Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• short oligo(ethylene glycol) chains. The particles were first characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential (ZP) measurements in solution, and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) in vacuum. Samples were adsorbed on flat

• scattering and zeta potential measurements DLS was used to determine the hydrodynamic diameter, and ZP was used to estimate the NP surface charge of both particles in solution. We employed Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Panalytical, UK) equipment. For DLS measurements, 70 µL of the sample (1.0 × 1012 particles

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• at around 27.3°, 31.7°, 45.4°, 53.8°, and 56.4° were matched to the (111), (200), (220), (311), and (222) planes of AgSbS2 (JCPDS card No. 65-9810). Moreover, the obtained results were found to be consistent with previously reported literature. Although zeta potential was not experimentally measured

• direct ROS measurement and apoptosis marker assays (e.g., Annexin V/PI staining, caspase-3 activation) will be crucial for validating and further elucidating these mechanistic pathways. The surface charge and zeta potential of AgSbS2 NCs, which strongly influence their colloidal stability and cellular

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• enhanced cellular uptake, whereas positively charged CDs elicited stronger cytokine responses [41]. Zeta potential measurements are routinely used to quantify surface charge, which can be tuned through appropriate surface functionalisation strategies. Stability is another essential aspect of NM evaluation

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• through a low-energy method, using polysorbate 20 as a surfactant. The formulation presented an average droplet size ranging from 244.6 to 280.4 nm, a polydispersity index of less than 0.25, and a negative zeta potential (−15.7 to −18.6 mV), maintaining stability for 14 days. In the bioassays, fourth

• Australia, and the Hawaiian Islands [121]. This oil is rich in sesquiterpene alcohols, such as α-santalol (24.27%) and β-santalol (27.65%) [120][122]. The NE presented an average droplet size of 195.7 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.342, and a negative zeta potential (−20.1 mV). Third-instar larvae were

• diameter of 109.7 nm (±0.75), a polydispersity index of 0.29 (±0.007), and a zeta potential of −21.7 mV (±1.10), conferring stability to the system. The larvicidal tests were performed with third-stage larvae of Ae. aegypti, exposed to the samples for a period of 24 and 48 hours. The nanoemulsion

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• shown in the size distribution graph (Figure 1b). Moreover, the zeta potential (ZP) of both samples was around −20 mV, with no significant changes upon phytol loading. To evaluate the shape and morphological characteristics of the nanoemulsions, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis was

• was evaluated over a period of 30 days by monitoring droplet size, PdI, zeta potential, and pH values. In parallel, the samples were subjected to centrifugation at two different speeds (960 and 8600g) to simulate stress conditions. After centrifugation, droplet size, PdI, and ZP were assessed over a

• evaluated, only the zeta potential showed a significant reduction at day 30 (p < 0.05), while no significant changes were observed in the other parameters, as shown in Figure 2a,b. Similarly, the formulations maintained their stability under all centrifugation conditions and time points analyzed, as

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• absorption by interacting with food, digestive enzymes, bile salts, electrolytes, and mucus. Polymers enable diverse surface functionalities tailored to therapeutic demands, including adhesive, bioinert, or charge-conversion functionalities that modify zeta potential and hydrophilic properties, among others

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• , resulting in OphtNE-3.70% with a droplet diameter of 173 nm and a zeta potential of −44.7 mV. The addition of Kolliphor® HS15 in OphtNE-3.66%(K1%) initially reduced the droplet size to 70.8 nm and enhanced the antioxidant effect. Although the droplet size and polydispersity index increased after more than

• mL·min−1, using sealed aluminum pans (T181206 and T181128). Droplet size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and conductivity Droplet size and polydispersity index (PdI) of the formulations were measured 24 h after preparation using dynamic light scattering with a Zetasizer Nano-ZS ZEN 3600 (Malvern

• Instruments, UK) at 25 °C. Before analysis, the samples were diluted 1:1000 with Milli-Q water, a standard dilution used to prevent multiple scattering without compromising micelle integrity. Measurements were performed at a 173° backscatter detection angle. Zeta potential and electrical conductivity were

Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion

• Philippe de Castro Mesquita,
• Karla Samara Rocha Soares,
• Manoela Torres-Rêgo,
• Emanuell dos Santos-Silva,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115

