Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• CC/NW-450 °C is evaluated to be 2.97 eV (Figure 3a inset). This value is smaller than the bandgap of 3.2 eV for anatase TiO2, which can be attributed to the strong interaction between TiO2 and the carbon cloth, which may induce localized states within the bandgap and potentially introduce defects

Modeling magnetic properties of cobalt nanofilms used as a component of spin hybrid superconductor–ferromagnetic structures

• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Olesya Severyukhina,
• Anastasia Salomatina and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1557–1566, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.110

• -monolayers, the number of nearest neighbors for cobalt atoms sharply decreases. This weakens the exchange interaction that stabilizes the ferromagnetic order. Disruption of lattice periodicity and a high density of defects exacerbate this problem. For these reasons, such studies are not included in this

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• of organic displays, are known for their superior water resistance due to their densely packed atomic structures. However, even these films are susceptible to defects formed during deposition, which compromise their barrier function. To overcome this, display technologies have utilized techniques

• methods in transient electronics to enhance inorganic encapsulation performance. Yet, it remains difficult to completely eliminate defects within limited film thicknesses. More recently, defect-free layers formed from single-crystalline silicon or its oxide have been explored as waterproof barriers for

• ) Encapsulation strategies use bilayers to block defects, while ALD forms uniform, defect-free films; Mg degradation begins at flaws and spreads in DI water. Figure 2e was adapted from [88], S.-K. Kang et al., “Dissolution behaviors and applications of silicon oxides and nitrides in transient electronics”, Adv

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• photogenerated holes with electrons from the oxide-related defects on the surface of silicon nanoparticles [44][46]. The characteristic PL intensities are different for Si NPs prepared by laser ablation with different beam profiles, which can indicate variations among the generated defects during the formation

• of Si NPs. The presence of defects in the Si structure confirmed by Raman and PL studies is a prerequisite for enhanced performance of the developed nanostructures in electrochemical processes occurring in supercapacitors or batteries [14]. The intrinsic defects act as intercalation sites during

• elongated filament-like morphology. The analysis of the Raman and PL spectra of the synthesized NPs allowed for conclusions about the defects formed during synthesis. PL emission was observed in the range of 300–500 nm, which, for Si nanostructures, can be explained by recombination of photogenerated

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• spectrometer with a 532 nm diode laser to detect structural changes and defects in the CNTs after Diels–Alder reaction. FTIR spectroscopy was employed using a Bruker Tensor 27 spectrometer in the 4000–500 cm−1 region, which confirmed the change in functional groups during dendrimer functionalization. XRD

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• also touches upon the phenomenon of laser-induced defects in liquid environments. While numerous comprehensive reviews on these topics already exist, this article aims to offer a succinct overview of the fundamental principles and applications of these techniques [1]. The focus is on providing a

• factors such as size, surface-to-volume ratio, crystalline structure, composition, oxidation state, shape, and defects [68]. To synthesize NPs, colloids suspended in transparent liquids are irradiated with short or ultra-short laser pulses, which result in selective absorption by the NPs. This occurs

• new possibilities for the intentional introduction and tailoring of defects within liquid media [83]. These laser-driven defect engineering approaches enable precise control over the structural, and chemical properties of liquids, making them invaluable for a wide range of applications, from energy

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• , which can manifest as a metallic sheen when they are present on a substrate [47]. Surface alterations of the membranes are documented using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Figure 4). The CTA membrane’s surface appears smooth and uniform, devoid of visible defects (Figure 4a). Cross-sectional SEM

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• produce BiVO4 thin films at high deposition rates; however, this method resulted in irregular grain structures and significant material defects, limiting the PEC performance improvements. Electrodeposition has emerged as a promising low-cost and scalable technique for BiVO4 film fabrication, offering

• improvements through stronger peaks, suggesting fewer defects. The decrease in the bandgap (≈0.16 eV) is consistent with research linking oxygen vacancies to band tailing in BiVO4 films [26]. Besides, Figure 3a shows that the BiVO4(326) and BiVO4(324) samples have absorption that goes beyond 520 nm, with some

• suggests an optimal concentration of oxygen vacancies that broadens light absorption while avoiding excessive recombination of the charge carriers. In contrast, BiVO4(146) has a clear absorption edge and very little tailing, indicating that it has fewer defects but does not absorb light well beyond 520 nm

