Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• microbeads added intentionally have been put into practice by some countries, such as Canada and the UK, where microbeads are banned in cosmetics [133]. The EU has placed restrictions under REACH regulation to restrict commercial use of MPs [134]. France has taken further steps by mandating that new washing

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• core removal, the fibers exhibited a filled core structure, as depicted in Figure 6A. Sequential washing with water and ethanol, followed by drying and cryofracture, effectively solubilized and removed the core material, yielding hollow fiber structures (Figure 6B). These observations confirmed the

• successful formation of a core–shell structure via coaxial electrospinning, using the optimized parameters from the morphology study. Additionally, Figure 6B highlights the presence of pores on the PLA shell surface after washing, suggesting that core removal occurred through diffusion facilitated by these

• before and after washing, were immersed in liquid nitrogen and fractured using tweezers. The fractured samples were mounted on 45 degree stubs to capture cross-sectional images without requiring the sample holder to be moved. Confocal microscopy Confocal microscopy was conducted to observe the

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• ], where high ligand density led to truncated octahedral PbSe nanostructures, while reduced surface ligand concentration (achieved by washing) resulted in cubic structures. This result shows that addition or removal of surface ligands may result in nanocrystals of different shapes. The length of organic

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• functionalization process did not alter the intrinsic structure of the materials as the peak profile of all the samples is similar to that of bare CNTs. Moreover, the absence of any extra peaks further confirms that the washing process has effectively removed the residual substrates and DES. FTIR spectroscopy has

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

• Cy3-maleimide. Furthermore, we note that these washing experiments were performed approximately two years after all other Cy3 experiments reported herein, using the same Cy3-maleimide stock solutions, which have likely hydrolyzed somewhat over this time interval. We observe that the loading of Cy3

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• human pulmonary fibroblast derivative, the cells were cultured for seven days in a modified Eagle’s medium and then decellularized by washing several times with PBS. Then a 7% aqueous PVA solution was added to the pulmonary fibroblast derivative. For the cross-linking of the solution, the freeze/thaw

• of Ca(OH)2 (pH 10.2), CaCl2 (pH 7.2), or CaCO3 (pH 8.1) for three days at room temperature, followed by washing with water and drying at 60 °C [140]. In recent years, ultrasmall nanogels have emerged as an innovative drug delivery system, mainly due to their ability to deeply penetrate biological

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• in diH2O for 2 min. Then, the cells were incubated with the Nuclear Fast Red Solution for 5 min and rinsed with running tap water and diH2O two times. After washing, the wells were rapidly dehydrated with absolute ethanol (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) by changing them three times. The images of each well

• [57]. Moreover, sonoporation, a mechanical effect of US, may lead to a temporarily perturbation of cell membrane homeostasis and disruption of the cell membrane [58]. Additionally, US exposure could cause cells to detach from the surface, potentially leading to their removal during the washing process

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• gently rinsed with approx. 1 mL Krebs–Ringer medium and carefully refilled with 3 mL of fresh medium. It is important to add the medium gently, as the immobilisation of the mitochondria is very weak compared to cell adhesion. Excessively rapid addition of the medium risks washing the mitochondria away

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• exothermic heat increased the reactor temperature to above 90 °C). After 2 h of agitation, the reaction was mixed with 150 mL of a 5% H2O2 solution and kept stirring for one day. After washing to neutral pH, the material was dried and ground to produce a GrO powder (moisture ≈20%). Next, the GrO powder was

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

Zeolite materials with Ni and Co: synthesis and catalytic potential in the selective hydrogenation of citral

• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Yailen Costa Marrero,
• Tania Farias Piñeira,
• Céline Fontaine,
• Lexane Paget,
• Beatriz Concepción Rosabal,
• Arbelio Penton Madrigal,
• Vitalii Petranovskii and
• Gwendoline Lafaye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 520–529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.40