• polyethylenimine for loading peptides and proteins of T. serrulatus venom, and their use as a potential immunoadjuvant was evaluated. The protein loading efficiency of about 100% and the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis assay confirmed the success of venom loading. Dynamic light scattering and zeta potential

• polymers such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has been investigated [13]. The nanoparticles produced using these synthetic polyesters show neutral or negative zeta potential, which limits the loading of negatively charged macromolecules such as proteins, polypeptides, or DNA [14][20]. The surface of

• 165 nm and a positive zeta potential of 7.0 mV. After the addition of venom, the PLA nanoparticles loaded with T. serrulatus venom proteins remained with a narrow particle size distribution. Moreover, an increase in size of the particles occurred after the addition of the venom for both concentrations

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• six degrees of freedom due to their negative photogravitaxis. Their self-propelling capability, combined with tunable surface charge (zeta potential), enables rapid attraction and capture of nanoplastics onto their surfaces and between layered structures. The magnetic nature of the microrobots allows

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• (III) metalloantibiotic 12 (Figure 4) in liposomes [113]. The Au-loaded liposomes displayed high loading efficiency, high stability, and particle size and zeta potential values suitable for drug delivery. Even though the antibacterial activity against resistant strains of S. aureus was not improved, a

• -PLGA-NPs. High negative zeta potential values suggested that both encapsulation systems are sufficiently stable for drug delivery. In addition, both systems exhibited a biphasic release pattern, with an initial burst release followed by sustained and controlled release of the morin-Cu(II) complex

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• light scattering (DLS) is commonly used to determine liposome size and size distribution. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) can be used to image liposome morphology and determine lamellarity. Zeta potential measurements assess the surface charge of liposomes, which

• liposomes is preserved [110]. The surface charge of liposomes, often expressed as zeta potential, is an important parameter that influences their stability and interaction with biological systems. Electrophoretic light scattering is often used to measure the zeta potential of liposomes [110][125]. Cryo-TEM

• liposomes (AGCL) using alkyl-N-octyl-β-ᴅ-glucopyranoside with the idea that incorporating Cel into alkyl-Glu-modified liposomes could improve its ability to target tumors and reduce potential side effects. The particle size and zeta potential of AGCL were reported to be approximately 83.41 nm and −19.1 mV

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• ]. Despite these variations, the compositional profiles remain comparable, underscoring the distinctive chemical characteristics of the oil studied. Preparation of nanoemulsions, required hydrophilic–lipophilic balance, droplet size, zeta potential, and shelf stability The development of a nanoemulsion

• , maintaining consistent zeta potential and droplet size parameters over a 180-day storage period at 25 ± 2 °C. Dynamic light scattering analysis revealed a mean nanodroplet size (by intensity) of 173.6 ± 0.70 nm (Figure 2A). The nanoemulsion, composed of 0.28 parts of Span 80® and 0.72 parts of Tween 80

• ®, exhibited a zeta potential of −14.10 ± 1.06 mV (Figure 2B), indicative of sufficient electrostatic repulsion for colloidal stability. It should be noted that the phenolic compounds and carotenoids contained in this oil are considered potent antioxidants, which may contribute to the stability of the

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• with smaller size, improved polydispersity index, and enhanced stability, evidenced by a higher zeta potential. FTIR analysis confirmed rotenoid incorporation into the nanocomposite and suggested hydrogen bonding or potential covalent interaction with chitosan functional groups. Bioassays demonstrated

• rotenoids in the nanostructures also increased the zeta potential (ζ) in both ion gelation methods, which appears to influence the polydispersity index (PDI) of these nanocomposites, as the PDI values are significantly higher than those of their respective controls (Table 1). The zeta potential is an

• important parameter for assessing nanoparticle stability and biodistribution. Typically, particles acquire an electric charge at the shear plane when dispersed in a liquid, which is reflected by their zeta potential, that is key to understanding dispersion and aggregation processes in nanoformulations. Zeta

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• -Vis-NIR) measured optical properties across the 200–800 nm range, while dynamic light scattering (DLS, Malvern Panalytical) provided data on hydrodynamic size and zeta potential after dispersing 1 mg of material in 1 mL of deionized water and sonicating for 30 min. Finally, piezoresponse force