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• recent years, such as tissue regeneration or tumor models in vivo. For example, 3D-printed scaffolds have been employed and shown to be effective in bone regeneration [226] and in promoting the restoration of craniofacial cartilage defects [227]. Also, in in vivo breast cancer models, doxorubicin-loaded

Transfer function of an asymmetric superconducting Gauss neuron

• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Aleksander S. Ionin,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Mikhail S. Sidel’nikov,
• Sergey V. Egorov and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1160–1170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.85

• due to, for example, defects in the thin-film structure. The third type of asymmetry may be associated with unequal signal supply into the input arms of the neuron. Below, we analyze the transformation of the TF in each of these cases and compare it with experimental results [18]. Symmetric Gauss

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• undercooling and solidification (TS) (Figure 5 (2)) whereas the carbon (if a carbon shell is formed) rather stays on the surface of the particle. Consequently, the HEA NPs are formed in crystalline nature (single- or polycrystalline, often with defects) with potential carbon species on their surfaces (e.g

Single-layer graphene oxide film grown on α-Al₂O₃(0001) for use as an adsorbent

• Shiro Entani,
• Mitsunori Honda,
• Masaru Takizawa and
• Makoto Kohda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1082–1087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.79

• is observed, accompanied by a substantial decrease in the intensity of the 2D band. These alterations are attributed to the presence of defects and a decline in crystallinity, which is associated with the attachment of oxygen functional groups. These spectral features were consistent with the

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• such as low synthesis scalability, unavoidable defects, and inhomogeneity. Producing high-quality hBNs with controlled layer numbers depends heavily on precursor selection, ambient gas conditions, and substrate of choice [37]. Emerging solutions include both top-down (mechanical and chemical

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• for diabetic bone defects, and bactericidal materials. As can be seen from these examples, soft materials nanoarchitectonics offers a wide range of material designs, specific functions, and potential applications. In addition, this review examines the current state and future of soft materials

• observed to undergo irreversible structural changes, occurring through mechanisms such as loss of monolayer by desorption and local nucleation of defects. In terms of morphology, the nanoscale structure of the monolayer underwent a transformation from a randomly oriented nanowire configuration to a closely

• nanoarchitectonics also makes a contribution to the field of medicine. For instance, patients with diabetic bone defects require novel and efficacious medical implant material strategies to enhance their prognosis. It is imperative to minimize the risk of implant failure due to excessive oxidative stress and the

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite

• Sumanta Sahoo,
• Ankur Sood and
• Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

• indicate the alteration of the components in the NCs. The formation of defects is a prime characteristic of the MW synthesis of graphene materials. The implementation of MW irradiation generates an enormous amount of heat, which further creates structural defects and disorders in the graphene structure

• . The intensity ratio of the D and G bands (ID/IG ratio) was calculated to evaluate the defects in the NCs. For GV, the ID/IG ratio is found to be 0.44. However, the ratio is increased to 0.88 for GVF NC. Such a significant enhancement in the ID/IG ratio indicates that the introduction of Fe-based

• components caused more disorder and defects in the carbon structure [36]. Furthermore, the peak at ≈2700 cm−1 represents the characteristic 2D band of graphene. The Raman pattern of rGO represents such characteristic D band at ≈1343 cm−1, G band at ≈1582.4 cm−1, and 2D band at ≈2690 cm−1, respectively

Characterization of ion track-etched conical nanopores in thermal and PECVD SiO₂ using small angle X-ray scattering

• Shankar Dutt,
• Rudradeep Chakraborty,
• Christian Notthoff,
• Pablo Mota-Santiago,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Patrick Kluth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 899–909, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.68

• quality, with a size distribution of ≈8.3%. While this size distribution is narrow compared to many nanopore systems [50], thermal SiO2 nanopores show an even narrower size distribution of only ≈2.1%. The higher dispersity observed in PECVD-based nanopores could be the result of defects or localized

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• crystallites and the rough PCD film. Various growth defects, including pits, cracks, steps, and protrusions are present on the diamond faces. The secondary nucleation of diamond caused the formation of submicron-sized diamond grains and smoothing of the shape of large crystals. Raman spectroscopy revealed high

• readily transforms to sp2-hybridized carbon. For excitation at 830 eV, the sp2 peak is quite broad (1.1 eV) compared to that in the spectrum of a highly ordered graphite crystal (0.6 eV) [42]. The reason for this is the high density of defects in the carbon layer formed on the Ni-PCD surface during