• SEM image (Figure 2). To remove excess solution, water washes are typically applied. The materials obtained via IE underwent extensive washing with distilled water, while those obtained via Imp were only lightly washed, leading to the observed differences in chloride content. According to this, there

• for materials obtained by IE are higher than those of ZSA. This increase is consistent with expectations [17][18], as the ion exchange and water washing treatments effectively clean the materials’ surface, thereby enhancing the available surface area and porosity (microporosity) for adsorption. The

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• minimizing the reflected power. Before deposition, the target surface was pre-sputtered for 15 min to remove any surface contamination. The silicon substrates were meticulously cleaned by washing them with distilled water and isopropyl alcohol and rinsing them with acetone. The vacuum chamber was evacuated

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• 2854 cm−1 relate to the stretching vibration of carbon and hydrogen bonds. The peaks at 1030 and 1380 cm−1 are related to vibrational or in-plane bending of residual ethanol which was used for washing the nanoparticles and KBr pellet die set (used for pellet making for FTIR) [18][19]. Optical study of

• stirring for 2 h at room temperature. Once the stirring was complete, the deposited precipitate was formed. These precipitates were subjected to centrifugation and the pellet was collected; further washing was done multiple times using distilled water and ethanol. The obtained nanoparticles were oven-dried

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• interaction were 4.5 ± 2.7 and 7.4 ± 0.3 for 6 × 104 and 1.2 × 105 cells/well, respectively. As expected, the nanoparticle adsorption onto the cells depends on the cell concentration. Since the fluorescence measurements were carried out on the cell pellets after washing and centrifugation, the increase in

• administration (control A) and (ii) empty wells with nanoparticle administration (control B). The relative mucus interaction was calculated through a formula similar to that used in other studies [77]: Here, F1 is the fluorescence obtained from the cell pellet treated with NPs after incubation, washing, and

• centrifugation. F1′ is the fluorescence obtained from the cell pellet of control A. F0 is the fluorescence of nanoparticles administered onto the cells (input). Fx is the fluorescence obtained from control B after incubation, washing, and centrifugation. And F0x is the fluorescence of nanoparticles administered

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• were collected using successive centrifugation steps at 13,000 rpm for 30 min and washing with deionized (DI) water several times, until the hydrolysis of covalent sulfates formed during oxidation [26][27]. The final product of exfoliated GO nanosheets were extracted through freeze-drying. Binding of

• factors such as the source of graphite, the weight equivalent of KMnO4, reaction time, and washing conditions [26][37]. Most importantly, the degree of oxidation of graphene oxide plays a crucial role in controlling the cytotoxicity of the material [38][39]. To achieve higher oxidation, six times weight

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• supernatant upon several washing steps. “In Vitro Sedimentation, Diffusion and Dosimetry” studies were undertaken to determine the cell-delivered dose for all culture conditions based on the specific density and size parameters of the bio-nano conjugates [52]. Finally, comprehensive physicochemical

Bioinspired nanofilament coatings for scale reduction on steel

• Siad Dahir Ali,
• Mette Heidemann Rasmussen,
• Jacopo Catalano,
• Christian Husum Frederiksen and
• Tobias Weidner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 25–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.3

• , and dried after the first three hours of coating. When the coating was finished after a total of six hours, the samples were washed in toluene and left in Milli-Q water for approximately 12 hours. The last washing step ensures that all produced HCl is removed from the coating which will otherwise

Attempts to preserve and visualize protein corona on the surface of biological nanoparticles in blood serum using photomodification

• Julia E. Poletaeva,
• Anastasiya V. Tupitsyna,
• Alina E. Grigor’eva,
• Ilya S. Dovydenko and
• Elena I. Ryabchikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1654–1666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.130

• and washing (90 min with UC at 100,000g) deprived photomodified bio-NPs of the ability to preserve the protein corona. The study presented in this article is a pioneering one. We used the photomodification method that we developed earlier, which allowed us to obtain and visualize a complete protein

