Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• operational period, addressing growing concerns over sustainability and long-term biocompatibility. Built from biodegradable materials that undergo hydrolysis or enzymatic degradation, these systems are particularly well suited for temporary implantable applications, such as neural monitors, wireless

• complete physical degradation in situ, leaving no waste or residual materials [14]. In contrast to conventional electronics designed for permanent installation or single-use disposal, transient electronics represent a paradigm shift that redefines the relationship between a functionality and physical

• wireless, fully bioresorbable electrical stimulator designed to promote nerve regeneration during the initial phase of neural injury treatment and subsequently undergo complete degradation [7] (Figure 1b), battery-free and bioresorbable pacemakers designed for on-demand cardiac rhythm management during the

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• (CNTs-G0) exhibited a distinct thermal behavior displaying an initial weight loss around 150 °C, which is likely due to the loss of water, followed by significant thermal degradation around 500 °C, corresponding to the decomposition of carboxyl groups. The CNTs-G0 sample retained 81.58% of its weight at

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• shown in Figure S1, Supporting Information File 1, four primary research themes have been explored at the national level since 2017, namely, (i) adsorption capacity and mechanisms, (ii) composting-related fertilizer applications, (iii) degradation of plastic mulch into polymers in soil, and (iv

• connectivity of each keyword within the network. Among the top ten items with the highest centrality, “biochar” emerges as the core linking element across various research domains related to mitigating MP impact. The second most central item, “degradation”, has been a focal point since 2020, primarily

• illustrates the effectiveness of biochar in counteracting the physical degradation caused by MPs. In terms of soil chemical properties, MPs influence pH, organic matter content, and macronutrient levels, including nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). For example, 3–7% low-density polyethylene (LDPE

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• fibers boast exceptional hydrophilicity, facile film-forming ability, high salt retention rate, cost effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and resistance to chlorine; making it a promising material for water desalination [25][26][27]. However, CTA is susceptible to erosion and degradation by

• absorbed water; a noticeable weight loss in the temperature range of 300–370 °C, due to the thermal degradation of CTA; and slow weight loss after 370 °C, caused by the combustion of degraded products. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) reveals distinct transition temperatures associated with endothermic

• the CTA membrane, thereby corroborating the conclusions drawn from the SEM images. To investigate the morphological changes of Ag@PCTA during the desalination process, SEM was used to examine the surface morphology of the coating and to identify any signs of degradation or loss. The surface images

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• and bioavailability [71]. They are formulated from lipids that are generally recognized as safe, making them highly biocompatible and low in toxicity [72]. Moreover, the solid lipid matrix slows down drug diffusion and lipid degradation, enabling a controlled, long-lasting release of the encapsulated

• selectivity, poor biodistribution and pharmacokinetics, poor water solubility, dose-limiting toxicity, and fast degradation in vivo. We will discuss next the major discoveries in the field of the application of nano-based systems for the targeted delivery of metal complex-based antibiotic compounds, focusing

• been suggested that the antibacterial action is strongly related to bioavailability and stability. In fact, the poor water solubility, the degradation (precipitation) by chloride in the bloodstream, the interaction with sulfur-containing proteins, and the rapid clearance by macrophages are the main

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• labile iron in a non-toxic and inorganic state [56]. Iron storage proteins play a unique role in the inhibition of ferroptosis. Inhibition of ferritinophagy by suppressing nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) and preventing ferritin degradation by lysosomes limits the incidence of ferroptosis [57]. In

• . Artemisinin derivatives, such as artesunate, belong to the category of organic peroxides that can effectively trigger cell death [88][92][93]. (IV) An accumulation of excess free iron within cells directly triggers lipid peroxidation and then ferroptosis. The degradation of drug-activated ferritin raises the

• liposomes. Glycerophospholipids influence the biophysical properties of liposomes; longer hydrocarbon chains can lead to a denser membrane structure and improve drug retention. Lipid degradation is significantly reduced when liposomes containing sphingomyelin are exposed to acidic conditions. Cholesterol

