Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• characteristic bands of both R-PE and 5-FU, confirming their incorporation into liposomes and immunoliposomes (Figure 5). For R-PE, typical amide vibrations were observed: amide I (C=O) around 1650 cm−1 and amide II (N–H) near 1540 cm−1, along with a broad N–H/O–H stretching between 3200–3400 cm−1, attributed to

Reduced graphene oxide paper electrode for lithium-ion cells – towards optimized thermal reduction

• Agata Pawłowska,
• Magdalena Baran,
• Stefan Marynowicz,
• Aleksandra Izabela Banasiak,
• Adrian Racki,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Tymoteusz Ciuk,
• Marta Wolczko and
• Andrzej Budziak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 24–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.3

• –C group”) [46]; however, they can also origin from –OH groups as well as ether (C–O) and epoxide (C–O–C) groups [27][46]. The band near ≈1570 cm−1 can be interpreted as a result of stretching vibrations of the C=C bonds in the aromatic lattice [27][46]. Another origin of this band might be the

• bending vibrations in water molecules [46]. The distinct peaks observed between 1700 and 1800 cm−1 correspond to the C=O stretching vibrations from carbonyl groups [27]. The peak near 2848 cm−1 can refer to the C–H stretching in aldehyde groups [46] and the 3013 cm−1 peak to the aromatics C(sp2)–H [46

• ]. The wavenumber shift in relation to literature data can result from the applied reduction parameters (cf. Xiong et al. [47]). The band observed in the wavenumber range of 3300–3600 cm−1 can be attributed to the O–H stretching vibrations from hydroxy groups or adsorbed water. The temperature values for

Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size

• Dounia Louaguef,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Sébastien Diliberto,
• Klaus M. Seemann,
• Thomas Gries,
• Joelle Bizeau,
• Damien Mertz,
• Eric Gaffet and
• Halima Alem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157

• their structural properties and confirms the successful formation of both core and core–shell structures (Figure 4). The Fe–O stretching vibrations in spinel ferrites typically appear within the range of 500–650 cm−1, with tetrahedral Fe–O bonds generally observed around 550–600 cm−1. However, in the

• observed peak positions and their shift, highlighting the impact of lattice distortions, bond strengthening, and interfacial interactions on the vibrational properties of the material [18]. The presence of peaks at ≈2850 cm−1 and ≈2920 cm−1 is associated with the C–H stretching vibrations from surface

• -capping agents, such as oleic acid, which is commonly used during synthesis to control particle size and prevent aggregation. The broad peak observed at ≈3400 cm−1 is linked to the O–H stretching vibrations of adsorbed water or hydroxy groups on the particle surface, which is a common feature for

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• vibrational bands are superimposed on a very broad signal from bulk gold, quasi-constant after normalization (like FTIR). In contrast to FTIR, the bands stem only from vibrations at interfaces, that is, from the NP surface in contact with air. Additionally, highly symmetric vibrations are forbidden (with very

• CH2). Moreover, the peak is unusually broad, possibly due to the complex shape of the disordered PEG chains. However, this type of disorder refers to the conformation of the PEG chains only; altogether, the C–H stretching vibrations must have a preferred orientation with respect to the gold surface

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• addition, a weak peak centered around 1315 cm−1 corresponds to the C–H bending mode [36]. The characteristic peak around 1640 cm−1 was assigned to the O–H bending vibration, while the bands appearing in the 2800–3000 cm−1 range were attributed to the symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibrations of CH–H

Multifrequency AFM integrating PeakForce tapping and higher eigenmodes for heterogeneous surface characterization

• Yanping Wei,
• Jiafeng Shen,
• Yirong Yao,
• Xuke Li,
• Ming Li and
• Peiling Ke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2077–2085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.142

• ) technique that synergistically integrates PeakForce tapping mode with higher eigenmode vibrations to achieve simultaneous high-resolution topographical imaging and to access additional contrast channels for distinguishing material regions or compositions. Unlike conventional multimodal AFM, our method

• employs non-resonant and higher eigenmode frequencies to achieve robust topographical and compositional mapping. Our experimental results indicate that the superposition of high-eigenmode vibrations, when applied at low amplitudes, does not significantly interfere with the topographical and nanomechanical

• variations exceeding two orders of magnitude, this necessitates iterative probe selection, complicating high-throughput characterization [21]. In this study, we introduce a hybrid multifrequency AFM technique that synergistically integrates non-resonant PeakForce modulation with eigenmode vibrations to

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• m2·g−1. The meso-macroporous structure was also found by mercury intrusion porosimetry (Figure 2c). The FTIR spectrum is consistent with the proposed composition (Figure 2d). The vibrations at ν = 3000–3600 cm−1 are characteristic for NH and OH groups. At 2982 cm−1, one sees the CH groups. Amide

