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Search for "toxicity" in Full Text gives 399 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.
Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149
- standardized toxicity assessment, environmental fate modeling, and lifecycle analysis to enable safe and scalable commercialization. (2) Strengthen industry engagement through public–private partnerships that integrate advanced nanomaterials such as graphene, MXenes, nanoporous catalysts, and quantum dots into
Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148
- its behavior in distant, elevated lake systems such as the Himalayas. The most important areas to focus with regard to the ecotoxicological impact of microplastics are the bioaccumulation of microplastics in the Himalayan food web, plasticizer toxicity, and long-term potential health and ecological
- ”, “groundwater contamination”, “plastic toxicity”, “MP remediation technologies”, “bioremediation”, “SDG 6”, and “ecological risk”. Literature search was restricted to articles published in the period of 2010–2025. Peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, and technical reports published in the English
- in Himalayan groundwater [30]. Our addition of groundwater vulnerability modeling and toxicity pathways to this contributes by incorporating MPs into groundwater threat frameworks, providing a new contribution in linking solid plastic pollution with hydrological threats in vulnerable highland
Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146
- , the ME preserved mitochondrial activity at concentrations up to 0.5 mg/mL in HUVEC and 2 mg/mL in RAW 264.7 cells after 48 h. Toxicity observed at higher concentrations was attributed to increased surfactant content, highlighting the importance of formulation optimization. Despite these promising
Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144
- regarding toxicity and regulatory hurdles remain major barriers to clinical translation. Current research is therefore focused on standardizing CNM synthesis and characterisation methods, minimizing toxicity, and facilitating regulatory approval. Despite these challenges, CNMs hold substantial promise for
- nanomaterials (CNMs) have been largely developed as nanocarriers for drug delivery due to their biocompatibility, high surface area, tuneable physicochemical properties, and targeting capabilities [13][14]. However, CNMs also present a subset of challenges, including toxicity concerns, expensive and time
- , laser ablation, or electrochemical techniques, among others. These CNMs must then be thoroughly characterised to confirm their structural and physicochemical properties, including size, shape, charge, surface functionality, stability, and potential toxicity. Following characterisation, anticancer
Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139
- degradation, and moderate hydrophilicity, but also biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and non-carcinogenicity [5]. Adhering to these critical quality requirements for biomedical products, polylactic acid (PLA) was selected for nanofiber production. This biotechnologically derived aliphatic polyester is a rigid
Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132
- insecticides, ovicides, pupicides, oviposition deterrents, and repellents [25][26]. The main advantages include low toxicity, biodegradability, and action in multiple locations due to the variety of compounds [12][19]. On the other hand, essential oils in their natural form are not stable under environmental
- superior efficacy compared to commercial emulsions, along with lower toxicity to non-target organisms and improved environmental compatibility [103]. Similarly, Shaari et al. (2021) developed palm-oil-based nanoemulsions containing deltamethrin, which exhibited enhanced insecticidal performance against Ae
- µg/mL at 144 hours. The toxicity of NE in Apis mellifera was evaluated, proving that the formulated nanoemulsion did not present toxicity for this non-target species. Viana et al. (2023) explored the larvicidal activity of a nanoemulsion formulated with an essential oil extracted from the leaves of
On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128
- demonstrated that these nanoparticles exhibit low toxicity, effectiveness against antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, and strong colloidal stability, ensuring long-term dispersion [26][27]. Additionally, they exhibit antioxidant activity and selective cytotoxic effects on tumor cells, including oral cancer
Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127
- , leading to cellular damage [111]. According to Thirunavukkarasu et al., the interactions between these nanomaterials and other contaminants are not fully understood. While some studies suggest that different synthesis methods can reduce toxicity, they still pose a significant threat to end-users [112
- nanomaterials. Numerous adverse health effects, such as inflammation, gastrointestinal disorders, cellular toxicity, and genetic damage, are linked to nanomaterial accumulation, as shown in many studies [115]. Furthermore, the application of biosolids containing nanomaterials to agricultural soils can lead to
- , and decomposition at the end of use. The system boundaries are defined to capture the full life cycle, consisting of energy consumption, carbon emissions, and residual toxicity [113]. However, until now, in-depth LCAs conducted on nanomaterials are still relatively limited [117]. In addition, advances
Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126
- ), amphotericin B, miltefosine, and paromomycin. Although these drugs are effective, their use is often limited by serious adverse effects such as cardiotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, pancreatic toxicity, and teratogenicity. Moreover, resistance to antileishmanial agents, particularly pentavalent
- diterpenes exhibit promising antileishmanial activity while displaying low toxicity to host cells [13][14][15]. One such compound is a phytol, a highly lipophilic, acyclic monounsaturated diterpene alcohol derived from chlorophyll metabolism in plants [16], and has demonstrated promising antileishmanial
