Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• ]. Additionally, PVA contributes to reducing the crystallinity of the chitosan structure [19]. Because of their unique and exceptional properties, nanofibrous membranes have become prominent materials for a wide range of applications [20]. Throughout their time of use, electrospun fibers are exposed to

• control over fiber alignment and orientation [72]. Random fiber alignment and orientation, in addition to low crystallinity of electrospun structures, tend to result in poor mechanical strength [73]. To address the challenges of conventional electrospinning, researchers have explored alternative

• contradictory observation, including reduced crystallinity as evidenced by the X-ray diffraction results and the presence of bound solvent detected through differential scanning calorimetry, which acts as plasticizer in the chitosan/PVA membrane and reduces the storage modulus. Viana et al. [138] conducted DMA

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• its crystallinity, as previously reported by Nie and coauthors [67]. Furthermore, an increase of the intensity of the peak at 43° was also observed in addition to an occurrence of two new peaks at 2θ angles of 31° and 45°. The peak at 31° can be assigned to the (002) interlayer spacing in nanotubes

• , while the other at 45° is related to changes in the crystallinity or arrangements in the nanotubes after irradiation. In the X-ray pattern of MWCNTs-G-COOH, the two characteristic peaks at 2θ angles of 26° and 43° were also present; however, the intensity of the peak at 26° decreased in the irradiated

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• MOF-based MMM system that perturb the crystallinity in the membrane will be discernable through XRD [121][129]. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are commonly used to supplement the chemical analysis of MOF-based MMMs [113][137][143]. EDX can

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• similarly leads to the formation of TiO2. TiO2 is a well-known photocatalyst whose efficiency depends on a number of factors, including the crystalline phase, particle size, and degree of crystallinity. The most active phase of TiO2 is considered to be anatase. Its nanoparticles usually show higher

Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• ablated in DW. Figure 6 shows nanofibres (Figure 6a) and NPs (Figure 6c) formed in DW, together with the corresponding SAED patterns (Figure 6b and Figure 6d, respectively). A difference can be seen between the crystallinity of the nanofibres and that of the NPs. Figure 6b shows that the nanofibres are

• perfectly polycrystalline. In contrast, in Figure 6d, the presence of diffused rings for HfNPs-D indicates a mix of amorphous and polycrystalline phases in the NPs. The formation of HfO2 NPs in DW along with nanofibres and the observed crystallinity patterns can be explained by considering the decomposition

• defects may be due to impurities in the lattice structure, possibly in the form of oxygen contamination, or imperfect crystallinity of the graphitic layer or the NPs themselves. Further detailed PL studies are essential to understand the origin of the observed emission peaks. Nanostructures Figure 10

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• , changes in the structural properties of Ni nanostructures due to ion bombardment have been reported in [15]. Interestingly, certain types of radiation ions have shown a positive effect on the crystal structure, leading to an increase in the degree of crystallinity after the austenitic annealing of defects

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• both liquid and solid lipids. The non-ideal crystalline structure of the NLCs reduces the crystallinity degree, thus offering enhanced drug loading capacity while preventing drug expulsion [103]. Because of their advantages, such as improved encapsulation of lipophilic drugs and increased brain

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

• is attributed to the CH2 scissoring mode and indicates close-packing of the methylene chains [42]. However, for CTAB-AgNS, CTAB-AuNS, CTAB-AuNR1, and CTAB-AuNR2, the peak splits into two parts with different intensities because of crystallinity loss in the hydrocarbon regions or the morphology of the

The role of a tantalum interlayer in enhancing the properties of Fe₃O₄ thin films

• Hai Dang Ngo,
• Vo Doan Thanh Truong,
• Van Qui Le,
• Hoai Phuong Pham and
• Thi Kim Hang Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1253–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.101

• [24][25]. Besides, there was nearly no oxygen diffusion from the Fe3O4 film into the MgO layer, resulting in higher crystallinity and improved grain size as seen in the XRD patterns. Surface properties obtained from Figure 1 are summarized in Table 1. The crystal structures of the Fe3O4 samples on

Effect of wavelength and liquid on formation of Ag, Au, Ag/Au nanoparticles via picosecond laser ablation and SERS-based detection of DMMP

• Sree Satya Bharati Moram,
• Chandu Byram and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1054–1069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.86

• ]. The properties of NPs, such as size, shape, crystallinity, productivity, and composition, can be influenced by several experimental parameters during synthesis [4][6][7][8][9][10]. The impact of laser parameters, such as pulse duration, wavelength, repetition rate, and fluence, and of the liquid

Atomistic insights into the morphological dynamics of gold and platinum nanoparticles: MD simulations in vacuum and aqueous media

• Evangelos Voyiatzis,
• Eugenia Valsami-Jones and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 995–1009, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.81

• possess a higher level of crystallinity than the gold counterparts under the same conditions because of the stronger cohesive forces that drive the crystallization process. This observation is also supported by the simulated X-ray powder diffraction patterns of the nanomaterials. The larger NPs have a