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• -PLA, NF-HA/PLA, and NF-HA+NE2/PLA) exhibited PLA-specific bands at 2995, 2946, 1759, and 1089 cm−1, corresponding to the asymmetric stretching vibration of –CH3, symmetric stretching of –CH3, and stretching vibrations of C=O and C–O, respectively [62]. The HA powder spectrum displayed bands at 3300

Mechanical property measurements enabled by short-term Fourier-transform of atomic force microscopy thermal deflection analysis

• Thomas Mathias,
• Roland Bennewitz and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1952–1962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.136

• is generated in a CR-AFM experiment. The cantilever resonant frequency was converted into contact stiffness using analytical models of cantilever vibrations, which could then be compared with contact mechanics models relating the applied normal force to contact stiffness. It was shown that those

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• causing significant wideband mechanical vibrations, which can propagate through the cold stages down to the measurement apparatus. However, force sensors with integrated position detectors, as the one presented in this work, do not require free-space optical alignment with a long optical path length. They

• can therefore be made light and compact, significantly reducing their susceptibility to external vibrations, the complexity of vibration isolation, and their thermal mass. For this prototype, we implement a rather simple vibration isolation which, as we will show, is sufficient to demonstrate imaging

• –surface distance, oscillation amplitude of the driven cantilever, sharpness of the tip, and pickup of environmental vibrations and noise, such as noise from the actuator driving the cantilever oscillation as well as feedback noise and sample topography. We perform initial positioning of the microscope by

Further insights into the thermodynamics of linear carbon chains for temperatures ranging from 13 to 300 K

• Alexandre Rocha Paschoal,
• Thiago Alves de Moura,
• Juan S. Rodríguez-Hernández,
• Carlos William de Araujo Paschoal,
• Yoong Ahm Kim,
• Morinobu Endo and
• Paulo T. Araujo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1818–1825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.125

• that CNT provide conditions that are sufficient to stabilize the LCC and inhibit transversal vibrations, while keeping CNT and LCC properties disentangled. In fact, this remains true even when the LCC@CNT systems are submitted to high pressures [29][55][56][57]. The literature has also shown that many

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• slight decrease in C–N and C–O–C vibrations. Different changes can be observed in the case of implantation of 1.5 MeV Ag ions. At the lowest fluence of 3.75 × 1012 cm−2, an increase in intensity was observed for the C=O (≈1800 cm−1) and C=C (≈1650 cm−1) vibrations. This increase indicates a strengthening

• of these chemical bonds, probably due to the restructuring and formation of new carbonyl and aromatic bonds as a result of ion implantation. At the same time, slight decreases in intensity were observed for the vibrations of CH2 (≈1400 cm−1), C–N (≈1200 cm−1), and C–O–C (≈1100 cm−1), indicating the

• due to the higher energy transferred by the ions, leading to fragmentation of the molecules and formation of defects. The C–N (≈1200 cm−1) vibrations show a further decrease in intensity, indicating cleavage of aliphatic chains and disintegration of amide groups. The C–O–C (≈1100 cm−1) and C=O (≈800

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• reaction with EDA, the FTIR spectrum of CNTs-G0 reveals new peaks around 3340 cm−1, which correspond to N–H stretching vibrations from the introduced amine groups. Additionally, strong absorption bands at approximately 1700 cm−1 were observed in all other materials, representing the C=O stretching of amide

• bonds. Moreover, the presence of a band at 3690 cm−1, associated with the stretching of amine groups overlapped with hydroxy stretching vibrations, further confirms the successful formation of amide linkages by the reaction between amine groups of EDA and carboxyl groups of MA-functionalized CNTs [45

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• (Figure 7a) displays two dominant peaks at 1088 and 1596 cm−1, corresponding to the stretching vibrations of the aromatic ring. Weaker peaks are observed at 1182 and 1292 cm−1, attributed to C–H stretching, and at 805 cm−1, corresponding to the bending vibration of the carboxylate group (COO−) [20][21

• 10−4 M (Figure 8c) shows no detectable peaks, whereas the SERS spectrum of 4-MBA at 10−5 M, enhanced by both AgNPs (Figure 8b) and AgNPrs (Figure 8a), exhibit strong signals at 1080 and 1589 cm−1, corresponding to aromatic ring vibrations. Additional weaker peaks at 1148 and 1184 cm−1 are assigned to

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• observed at 3490, 2940, and 1038 cm−1 correspond to the stretching vibrations of –OH, C–H, and C–O–C in the CTA membrane. The bands at 1736, 1367, and 1216 cm−1 are attributed to C=O, –CH3, and C–O in the acetyl groups, respectively. Coating of the CTA surface with PDA does not yield any new characteristic

