Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• ; public-facing technologies; standardization; translational barriers; Perspective Atom-by-atom innovation The historical creation of nanomaterials and their applications is much older than often assumed and has long been a subject of debate. It would be wrong to believe that nanomaterials have been

• market entry. To address these challenges, a dedicated global regulatory and standardization framework is urgently needed. This should include the establishment of an international body similar to IUPAC to develop universally accepted nomenclature, definitions, and metrological standards for

• nanomaterials. Such standardization would enhance scientific consistency, improve industrial classification and labeling, and support transparent communication across global supply chains. Moreover, the creation of a centralized international registry for commercially available nanoproducts is highly essential

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• based on their physicochemical and functional properties, thereby establishing a common classification toward standardization. Consequently, standardising the classification and nomenclature of CNMs, as well as developing relevant databases, will be essential for advancing research and development in

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• , maintained under standard conditions (5% CO2 at 37 °C). Cell viability was determined using the trypan blue exclusion method. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the sterile nanoformulations was evaluated according to the guidelines of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 10993-5:2009) [59

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• triplicate, and cell viability was expressed as a percentage according to International Organization for Standardization ISO 10993-5 guidelines [65]. Anti-inflammatory activity of Acrocomia aculeata oil-based nanoemulsion Animals The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw edema

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• physics-based model description, termed MODA [44], driven by the activities of the European Materials Modelling Council (EMMC), resulting in a workshop agreement of the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Instance maps can support this effort by graphically resolving reporting documents as they

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles derived from algae and their larvicidal properties to control Aedes aegypti

• Matheus Alves Siqueira de Assunção,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Mara Elga Medeiros Braga,
• Severino Alves Junior,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa,
• Herminio José Cipriano de Sousa and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1566–1575, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.123

• the evident higher larvicidal activity of silver nanoparticles compared to algae extracts, there are significant variations in the results that must be considered. Larvicidal studies require standardization. Factors such as water volume, number of larvae, exposure time, larval stage, and mention of

Integrating high-performance computing, machine learning, data management workflows, and infrastructures for multiscale simulations and nanomaterials technologies

• Fabio Le Piane,
• Mario Vozza,
• Matteo Baldoni and
• Francesco Mercuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1498–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.119

• strategies heavily rely on data from various sources, including experimental measurements, simulations, and literature databases. However, ensuring the accessibility, reliability, and interoperability of data remains a significant hurdle. Standardization efforts and data sharing platforms are essential to

• an evident lack of standardization (for example, in the definition of features for materials data across multiscale domains), poor links with specific application domains, and a consequent narrowing of potentially interested communities. Overall, the limitations in the integration between multiscale

• scenarios. As stated above, even low-TRL basic research lacks most of the requirements to initiate a path towards standardization and industrial validation. The technical limitations outlined above result in significant issues for technology transfer in the field. These include the lack of industry-grade

Introducing third-generation periodic table descriptors for nano-qRASTR modeling of zebrafish toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles

• Supratik Kar and
• Siyun Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1142–1152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.93

• standardization approach determines the applicability domain based on similarity. (3) The proximity of the predicted value of the query compound to the experimental mean training response is evaluated [40]. Results and Discussion nano-QSTR toxicity model Equation 1 has been developed employing the BSS-MLR

Identification of structural features of surface modifiers in engineered nanostructured metal oxides regarding cell uptake through ML-based classification

• Indrasis Dasgupta,
• Totan Das,
• Biplab Das and
• Shovanlal Gayen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 909–924, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.75

• advancement of nanotechnology has led to the widespread utilization of engineered nanostructured metal oxides (ENMOs) in various industrial and biomedical applications [1]. Nanoparticles (NPs) are described by the International Organization for Standardization as structures characterized by one, two, or three

Elasticity, an often-overseen parameter in the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1149–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.95

• ][17]. Similarly to the advent of nanomedicines, certain standardization in terms of methods and parameters is necessary to allow for a better comparison between different studies. Perspective Measurement conditions influencing the absolute values of elastic properties Different possibilities to

The steep road to nonviral nanomedicines: Frequent challenges and culprits in designing nanoparticles for gene therapy

• Yao Yao,
• Yeongun Ko,
• Grant Grasman,
• Jeffery E. Raymond and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 351–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.30

• materials have had an impact include their use as vaccines, cancer therapies, and in the treatment of rare genetic disorders [1][2][3]. Still, there are several impediments to characterizing, understanding, and controlling the interactions between NPs and biological substrates [4][5][6]. Standardization of

• NP characterization is a widely recognized issue that is critically entwined with scientific and technical considerations [7][8]. In fact, the importance of standardization within the field of nanomaterials has already been highlighted in previous editorials and perspectives, illuminated by “Nature

• analysis of the literature indicates that the nanomedicine research community as a whole would benefit from multiparameter and multistudy reporting, which would facilitate comparison and assessment of results across studies and research groups. Standardization of high-quality NP-mediated nonviral gene

Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

Internalization mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides

• Ivana Ruseska and
• Andreas Zimmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 101–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.10

Effects of gold and PCL- or PLLA-coated silica nanoparticles on brain endothelial cells and the blood–brain barrier

• Aniela Bittner,
• Angélique D. Ducray,
• Hans Rudolf Widmer,
• Michael H. Stoffel and
• Meike Mevissen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 941–954, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.95