• for NPs is the consistency in their shape, surface characteristics, and crystallinity. Nevertheless, developing straightforward and widely applicable approaches to crystallize or melt NPs uniformly, with precise control, remains a significant challenge [25]. For instance, it has been shown that atomic

• number density distribution, but they are not as sharp as in the case of the large NPs. Moreover, the height of the peaks is much smaller compared to those for the large NPs. This feature reflects a lower degree of crystallinity for the small relative to the large NPs and the fact that the nanomaterials

Intermixing of MoS₂ and WS₂ photocatalysts toward methylene blue photodegradation

• Maryam Al Qaydi,
• Nitul S. Rajput,
• Michael Lejeune,
• Abdellatif Bouchalkha,
• Mimoun El Marssi,
• Steevy Cordette,
• Chaouki Kasmi and
• Mustapha Jouiad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 817–829, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.68

• , respectively. The XRD diagram depicted in Figure 2c reveals the combination of peaks arising from both 2H-MoS2 and 2H-WS2, confirming the successful intermixing of the MoS2/WS2 composite. The sharp shape of the diffraction peaks suggests a very good crystallinity of the fabricated materials. The recurring

Electrospun polysuccinimide scaffolds containing different salts as potential wound dressing material

• Veronika Pálos,
• Krisztina S. Nagy,
• Rita Pázmány,
• Krisztina Juriga-Tóth,
• Bálint Budavári,
• Judit Domokos,
• Dóra Szabó,
• Ákos Zsembery and
• Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 781–796, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.65

• also observed that the presence of strontium salt significantly increased the Young’s modulus. Nevertheless, the reason of this effect of adding strontium still needs to be clarified. Our hypothesis is that the presence of the salt increases the crystallinity of the fibers, which indicates that the

Green synthesis of biomass-derived carbon quantum dots for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue

• Dalia Chávez-García,
• Mario Guzman,
• Viridiana Sanchez and
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 755–766, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.63

• ) which promotes the inclusion of heteroatoms into the CQDs. All the prepared CQDs samples presented an intensity ratio (ID/IG) around 1.0, which corresponds to a poor crystallinity in the CQDs and, as a consequence, a high relative content of defects. Photoluminescence spectra Investigating the

Gold nanomakura: nanoarchitectonics and their photothermal response in association with carrageenan hydrogels

• Nabojit Das,
• Vikas,
• Akash Kumar,
• Sanjeev Soni and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 678–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.56

• . Also, the photothermal responses of the nanoparticles in association with k-CG hydrogels were assessed, indicating their potential in biomedical applications. Furthermore, characterization such as zeta potential, crystallinity, and surface functionalization were investigated through ZetaSizer, X-ray

• shown in Figure 5a [25]. We also observed no peaks in the region of (1500–2000) cm−1, which suggested that there were no double bonds formed such as C=C, C=O and C=N. The crystallinity of synthesized anisotropic gold nanoparticles with surfactants of different carbon tail lengths was explored using XRD

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• reactions are needed. Furthermore, properties such as surface structure or crystallinity can be tailored by adjusting experimental conditions while retaining the initial chemical composition of the educt material [13]. LSPC can be classified into the method variants of laser ablation in liquid (LAL), laser

Exfoliation of titanium nitride using a non-thermal plasma process

• Priscila Jussiane Zambiazi,
• Dolores Ribeiro Ricci Lazar,
• Larissa Otubo,
• Rodrigo Fernando Brambilla de Souza,
• Almir Oliveira Neto and
• Cecilia Chaves Guedes-Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 631–637, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.53

• detailed view of the materials structure, revealing that it retained some crystallinity, typical of 2D nanofilms. This retention of crystalline structure was further confirmed by fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis. Notably, the d-spacing of the (200) crystal plane increased from 2.08 to 3.09 Å (as

• width at half maximum (FWHM) of the Raman spectra and a decrease in peak intensity, all indicative of reduced crystallinity and the presence of internal stress (as detailed in Table 1) [25]. The Raman spectra are shown only up to 800 cm−1 because no other bands were observed at higher wavenumbers. This

• results, collectively reinforcing that the non-thermal plasma method was effective in preserving the bulk chemical composition and structure, albeit with slight alterations in the crystallinity and the extent of internal stress. Conclusion We have successfully produced titanium nitride nanosheets by a non

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light by cobalt ferrite nanoparticles/graphene quantum dots

• Vo Chau Ngoc Anh,
• Le Thi Thanh Nhi,
• Le Thi Kim Dung,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Truong Son,
• Nguyen Thi Thao Uyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Uyen Thu,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Trung Hieu,
• Tran Ngoc Tuyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 475–489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.43

• samples prepared at 180 and 200 °C. No signals for GQDs can be observed because of the low crystallinity, high dispersion, and small amount of GQDs in CF/GQDs. The peak of the (222) plane is related to the octahedral sites, while the peaks at the (220) and (422) planes are attributed to the tetrahedral

Potential of a deep eutectic solvent in silver nanoparticle fabrication for antibiotic residue detection

