Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• as biomedical applications [15][16][17][18][19][20], but also extends to functional material systems that address issues such as energy [21][22][23][24][25] and environment [26][27][28][29][30]. The creation of such soft functional materials has been fostered alongside the advancement of science

• release of protein biopharmaceuticals in response to antibodies. It is anticipated that these hydrogels will prove useful in a number of biomedical applications, including the three-dimensional controlled release of drugs and proteins, the construction of hierarchical organoids, and the development of

Multifunctional properties of bio-poly(butylene succinate) reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes

• Volodymyr Krasinskyi,
• Krzysztof Bajer,
• Ludmila Dulebova,
• Nickolas Polychronopoulos,
• Oksana Krasinska and
• Daniel Kaczor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1014–1024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.76

• of MWCNTs to tailor the properties of BioPBS for specific applications, such as in the packaging, automotive, and biomedical industries, where both biodegradability and enhanced material performance are desirable. Keywords: melt compounding; multiwalled carbon nanotubes; poly(butylene succinate

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• , C.N.R., I-95126 Catania, Italy Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), I-90146 Palermo, Italy 10.3762/bjnano.16.75 Abstract We have designed and synthesized a novel calix[4]arene derivative bearing four choline appendages as recognition targeting ligands and

• immunogenicity and paving the way for a variety of applications in the biomedical field [1][6][7][8][9]. Due to their amphiphilic character, calix[n]arene derivatives can self-assemble in water medium, leading to nanoaggregates exhibiting much better hosting performances than the single monomers [10]. Aggregates

• poorly active unconventional photoactivatable drug molecules [12][13][14] as well as efficient cages to inhibit undesired photodegradation of photosensitive conventional drugs [15]. Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the most extensively studied molecules in the fascinating realm of biomedical sciences. This

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite

• Sumanta Sahoo,
• Ankur Sood and
• Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

• Fe2O3 nanoparticles and VO2 nanorods on the 2D rGO surface. Notably, the ternary composite displayed good magnetic properties for its potential biomedical applications. Overall, this work explores an efficient and cost-effective synthetic approach for developing graphene-based magnetic nanocomposites

• , including their derivatives, are broadly explored for miscellaneous applications, such as energy storage/conversion, EMI shielding, biosensing, optoelectronics, robotics, flexible electronics, paint industries, textile industries, biomedical devices [5][6][7]. To be specific, the innovation of graphene

• , the approach was also able to convert V2O5 to form VO2 and synthesize Fe2O3 from ferrocene. The structure and properties of the NC were examined through various characterization techniques. Lastly, the magnetic properties of Fe-containing ternary NCs were also evaluated for their possible biomedical

Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• ], wear resistant coatings [29], environmental [30], biomedical [31], magnetic [32] and electronic [33] technologies. In magnetic NPs, a key feature is the superparamagnetic blocked-to-superparamagnetic fluctuating transition, which occurs at a characteristic blocking temperature (TB). Below TB, NPs

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• Zn(OH)2 constituent). ZH nanoparticles and GO nanosheets in the GO-SG-ZH hydrogel are antibacterial and antibiofilm agents with low toxicity for food packaging and biomedical applications [56][57]. The main antibacterial mechanism of GO nanosheets is cell membrane damage caused by direct contact of

• biomedical applications thanks to its antibiofilm, safety, and biodegradability properties. Stability of graphene oxide–nanosilica–zinc hydroxide coatings on polylactide films in aqueous environments SG/PLA and GO-SG-ZH/PLA films were immersed in an environment simulating aqueous food for one month. The

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• satisfactory biocompatibility, FLG–TA potentially offers new insights as a novel biomaterial for dental applications. The addition of TA to the FLG surface enhances both physicochemical and biological properties. This advantageous combination expands the potential uses of the biocomposite across biomedical

Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

• ; quantitative force spectroscopy; scanning capacitance force microscopy; Introduction Technological progress in fields including electronics, energy storage, photonics, and biomedical devices would not have been possible without the development of new materials. Progress in these areas requires a detailed

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• 37610, Pakistan 10.3762/bjnano.16.46 Abstract The importance of electrospun membranes for biomedical applications has increased, especially when it comes to skin regeneration and wound healing. This review presents the production and applications of electrospun membranes based on polyurethane (PU) and

• silk fibroin (SF) and highlights their benefits as a skin substitute. This review also highlights the electrospinning technique used to prepare nanofibers for these biomedical applications. Silk, well-known for its excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, structural properties, and low immunogenic

• response, is extensively investigated by addressing its molecular structure, composition, and medical uses. PU is a candidate for potential biomedical applications because of its strength, flexibility, biocompatibility, cell-adhesive properties, and high resistance to biodegradation. PU combined with silk

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• physicochemical properties, diverse structural forms, and potential applications in combating NDs. The unique characteristics of CNMs, including their hydrophobic surfaces and variable dimensions, enable them to interact effectively with biomolecules, making them valuable tools in biomedical research and

• valuable candidates for various biomedical applications such as diagnosis, therapeutics, and drug delivery. The efficacy of these NPs is closely linked to their pharmacokinetic properties. The biodistribution, safety profile, and clearance mechanism of NPs plays a critical role in the clinical application

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• Manouchehri Doulabi Gemma Mestres Masood Kamali-Moghaddam Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden 10.3762/bjnano

Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• applications [32][33][34], palladium is an important metal as it is the optimal material to make metallic contacts with CNTs [35]. Palladium nanoparticles are also being explored for biomedical applications and sensors [36]. Therefore, Pd nanoprinting via FEBID could emerge as a key technique for creating

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• its characteristic amphipathic guanidinium group, PLR has been frequently used in biomedical applications, particularly as a carrier for nucleic acid delivery [91]. Moreover, its strong cationic nature allows it to effectively bind to negatively charged molecules, facilitating cellular uptake through

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• the size, requiring a monodisperse or at least monomodal size distribution. As an example, gold NPs with a narrow particle size distribution achieve a higher detection sensitivity in sensing applications [9]. Besides, NP size is critical for biomedical applications, where deviations from the optimum

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• concluded that EudAlg nanoparticles do not significantly affect the viability of AGS cell (Figure 4A). Internalization of nanoparticles When nanoparticles are designed for biomedical applications, two important properties to be considered are toxicity and cellular uptake. The cellular uptake of

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• , catalysis, sensing, and biomedical fields. Conclusion Pulsed laser grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon fiber paper composites presents a significant advancement in electrode design for electrocatalytic applications. Our novel one-step aqueous pulsed laser grafting process enables the fabrication of

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• Education, Shiksha Sadan, Sector-5, Panchkula-134114, India CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow-226001, India Department of Biomedical, Industrial & Human Factors Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States 10.3762/bjnano

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 10.3762/bjnano.16.22 Abstract This review examines strategies to enhance the mechanical properties of chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) electrospun nanofibers, recognized for their biomedical and

• evaluate mechanical properties and provides a comparative analysis of different enhancement approaches. Applications in biomedical and industrial contexts are explored, showcasing the versatility and innovation potential of these nanofibers. Finally, current challenges are addressed, and future research

• sensitive compounds [3]. Electrospun nanofibers exhibit a large surface area, high porosity, and small pore size, making them useful for a wide range of applications, as shown in Figure 1. Chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) electrospun nanofibers have many applications, including water treatment, biomedical

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• transport across membranes, and extend circulation times. These advantages could reduce the negative effects of off-target drug accumulation and improve the release to the disease sites compared to current delivery systems [6]. Despite the expected applications in the biomedical field, the journey of NPs

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• biomedical applications. This work reports on the green synthesis of ZnO NPs employing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as capping and reducing agents to produce biocompatible NPs for use in pharmaceutical and biological applications [3][4][5]. LAB are Gram-positive, catalase-negative, and non-pathogenic bacteria

• , suggesting their potential utility in environmental contexts and as biomedical coatings. Conclusion This work effectively proved the use of native lactic acid bacteria as capping and reducing agents in the green synthesis of ZnO NPs. The NPs exhibited potential structural, optical, and biological qualities

Theoretical study of the electronic and optical properties of a composite formed by the zeolite NaA and a magnetite cluster

• Joel Antúnez-García,
• Roberto Núñez-González,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• H’Linh Hmok,
• Armando Reyes-Serrato,
• Fabian N. Murrieta-Rico,
• Mufei Xiao and
• Jonathan Zamora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 44–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.5

• ], heavy metal removal [11][12], sensor technologies [13][14][15][16], and biomedical applications [17]. Nanoscale materials represent a thriving field of research with a wide range of potential applications. Today, it is generally recognized that properties like hardness, reactivity, toxicity, and optical

Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• them to be used in high-temperature alloys and ceramics. Hf compounds are widely used in microelectronics because of their high dielectricity values [2]. In recent years, NPs derived from Hf have gained significant interest in biomedical fields because of their superior optical and thermal properties

Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties

• Agnieszka Kreitschitz and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126

• ], or to animal bodies, promoting epizoochory [31][32][33]. These distinct physical features make mucilage also an important substrate for pharmaceutical, biomedical, and food industries [11][15][19][20][21]. Here, we briefly review the basic composition and structure of mucilage, its frictional and

• ], on monomer and cross-linking concentrations, and on the type of substrate surface [88]. Hydrogels with their low friction are crucial in biomedical applications or for drug delivery [38][83][86][88]. The diaspore mucilage is regarded as a natural hydrogel [38] because of its capacity to absorb water

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• (Fe3O4 NPs) are widely used in many biomedical applications (e.g., bioimaging, drug delivery, biosensors, diagnostics, and theranostics). However, the use of NPs does not preclude the possibility of selective toxicity and undesirable effects, including accumulation in tissues and direct interaction with

• challenges associated with human health. Nanotechnology offers great opportunities in medicine because of the physicochemical properties at the nanoscale. There are efforts to apply unique quantum phenomena at the nanoscale in the fields of medicine, biomedical sciences, bioengineering, food technology

• interdisciplinary approach is to integrate advances in biotechnology, nanomaterials, biomedical robotics, and genetic engineering into the broader field of nanomedicine. On a larger scale, the application of nanotechnology in medicine enhances efficiency, accelerates processes, and improves functional performance

Integrating high-performance computing, machine learning, data management workflows, and infrastructures for multiscale simulations and nanomaterials technologies

• Fabio Le Piane,
• Mario Vozza,
• Matteo Baldoni and
• Francesco Mercuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1498–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.119