• the bands, given in arbitrary units, and subsequent standardization on actin. rBCEC4 monolayer permeability rBCEC4 cells (90,000) were seeded per gelatin-coated Millicell® culture plate insert with 3 µm pore size (Merck Millipore, Germany) on days in vitro 0 (DIV0) and left to grow until monolayer

Characterization and influence of hydroxyapatite nanopowders on living cells

• Przemyslaw Oberbek,
• Tomasz Bolek,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Seishiro Hirano,
• Sylwia Kusnieruk,
• Julia Rogowska-Tylman,
• Ganna Nechyporenko,
• Viktor Zinchenko,
• Wojciech Swieszkowski and
• Tomasz Puzyn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3079–3094, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.286

• sectors, including automobile, chemicals, construction, cosmetics, electronics, energy, engineering, environment, medicine, security, sports, telecommunication, textiles and transportation [1][2]. The International Organization for Standardization, in cooperation with the European Committee for

• Standardization, has defined nanoscale as a size range from approximately 1 to 100 nm. A nanomaterial is defined as a material (natural, incidental or manufactured) containing particles, in an unbound state, or as an aggregate (object composed of strongly or fused bounded particles), or as an agglomerate

Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations

• Jaison Jeevanandam,
• Ahmed Barhoum,
• Yen S. Chan,
• Alain Dufresne and
• Michael K. Danquah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1050–1074, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.98

• and Drug Administration (USFDA) also refers to NMs as “materials that have at least one dimension in the range of approximately 1 to 100 nm and exhibit dimension-dependent phenomena” [3]. Similarly, The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has described NMs as a “material with any

Nanocuration workflows: Establishing best practices for identifying, inputting, and sharing data to inform decisions on nanomaterials

• Christina M. Powers,
• Karmann A. Mills,
• Stephanie A. Morris,
• Fred Klaessig,
• Sharon Gaheen,
• Nastassja Lewinski and
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1860–1871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.189

• nanocuration A workflow is a critical component of nanocuration for several reasons. A workflow: 1) defines the process for data curation, 2) allows for comparison across data repositories to determine areas of standardization and bottlenecks, and 3) provides a consistent process for understanding the quality

• collection once a repository structure and language are solidified. Related to the second aspect of the importance of a workflow, comparison between data resources, workflows serve as a written indicator of differences or similarities in underlying assumptions, order of operations, and standardization levels

• federated repositories allows each separate community to tailor the workflow to their available resources, especially in this fluid period of debates regarding dose metrics, physicochemical characterization data sets, and protocol standardization. Notably, in some organizations the term “curation” may be

Nanotechnology in the real world: Redeveloping the nanomaterial consumer products inventory

• Marina E. Vance,
• Todd Kuiken,
• Eric P. Vejerano,
• Sean P. McGinnis,
• Michael F. Hochella Jr.,
• David Rejeski and
• Matthew S. Hull

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1769–1780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.181

• in Standardization (ANEC), joined efforts to develop an inventory of “consumer products with nano-claims” available to consumers in Europe [10]. A new inventory was generated annually from 2009 to 2012, but the 2011 and 2012 versions focused exclusively on products containing silver nanoparticles

Using natural language processing techniques to inform research on nanotechnology

• Nastassja A. Lewinski and
• Bridget T. McInnes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.149

• to promote the standardization of ontologies and common controlled vocabularies for data integration [17][18]. Recently, the eNanoMapper project has developed an ontology that merges and extends existing ontologies, including the NPO [19]. Ontologies in other languages, such as Japanese and Russian

Aquatic versus terrestrial attachment: Water makes a difference

• Petra Ditsche and
• Adam P. Summers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2424–2439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.252

• approached by comparing the more thoroughly studied terrestrial environment. A major impediment to systematizing attachment performance across environments is the lack of standardization of methods and the difficulty of scaling up small experimental units to the performance of the whole animal. We suggest

Interaction of dermatologically relevant nanoparticles with skin cells and skin

• Annika Vogt,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Berouz Nazemi,
• Chun Sik Choe,
• Maxim E. Darvin,
• Sabrina Hadam,
• Ulrike Blume-Peytavi,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Matthias Epple,
• Christina Graf,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Martina C. Meinke and
• Jürgen Lademann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2363–2373, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.245

• Chemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.5.245 Abstract The investigation of nanoparticle interactions with tissues is complex. High levels of standardization, ideally testing of different material types in the same biological model, and combinations of

Real-time monitoring of calcium carbonate and cationic peptide deposition on carboxylate-SAM using a microfluidic SAW biosensor

• Anna Pohl and
• Ingrid M. Weiss

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1823–1835, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.193

• aim of this study was to evaluate the competitive non-covalent interactions of peptides and buffer substances at the liquid–solid interface. For standardization, commercially available COO-SAMs were used to mimic negatively charged surfaces, which similarly occur in natural biomineralization processes

The surface properties of nanoparticles determine the agglomeration state and the size of the particles under physiological conditions

• Christoph Bantz,
• Olga Koshkina,
• Thomas Lang,
• Hans-Joachim Galla,
• C. James Kirkpatrick,
• Roland H. Stauber and
• Michael Maskos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1774–1786, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.188

• , since an exhaustive characterization of nanomaterials is complex and therefore both time- and cost-consuming, a customized characterization focusing on the objective of the study is recommended [9]. To ensure comparability of experiments, standardization of characterization methods must be developed and