• Le Hong Tho,
• Bui Xuan Khuyen,
• Ngoc Xuan Dat Mai and
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 426–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.38

• characterization and apparatus The absorbance properties of the sample were recorded using a V-730 UV–vis–NIR spectrophotometer supplied by JASCO, Japan. The crystallinity of the Ag NPs-DES thin film was determined using a D8 Advance diffractometer, Bruker, UK, with a Ni-filtered Cu Kα X-ray source. To evaluate

Investigating ripple pattern formation and damage profiles in Si and Ge induced by 100 keV Ar⁺ ion beam: a comparative study

• Indra Sulania,
• Harpreet Sondhi,
• Tanuj Kumar,
• Sunil Ojha,
• G R Umapathy,
• Ambuj Mishra,
• Ambuj Tripathi,
• Richa Krishna,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi and
• Yogendra Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 367–375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.33

• found that the samples were still crystalline as seen in Figure 3A and Figure 3B for Si and Ge, respectively with corresponding d-spacing and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern. It was observed that Ge exhibits higher crystallinity as compared to that of Si, even after irradiation at 9

• of the electron beam rather than the range of the ion beam. The d-spacing found for Si was 0.31 nm and for Ge was 0.34 nm. The SAED pattern clearly shows a good diffraction pattern for Ge indicating that crystallinity remained intact for Ge even after irradiation at a higher ion fluence than that

• for Ge(111) and Si(111) targets before and after ion irradiation with 100 keV Ar+ ions at various ion fluences from 3 to 9 × 1017 ions/cm2. The crystallinity of the investigated target was determined by the comparison of the aligned spectrum with the random spectra (black). For the pristine Si and Ge

Controllable physicochemical properties of WO_x thin films grown under glancing angle

• Rupam Mandal,
• Aparajita Mandal,
• Alapan Dutta,
• Rengasamy Sivakumar,
• Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 350–359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.31

• , film crystallinity and compositional variations in such films can also be adjusted as a function of the growth angle [27][28], making GLAD a promising approach to yield nanostructured (NS) films [29][30][31]. Electronic devices consisting of multilayers often require information on surface

• bias voltage was applied to the p-Si substrates, whereas the WOx films were kept grounded. The crystallinity of the WOx films was examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) (Bruker) under Bragg–Brentano geometry (θ–2θ) in an angular window of 2θ = 20° to 80°. The chemical composition of the WOx films was

• crystallinity after vacuum annealing might also play a role in determining the work function [45]. XRD measurements were carried out on the 60 nm thick film to investigate any possible change in the crystallinity due to vacuum annealing. The XRD data (Figure 5) of a 60 nm-thick NS-WOx film reveals an amorphous

CdSe/ZnS quantum dots as a booster in the active layer of distributed ternary organic photovoltaics

• Gabriela Lewińska,
• Piotr Jeleń,
• Zofia Kucia,
• Maciej Sitarz,
• Łukasz Walczak,
• Bartłomiej Szafraniak,
• Jerzy Sanetra and
• Konstanty W. Marszalek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.14

• . The donor–acceptor mixture is dominant in the system. Therefore, the peaks of the QD dopant are not visible. At the same time, it should be noted that in mixtures with quantum dots (except QD480), the clarity of the peaks increases, which may suggest an increase in the degree of crystallinity

• . Increased molecular order and increasing crystallinity of the system were positively correlated with changes in device performance [51]. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy We obtained survey spectra for the materials under consideration (Figure 9a,b). Figure 9c illustrates the obtained valence spectrum

Assessing phytotoxicity and tolerance levels of ZnO nanoparticles on Raphanus sativus: implications for widespread adoptions

• Pathirannahalage Sahan Samuditha,
• Nadeesh Madusanka Adassooriya and
• Nazeera Salim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 115–125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.11

• synthesized ZnO NPs was in accordance with the literature in terms of peak positions and relative intensity [22][23]. The sharp diffraction peaks and primary strong angles indicated the good crystallinity of the prepared crystals [24][25]. Furthermore, the obtained patterns confirmed that no other

Berberine-loaded polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold as a drug delivery system: The relationship between chemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, and antibacterial efficiency

• Le Thi Le,
• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Liem Thanh Nguyen,
• Huy Quang Tran and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 71–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.7

• separation during the electrospinning process [17][38][39], leading to the formation of a BBR-rich phase on the surface of nanofibers. The crystallinity of the PLA pellet and electrospun nanofiber scaffolds were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis (Figure 3B). The XRD pattern of the PLA pellet shows

A combined gas-phase dissociative ionization, dissociative electron attachment and deposition study on the potential FEBID precursor [Au(CH₃)₂Cl]₂

• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Ali Kamali,
• Thomas Xaver Gentner,
• Gerd Ballmann,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1178–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.98

• between the (111) planes of a face-centered cubic (FCC) gold nanoparticle [39][40]. The crystallinity of the gold nanoparticles was also investigated by using selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern shown in Figure 2c. The relatively bright circular patterns indicate polycrystallinity of the