- toxicity to host cells – especially intracellular amastigote forms [44]. Previous studies have shown that fibroblasts can act as alternative host cells and have been used to evaluate cytotoxic activity against Leishmania spp. in contexts involving epithelial cells and fibroblasts [45]. In addition, reviews
Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122
- encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs [55]. Chitosan, a natural polymer, predominantly forms NPs via ionic gelation, where interactions with multivalent counterions create stable polymeric networks without the use of organic solvents, thereby ensuring high biocompatibility and minimal toxicity. Similarly, alginate
- other and produced through polymerization reactions such as addition, condensation, ring-opening polymerization, emulsion, precipitation, and others [57]. Monomers determine the decomposition products of polymers in the body and, consequently, their toxicity and biocompatibility. This is why synthesis
- pathway offers an alternative to first-pass metabolism and helps reduce toxicity. Moreover, NPs using this route are intercepted by immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, making them suitable for oral vaccine administration (see Table 2) by promoting mucosal immunity activation [16][76
Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121
- cells, slow down tumor growth and metastasis, and had no obvious toxicity to human normal esophageal epithelial cells. Cluster analysis showed that the mechanism of action of peptide 58 may be closely related to the inhibition of ESCC cell metabolism. However, pharmacokinetic data on peptide 58 remain
- threshold (30–50 kDa), thereby prolonging circulation half-life and enhancing stability. These strategies collectively improve drug bioavailability while reducing off-target toxicity, offering versatile solutions for aptamer applications in precision medicine. The following sections give a summary of the
- significantly inhibited ESCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by inducing apoptosis, regulating cell cycle and inhibiting epithelial–mesenchymal transition; also it exhibited no significant toxicity to heart, liver, or other major organs. The safety and effectiveness of this four-way connected
Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120
- partly increasing due to the widespread use of screens and computers [5]. Systemic administration of medications for treating ocular diseases requires high doses to achieve therapeutic effects, which can increase the risk of toxicity [6]. Several barriers limit the penetration of ocular medications, such
- acids and glycerol. Following lipolysis, glycerol decomposes into acrolein, a compound known for its toxicity to humans, as well as the breakdown of unsaturated fatty acid chains. The second mass loss event (~5.8%) occurs between 539 and 600 °C and is attributed to the decomposition of saturated fatty
Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116
- , and cell-based therapies, including chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells [9]. However, these therapies face limitations, including systemic toxicity, high cost, variable clinical responses, and tumor resistance, often associated with the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of tumors [10][11][12
- biological environments, potential immunogenicity, scalability of manufacturing processes, and the need for comprehensive long-term toxicity studies [20][21]. Overcoming biological barriers, such as penetration through the dense tumor extracellular matrix, also remains a major hurdle [19]. Nevertheless
- factors such as bioavailability and stability, while also reducing toxicity [27]. China (CN) leads the ranking of published inventions with 14 documents, followed by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WO), the Republic of Korea (KR), and the United States of America (USA), each with one patent
Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115
- induce long-lasting protective immunity through vaccination [12][13]. However, reported incidences of toxicity and side effects of aluminum have raised concerns regarding their safety in childhood vaccines [13]. Consequently, there is a growing need for alternative immunization strategies that not only
- barriers, their biocompatibility, and low toxicity [18]. Their manipulation at the nanoscale changes specific surface properties, possibly improving the ability to cross biological barriers targeting the affected tissues [18][19]. In this context, nanoparticle controlled release based on biodegradable
Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114
- stress, immune system activation, developmental and reproductive toxicity, and damage to the nervous system [8]. MPs possess high specific area and strong adsorption capacity, enabling them to attract pollutants from the environment. They can accumulate harmful substances such as polycyclic aromatic
- oxidative stress, histological damage in vital organs, and overall impaired fish health, highlighting their toxic impact on aquatic ecosystems. NPs and MPs negatively impact marine organisms, but their toxicity toward marine bacteria remain less understood. In a study performed by Sun et al. [49], it was
- MPs from water. Its natural abundance, low toxicity, and biodegradability position it as sustainable option for water treatment applications [129][130]. Another challenge that arises is the precise detection and characterization of MPs. Commonly employed techniques for MPs identification include
Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107
- of water bodies with heavy metal ions poses a significant threat to the environment and human health due to their non-degradable nature and toxicity. Metal-oriented industries such as battery manufacturing, mining, electroplating, and metal recycling are growing day by day, and so are the chances of
Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106
- ]. Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs), in particular, have been explored for these applications, due to their low toxicity, biocompatibility, and high saturation magnetization [4]. These applications require reliable and controlled surface functionalization to impart desired functionality, such as tissue