• and the container walls was stripped off and tested via FTIR. The spectrum exhibited characteristic peaks at approximately 1506 cm−1 and 1600 cm−1, corresponding to the stretching vibrations of the indole ring structure (Figure 1) [29]. This result indicates that dopamine was successfully polymerized

Deep-learning recognition and tracking of individual nanotubes in low-contrast microscopy videos

• Vladimir Pimonov,
• Said Tahir and
• Vincent Jourdain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1316–1324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.96

• successive frames. However, some video frames are unrecognizable due to imaging artifacts, illumination instability, or uncompensated vibrations. Following the initial tracking stage, all segments were grouped into clusters of varying sizes, corresponding to objects recognized across consecutive frames. The

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• characteristic peaks confirm the presence of functional groups associated with PE-CEO and polymer interactions. The broad absorption band around 3300 cm−1 corresponds to O–H stretching vibrations, indicating hydrogen bonding between the biopolymer and PE-CEO components [24]. The intensity of the peaks at 1730 cm

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• –3000 cm−1 region, corresponding to the stretching vibrations of hydroxyl and amide groups. In the nanoparticle spectra, characteristic bands are observed at 1640–1650 cm−1 and around 1550 cm−1, associated with amide I (C=O stretching) and amide II (N–H bending), respectively. Peaks in the 1417–1403 cm

• −1 range are attributed to the bending vibrations of C–H in methyl and methylene groups [22][23][24]. The spectrum of pure rotenoids displays a complex profile with multiple peaks due to the presence of diverse functional groups [14]. Notably, 6-aromatic C=C stretching appears in the 1600–1300 cm−1

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• -plane bending vibration, respectively [43]. The broad band at 3200 cm−1 could be attributed to stretching vibrations of hydroxyl groups (O–H) of hBNs or humidity. Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3 (d) displays the Raman spectrum of hBNs, which reveals a dominant peak at 1367 cm−1, in line with

• attributed to OH-stretching and OH-deformation vibrations due to moisture content, respectively [51]. The Raman spectrum, displayed in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4 (b), revealed the presence of Raman active vibration modes of BaTiO3 in its tetragonal phase, indicating its polycrystalline nature

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• vibrations along the main axis. Given that the plasmonic properties of these particles are contingent upon their spatial configuration, it is similarly crucial to regulate the distance and orientation between the gold rod particles when designing plasmonic systems. This approach also offers a versatile

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• −1 from C=C stretching vibrations. This indicates that in our experimental conditions, the partial graphitization of bare PCD film occurs more actively in the areas with small crystallites enriched with boundaries and defects, while large crystallites retain their diamond structure. The out-of-focus

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• surface (Si–OH). The bands at 3405.7 and 1628.6 cm−1 are characteristic of stretching and bending modes, respectively, of water molecules adsorbed on the surface [43]. The bands at 1017.3 and 464.8 cm−1 represent the stretching vibrations of siloxane groups (Si–O–Si). Particularly, the FTIR band at 662.43

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• within the range of 3600–3200 cm−1, with weaker bands in the vicinity of 3000–2800 cm−1. The former bands originate from stretching vibrations of hydroxyl groups, encompassing both covalent (cb) and hydrogen bonds (hb), as well as aliphatic CHx groups, where x = 1,2 [48][49][50][51][52][53][54]. The

• deformation vibrations of CH2 within CH2OH groups at approximately 1430 cm−1 [47]. The deformation vibrations of C–OH and CH groups were within the range of 1400–1300 cm−1 [55], as well as the stretching vibrations of C–O–C within the β-glycosidic ring, external deformation vibrations of CH2 groups, and the C

• –C and C–O modes within the β-D-glucose ring, within the range of 1200–1000 cm−1 [56]. The infrared spectra of FS0 and FST also reveal calcium alginate-related bands attributed to deformational modes of carboxylate COO− ions, resulting in asymmetric and symmetric stretching C=O vibrations at 1620 and

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• aligns with the subsequent EDX results. The FTIR spectrum (Figure 2g) of commercial CMC displays distinct adsorption bands at 3219, 2875, 1424, 1325, 1053, 1029 and 893 cm−1. The broad band from 3219 to 3406 cm−1 corresponds to O‒H stretching vibrations, reflecting the abundance of hydroxy and carboxyl

• groups in commercial CMC. The adsorption band at 2875 cm−1 represents symmetric stretching vibrations of the –CH2 group. The strong peak at 1620 cm−1 likely corresponds to asymmetric C=O stretching vibrations in carboxyl groups such as ‒COONa. The sharp, symmetric peaks at 1424 and 1325 cm−1 correspond

• to symmetric stretching vibrations of alkyl groups in CMC. The doublet at 1029 and 1053 cm−1 represents vibrations of pyranose rings formed during cellulose synthesis, as well as C‒O stretching vibrations. Meanwhile, the peak at 893 cm−1 corresponds to C‒O‒C stretching vibrations, which are