using 568.2 nm. In agreement with the literature [29][30], the use of different laser lines does not influence the response of the LCC@MWCNT to different T, but it might excite LCC

Piezoelectricity of layered double hydroxides: perspectives regarding piezocatalysis and nanogenerators

• Evgeniy S. Seliverstov,
• Evgeniya A. Tarasenko and
• Olga E. Lebedeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1812–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.124

• dodecylbenzene sulfonate-modified Ni/Co-LDH as a filler promoted the formation of the electroactive β-phase in PVDF-based electrospun nanocomposite fabrics [12]. The enhanced piezoelectric response was attributed to the realignment of PVDF dipoles in combination with their interfacial interactions with the

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• conductivity, the implantation of silver ions can also significantly affect the interaction of the material with water molecules, thereby improving its sensing response to changes in air humidity [13]. By modifying the chemical composition and microstructure of the surface, the affinity of the material for air

• ]. At the same time, however, polar groups, which are crucial for the adsorption of water molecules, are not eliminated; on the contrary, their spatial arrangement and chemical accessibility may be favored by implantation. This results in a higher adsorption capacity and a faster response to changes in

• were observed for the PI foils implanted with Ag ions (Figure 13b), where only the sample implanted with the lowest fluence of ions at an energy of 1.5 MeV exhibits sensory sensitivity. The results for PI show that the optimal response to relative humidity change was only achieved for samples implanted

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• response to internal signals (e.g., oxidation or reduction, enzymatic activity, or low acidity) or external stimuli such as light and temperature [26][27]. This delivery of active ingredients relies on differential biochemical changes, facilitating the development of more precise therapies with improved

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• . Therefore, aptamer applications are relatively safe. However, it is necessary to avoid using high-molecular-weight PEG modification as much as possible to avoid serious immune response. At present, the clinical diagnosis method of EC is mainly endoscopic screening, which may cause discomfort to patients

• response rate failed to meet the predefined efficacy threshold, ultimately leading to regulatory rejection. To improve aptamer permeability and enzyme resistance, and to enable clinical transformation of potentially useful aptamers, there are two strategies. First, chemical modification of aptamers. By

• response rate of patients. Aptamers can be used not only as diagnostic probes for esophageal cancer, but also as carriers for therapeutic agents and drug delivery systems. By coupling with antitumor drugs and nanocarriers, aptamers can improve the targeted delivery efficiency of drugs and reduce non

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• , they were simplified by allowing branching only at the cross sections used as control points (Figure S1, Supporting Information File 2). The response of the involved tissues of the five scale-derived geometries during expansion and the influence of the involved tissues were characterized by simulative

• electron microscopy (abaxial: 9%, adaxial: 1%, [18]). Although their exact values of measured longitudinal expansion may differ from ours due to differences in methodology and pine species studied, our results do support the ability of individual fibers to bend independently in response to moisture changes

• and is therefore dependent on temperature and humidity being within a certain range [20]. After the initial opening, a delayed response to humidity changes could additionally prevent inadvertent responses to transient humidity decreases, ensuring that the cone only opens when environmental conditions

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• elsewhere [42][43] revealed an oscillatory response as highlighted by the black arrows in (Figure 8B) at the driving frequency of the gas pulses and higher harmonics. If the magnitude and phase of the Fourier transform at the fundamental frequency (i.e., 10 Hz) are extracted and plotted (Figure 8C), a clear