Ultrablack color in velvet ant cuticle

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Wencke Krings,
• Juliana Reis Machado,
• Stanislav Gorb and
• Rhainer Guillermo-Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1554–1565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.122

• –2.00 hPa. For sample preparation, transversely sectioned T. bifurca specimens were fixed in Karnovsky fixative solution + 0.1% ruthenium red for 12 h. Following buffer washing, a post-fixative solution (osmium tetroxide + 0.1% ruthenium red) was applied at room temperature. After rinsing with alcohol

Green synthesis of carbon dot structures from Rheum Ribes and Schottky diode fabrication

• Muhammed Taha Durmus and
• Ebru Bozkurt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1369–1375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.110

• substrate was cut to approximately 1 cm2 in size and cleaned by washing it in acetone, methanol, and pure water for 10 min each. An ohmic contact was made with aluminum on the cleaned sample at 1 × 10−7 Torr vacuum in a PVD thermal evaporation device. Approximately 30 μL of the CDs stock solution was taken

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

• samples, nearly the same amount of CTAB is present. In addition to this, the as-prepared CTAB-AuNR1 and CTAB-AuNR2 were also evaluated regarding heavy metal detection. Although the nanoparticle concentration has a big impact, washing nanoparticles is crucial in detecting heavy metals. As-prepared

• nanoparticles of the same concentration and size were evaluated to understand the impact of washing. As-prepared AuNR1 at 0.5 and 1 OD did not detect any metal through significant changes in color or plasmon resonance (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S15 and Figure S16). However, a slight blueshift of as

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• DMEM culture medium (10% FBS) at 37 °C for 10 min, using the thermoblock Thermomixer C (Eppendorf). Posteriorly, the precipitate was washed with PBS (pH 7.4, 10 mM) to remove excess proteins weakly adsorbed on SiO2NPs. The washing procedure was performed by centrifugation (14000 rpm for 10 min at 4 °C

• ) and ii) human plasma (5.5% in PBS) at 37 °C for 10 min, using the thermoblock Thermomixer C (Eppendorf). After this period, the precipitate was washed with PBS (pH 7.4, 10 mM) to remove excess proteins weakly adsorbed on the surface of SiO2NPs. The washing procedure was performed by centrifugation

Effect of wavelength and liquid on formation of Ag, Au, Ag/Au nanoparticles via picosecond laser ablation and SERS-based detection of DMMP

• Sree Satya Bharati Moram,
• Chandu Byram and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1054–1069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.86

• and cut into 1 cm × 1 cm pieces. The targets were thoroughly cleaned in an ultrasonic bath using ethanol, acetone, and DW for 10 min. After washing, the targets were fixed at the bottom of the glass beaker filled with 5 mL of DW and aqueous NaCl solution (1 mM). The setup was mounted on the motorized

Radiofrequency enhances drug release from responsive nanoflowers for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

• Yanyan Wen,
• Ningning Song,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Weiwei Wu,
• Qixiong Lin,
• Minjie Cui,
• Rongrong Li,
• Qiufeng Yu,
• Sixue Wu,
• Yongkang Liang,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 569–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.49

• @MnO2 NFs The CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs uptake by Huh-7 cells was observed under a fluorescence microscope. Huh-7 cells were incubated with 50 µg/mL NFs for 24 h. Then, 4% paraformaldehyde was used to fix the Huh-7 cells for 15 min, followed by washing with PBS. Fixed cells were stained by the Prussian Blue kit

Cholesterol nanoarchaeosomes for alendronate targeted delivery as an anti-endothelial dysfunction agent

• Horacio Emanuel Jerez,
• Yamila Roxana Simioni,
• Kajal Ghosal,
• Maria Jose Morilla and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 517–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.46

• HUVECs were seeded and incubated with nanovesicles as stated before. After incubation, supernatants were discarded, and cells were washed once with 100 µL PBS and incubated with 2.5 μg/mL JC-1 staining mixture for 15 min at 37 °C. Upon supernatant removal and PBS washing, the fluorescence intensity of