Nanomaterials for biomedical applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1499–1503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.105
- membranes [8]. They can carry both water-soluble and fat-soluble drugs, shielding them from breaking down and extending their circulation time. Certain liposome-based drugs have already been approved for therapeutic use, especially in cancer therapy, where they may protect nearby healthy cells from toxicity
- effectively treat brain cancer cells. These nanocarriers helped drugs stay longer in the body, get to the brain tumor by crossing protective barriers, and directly target cancer cells [13]. However, carbon nanotubes require further investigation before being implanted into the human body due to their toxicity
Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104
Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101
- . developed a glucose sensor using copper nanowires and CNTs, achieving a limit of detection as low as 0.3 nM, highlighting the remarkable sensitivity of CNT-based electrodes [9]. Nevertheless, several studies reported the toxicity of CNTs for tissues and cells including loss of cellular integrity, DNA damage
Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98
- application of metalloantibiotics is limited by their potential toxicity, instability, and lack of target specificity. Encapsulating metalloantibiotics in drug delivery systems, such as liposomes, nanoparticles, and polymeric carriers, could mitigate these challenges, enhancing their therapeutic index and
- reputation of metal-based drugs as toxic agents, related to studies that describe systemic toxicity of several metallodrugs, mainly related to liver damage and cardiotoxic effects [23]. In this sense, several recent studies show that encapsulation in nanotechnological systems is a general solution to
- the drug accumulation. Optimization of these parameters helps to maximize efficacy and mitigate toxicity of the payload [39]. Infection sites often present unique microenvironmental features, a factor that nanoparticles exploit to achieve precise therapeutic delivery. For example, polymeric
Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97
- to high disability and mortality, and the exact mechanisms are still unclear. Current chemotherapy faces challenges, including non-specificity, toxicity to healthy cells, the development of stem-like cells, and the progression of multidrug resistance [1]. Drug resistance is a major obstacle in cancer
- systems include precise targeting, controlled release over time, prolonged half-life, and reduced systemic toxicity [19]. Liposomes, as lipid-based nanoparticles, hold promise for improving cancer therapies as they can encapsulate various anticancer molecules [20]. A liposome typically consists of a
- , reduced drug toxicity, improved pharmacokinetics, the ability to release drugs in a controlled manner, and the ability to target tumors. However, certain limitations also exist, including off-target accumulation and fast clearance [21]. This review explores the design of liposome structures aimed at
Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92
- inherent traits endow biomimetic nanoparticles with a suite of intelligent features, including biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, reduced toxicity, immune evasion, prolonged circulation, homotypic binding, enhanced tumor targeting, and the capability of precise delivery. By integrating biologically
- , there is an ultimate need to produce suitable carriers, which can reduce the side effects and toxicity, while achieving high therapeutic efficacy. Consequently, the use of nanoparticles (NPs) has been proven a great breakthrough in the field of cancer treatment. NPs, smaller than 100 nm, show unique
- emerged as an ideal strategy to protect synthetic nanoparticles during circulation. Cell membrane-coated biomimetic nanoparticles act like source cells with significant biomedical properties including biocompatibility, low toxicity, and potent targetability. They are recognized as “own” by the immune
Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90
- [205][206] or more of the aforementioned stimuli [207]. Nanogels have been explored to deliver nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs into the skin. Avoiding systemic toxicity is the main reason to promote the topical and transdermal release of these drugs. Thermo-responsive nanogels consisting of
- ± 1.9%. In dermal toxicity studies, the nanogel-MTX formulation showed no signs of irritation or toxicity, while in the biodistribution study, the nanogel-MTX displayed sustained systemic release up to 48 hours with low accumulation in organs such as liver, kidney, and intestine. A therapeutic efficacy
- skin penetration enhancer. The cationic charge of the particles, combined with drug release in a slightly acidic environment, promoted an increase in drug permeation (ex vivo), as well as an augment in capecitabine toxicity against cancer cells in a HaCaT cell line MTT assay. This pH-sensitive behavior
Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89
- are unsuitable solvents for PpIX, whereas the nanostructured systems containing P407 showed the greatest potential for future pharmaceutical applications, mainly the aqueous one because of its low toxicity considering topical preparations. Keywords: 5-aminolevulinic acid; photodynamic therapy
- suitable light source, and molecular oxygen, generating reactive oxygen species that induce cellular damage [3][4]. Among the PSs used in PDT, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) stands out as a natural precursor of hemoglobin and porphyrins, exhibiting low toxicity in its monomeric form [5]. When exposed to light
- differences among water-based, 50% v/v ethanol, and 77% v/v ethanol polymeric systems. Considering the potential toxicity and the challenges of hydroalcoholic formulations, the aqueous P407 system, with its gelling and thermoresponsive properties, stands out as the most promising approach for further
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