• bandgap energy [46]. Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3 (f) illustrates that the hydrodynamic size of hBNs in aqueous suspension is approximately 120 nm. The zeta potential value is −42.5 ± 1.18 mV, indicating greater negativity than −30 mV, demonstrating stability [47]. Figure 1 shows PRFM

• the hydrodynamic size and zeta potential values of BaTiO3 as 44 ± 6.68 nm and −22.74 ± 1.67 mV, respectively. This zeta potential value indicates the potential for particle aggregation. Additionally, the amplitude and phase images in Figure 1 indicated a polarization magnitude of 4 mV, which was

Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• Analytical, UK). The zeta potential of LNPs was measured using a Zetasizer Nano Z (Malvern Panalytical). Before analysis, LNP stocks were diluted 1:20 in ultrapure water. LNP uptake Cells were seeded in 48-well plates the day prior to the uptake experiment at 2 × 104 cells/well. The plates were pre-coated

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• hydrogen bonds and coat various surfaces [23]. Our results are compatible with a model where adsorbed TA molecules create a partially active antioxidant layer on the FLG surface, maintaining bioactivity while enhancing graphene colloid stability. Unfortunately, the zeta potential of the FLG–TA material in

• from the calibration curve. The total quantity of tannic acid adsorbed on the surface of the FLG was then calculated from the difference between the initial and the final TA concentrations and reported per unit mass of carbon-based material. Attempts to evaluate the FLG–TA particle size and zeta

• potential in their diluted suspensions were done using a Nano ZS device from Malvern, operating in the backscattering mode. The free radical scavenging assay was carried out to assess the antioxidant properties of both free and adsorbed TA on the surface. A 10−4 M DPPH solution was prepared in absolute

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• analysis. APT-loaded SLNs were prepared by the precipitation method and characterized by physicochemical studies including particle size and zeta potential measurements, drug content, encapsulation efficiency and solubility studies, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron

• concentration of β-CD showed the highest drug solubility (93.50% ± 3.73%) in PBS (pH 7.4) and drug content (96.75% ± 0.24%); particle size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index of APT-CD-NP4 were 121.1 ± 0.72 nm, −18.8 ± 0.94 mV, and 0.15 ± 0.35, respectively. SEM analysis showed that APT was converted from

• , and zeta potential measurements. Also Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), solubility, in vitro dissolution, and in vivo and stability studies were carried out. Result and Discussion Physicochemical evaluation The solubility of APT in the SLNs was 24-fold higher

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• played a crucial role in the successful coating of these nanoparticles, significantly increasing their zeta potential and improving cellular uptake. Moreover, εPLL-coated GNPs were found to provide robust protection for the ASOs against nuclease degradation, maintaining over 78% of the oligonucleotides

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• ZnO frequently causes a reduction in the bandgap, leading to a shift toward longer wavelengths in the absorption spectra. The smaller bandgaps of the samples in optoelectronic devices provide a significant advantage [21]. Zeta potential of Ag@ZnO nanorods Surface properties of the synthesized Ag@ZnO

• NRs were studied using dynamic light scattering analysis, and their zeta potential was determined. Figure 5 represents the zeta potential of Ag@ZnO NRs. The samples were collected in the liquid state and the Ag@ZnO NRs zeta potential of ≈30 mV accounts for the stability of the nanoparticles in water

• vibrations, rotational energy, electronic energy levels, and scattering characteristics of Ag–ZnO nanorods. The Malvern Nano-ZS90 was utilized to determine the zeta potential of synthesized nanorods. Fabrication of the lead sensor / (Ag@ZnO nanorods/gold electrode) The obtained Ag@ZnO NRs served as an

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• suggests a small degree of polydispersity, indicating that while the nanoparticles are relatively uniform, there is a slight variation in their sizes. The zeta potential of the PEG–PCL nanoparticles was measured to be −10.8 ± 4.50 mV (Figure 2b), suggesting that the nanoparticles possess a moderate

• negative surface charge. The zeta potential is a critical parameter for evaluating the stability of colloidal dispersions; typically, values greater than ±30 mV are associated with high stability due to strong electrostatic repulsion between particles [31]. Despite the zeta potential being less than ±30 mV