• −1 from C=C stretching vibrations. This indicates that in our experimental conditions, the partial graphitization of bare PCD film occurs more actively in the areas with small crystallites enriched with boundaries and defects, while large crystallites retain their diamond structure. The out-of-focus

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• control material properties by inducing damage and introducing defects in the host matrix in a controlled manner [8]. It offers the advantage of controlling the amount of energy transferred to the host system by selecting the desired ion energy, mass, and fluence [9]. Different types of lattice vacancies

• , defects, and interstitials are induced through the interaction between energetic ions and the host material, resulting in structural modification and thus alteration in lattice dynamics of the host material [10]. The implantation-induced disorder can be qualitatively examined using Raman spectroscopy

• , which is a well-established and non-destructive method to determine crystal structure, lattice defects, and dynamics. Since ZnO is a polar semiconductor, the phonon–electron interaction produces longitudinal optical (LO) phonon modes, whose long-range behavior considerably affects the efficacy of

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• on samples with different defectivity and using techniques with different probing depths suggest that defects can act as polaron trapping and recombination sites and that the excited charge dynamics can be different on the surface and in the bulk of the investigated oxide. The chemical sensitivity of

Facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Ni/NiO on stainless steel for an efficient electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction

• Ha Huu Do,
• Khac Binh Nguyen,
• Phuong N. Nguyen and
• Hoai Phuong Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 837–846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.63

• ) mode, whereas the peak at 1052 cm−1 is attributed to the 2PLO mode of the Ni–O bonds. These peaks indicate the existence of Ni defects in the Ni/NiO/SS-10 sample, which is favorable for electrocatalytic applications [36][37][38]. Additionally, Figure 4 depicts EDX analysis and proves the uniform

Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• and their corresponding diffractograms. The observed contrast variations (with light and dark areas marked in red and green, respectively) indicate differences in elemental distribution, suggesting the presence of distinct phases and crystalline defects, such as twin boundaries and inhomogeneous

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• the alginate implies a slight disordering of the crystal structure of iron oxides. This disorder may result from more structural and local point defects and unsaturated bonds, making it more prone to forming an ionic cross-linking complex. In this context, the coexistence of oxyhydroxide with Fe3

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• of CrCl3 [2], which can be easily exfoliated and exhibits a slower degradation rate compared to CrI3 or CrBr3[3]. To fully exploit the potential of any material, a detailed understanding of its electronic and structural changes arising from intrinsic and extrinsic defects is crucial [4]. Despite this

• content of defects such as adatoms, the length of grain boundaries, vacancies, and substitution impurities influence the electrical, magnetic, and electronic properties of the final device [14][15][4]. To name one, the formation of chalcogenide vacancies is often related to the enhanced dissociation of

• molecular oxygen [16] at the metal species. These defects do not only change the electronic behavior of the sample by modifying the band structure [17]; they are also responsible for Curie temperature deviations, work function modifications [18], and induced long-range magnetic orders (i.e., magnetic band

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• promising, their performance is often limited by surface properties of the III–V semiconductor material, which furthermore can vary for individual nanowires. This includes native oxides on semiconductor surfaces and their possible removal, surface passivation, and interface defects [27]. Therefore, in-depth

• a weaker in-built potential at the surface. This effect can be expected from surface band bending due to defects or native oxides at the surface. This demonstrates the necessity for both bulk- and surface-sensitive measurements in order to fully understand the local potential distribution in such

• technologically relevant nanostructure devices. The type and amount of surface oxide and defects can be obtained from XPS peak fitting, as presented in Figure 2c, assuming a Shirley background and Voigt doublet components (more fitting components can be found in [18]). Both the In 4d and P 2p spectra were fitted

High-temperature epitaxial growth of tantalum nitride thin films on MgO: structural evolution and potential for SQUID applications

• Michelle Cedillo Rosillo,
• Oscar Contreras López,
• Jesús Antonio Díaz,
• Agustín Conde Gallardo and
• Harvi A. Castillo Cuero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 690–699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.53

• atom %, and the carbon concentration fell to 0 atom %. These reductions in oxygen and carbon impurities are essential for improving the film’s quality, as both elements can introduce defects that degrade the superconducting performance. At a lower nitrogen pressure of 60 mTorr, the atomic

• TaN film with the MgO substrate is critical for achieving superior superconducting properties, as high crystallinity and minimal defects reduce electron scattering, improving Tc of the film. The combination of cubic phase dominance, epitaxial growth, and precise lattice match with the MgO substrate