• hydrophobic PCL [34]. The positive charge on the G-250 dye or the Bradford reagent can form ionic interactions with PEG–PCL NPs due to their negative surface charge, which is confirmed through the zeta potential. We also observed when the PEG–PCL nanoparticle concentrations decreased from 10 to 0.005 mg/mL

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• Eudragit polymer. Particle size and zeta potential distribution The particle size distribution is an important parameter in drug delivery applications because it determines the transport across membranes. The Z-average diameters of Alg NPs and EudAlg NPs were 206.14 ± 32.31 and 219.22 ± 41.61 nm

• particles is also very important. The zeta potential of Alg nanoparticles is negative (−25.85 ± 7.7 mV), as expected, because of the presence of –COOH and –OH groups in the polymer. This may hinder its interaction with negatively charged surfaces like mucus because of charge repulsion [42]; in contrast

• , positively charged nanoparticles have more potential to induce adherence to the mucus layer [43]. Thus, for this study, Eudragit RS100 polymer was chosen as a coating polymer to obtain positively charged nanoparticles. Upon coating the Alg nanoparticles, the zeta potential shifted to positive values (39.72

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• preferred phase of the nanoparticles either. The particle zeta potential is a third aspect that may affect the phase preference of the nanoparticles. Consequently, the zeta potential of the respective copper and iron colloids was measured for the colloids present in the PC and alcohol phases. While the

• particles in PC showed a negative zeta potential for copper and a fluctuating zeta potential ranging from negative to positive values for iron (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2), the zeta potential of the particles in the alcohol phases was almost zero for both metals (Figure 3a,b). Further, a size

• glycerol carbonate and 1-nonanol for copper and iron. Zeta potential of copper nanoparticles in (a) 1-nonanol and (b) propylene carbonate obtained by LAL at 85 °C in the monophasic TMS of 1-nonanol and propylene carbonate. Size distribution and TEM images of the respective (c, d) copper and (e, f) iron

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• loading efficacy and content in these formulations (around 42% and 11%, respectively, for MWCNTs-PEG6000-FA-TMZ and 46% and 13%, respectively, for MWCNTs-G-PEG6000-FA-TMZ; Table 1). When the CNs were PEGylated, an increase in zeta potential was observed (−38.38 and −46.05 mV vs −21.40 and −22.30 mV for

• MWCNTs-PEG6000 and MWCNTs-G-PEG6000, respectively) (Table 1) due to modifications of the carboxylic groups on the surface of CNs. The additional functionalization with FA decreased the zeta potential (−33.10 and −38.10 mV for MWCNTs-PEG6000-FA and MWCNTs-G-PEG6000-FA, respectively), which can be ascribed

• to the ionized carboxyl groups of FA in the corresponding medium. Incorporation of TMZ in the CNs did not change their zeta potential significantly, confirming the assumptions regarding the TMZ loading (Table 1). The mean particle size for the parent CNs (MWCNTs-COOH and MWCNTs-G-COOH) was 136 and

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• unique physicochemical properties of these mannose-decorated hybrid NPs, such as controlled particle size (≈265 nm) and stability ensured by negative zeta potential, make them highly effective for receptor-mediated endocytosis and intracellular drug delivery [57]. Similarly, hyaluronic acid-coated NCs

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), utilizing lactic acid bacteria isolated from curd as the key biological agent. Bacteria function as agents for both reduction and capping processes, which aids the synthesis of ZnO NPs. Various characterization techniques including XRD, FTIR, UV–vis, TEM, SEM-EDX, and zeta potential

• wrinkled pattern, and it was found that the NPs average size was 72 nm. The presence of ZnO NPs on the surface was confirmed through EDX, which showed characteristic elemental peaks validating the composition (Figure 4a–d). Zeta potential The ZnO NPs synthesized using GP258 showed good stability as

• colloidal system. Our biosynthesized nanoparticles showed a zeta potential of −60 mV. It is considered that a NP colloid with a zeta potential of more than ±30 mV shows good stability against aggregation. The zeta average size was found to be 99 nm (Figure 4e,f). Electrochemical analysis Cyclic voltammetry