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• composition may be attributed to variations in environmental conditions, such as climatic conditions, temperature, and pulp drying duration before oil extraction. Additionally, the specific extraction technique employed can influence lipid degradation and promote the formation of free fatty acids [19

• under mechanical agitation [48]. Nevertheless, while these conditions favor the formation of smaller nanodroplets, temperatures above 60 °C may compromise emulsion stability, potentially triggering phase separation or degradation of labile components. This highlights the necessity for stringent

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• as brain, liver, spleen, lungs, arterial walls for both immediate and sustained release. Their degradation and release kinetics can be controlled or manipulated by different methods and incorporation or conjugation of specific materials. Importantly, they mainly focus on different biomaterials, drug

• ) [62]. After uptake, LDL is phagocytosed to form lysosomes. However, lysosomes can degrade most drugs, which limits their applications [63][64]. Zhu et al. proposed reconstituted LDL nanoparticles to prevent acidic degradation. They added fatty acids to encapsulate drugs in the lipid core because fatty

• and apo A-II) that can bind SR-BI receptors overexpressed on cancer cells. Unlike LDL, HDL is transported directly into the cytosol bypassing lysosomal degradation [68]. Reconstituted HDL (rHDL) is now developed by changing the chemical composition or morphology to optimize drug delivery. When loaded

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• degradation byproducts [8][9]. One problem is that the hydrophilic structure of PVA gives it a high water-solubility, water uptake, and worse mechanical properties [10][11]. Different filler and nanomaterials including silica [12][13][14], graphene [15][16], and metals [17][18] have been added to PVA to

• reinforcing the nanofiber structure and providing better resistance to moisture-induced degradation [22]. Studies have shown that the addition of NC can significantly enhance the mechanical properties of PVA where tensile strength has been reported to increase from around 20 MPa to well over 30 MPa [23][24

• ]. Differential thermogravimetry (DTG) results (Figure 1b) revealed three distinct stages of weight loss. The first stage (30–130 °C) was attributed to water evaporation, consistent with the hydrophilic nature of PVA [41]. The second stage (260–380 °C) involved polymer chain degradation and volatile compound

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• , together with the ionic attraction mechanism, promotes the targeted delivery of capecitabine into the tumor. The ionic attraction between the cationic surface of the particles and the anionic cell membrane of the tumor facilitates the acidic degradation of the chitosan matrix. Thus, degradation of the

• the degradation of the nanogel (which is triggered by pH), capecitabine is released in a site-specific manner in the tumor, showing a cytotoxic effect on tumor cells [16][37]. Ethosomes are phospholipid nanovesicles containing a fraction of ethanol used for dermal and transdermal release of molecules

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• subsequent degradation or aggregation. The addition of P407 significantly enhanced PpIX solubilization, particularly in aqueous systems, with no significant differences observed between water and ethanol at varying concentrations in the presence of P407. Figure 1A and Figure 1B highlight the turbidity

• approximately 4 h for EtOH50 and EtOH77, whereas for water and EtOHabs, the equilibrium was established within 30 min, followed by degradation or aggregation. These results support the observations made by Tima and collaborators [11], who found that ethanol–water mixtures offer an improved balance between

Electronic and optical properties of chloropicrin adsorbed ZnS nanotubes: first principle analysis

• Prakash Yadav,
• Boddepalli SanthiBhushan and
• Anurag Srivastava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1184–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.87

• and a pulmonary toxicant, CP exhibits potent lachrymatory and ocular irritant properties. Its degradation products, including chlorine, phosgene, nitric oxides, and ammonia, contribute to its toxicity by causing severe pulmonary and ocular damage [5]. Exposure to CP, as depicted in Figure 1, can

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• organic solvents, active carbon species (radicals, permanent gases, degradation and condensation products as well as elemental carbon) were shown to form by various studies, conducting techniques such as gas-displacement quantifications and subsequent analysis via gas chromatography-coupled techniques [92

• constituting elements to carbon or carbon solubility [40][95][96]. Note that the degradation of solvent molecules is even higher for ps-LAL than for ns-LAL [54], meaning that the resulting structural differences in HEA NPs do not occur due to a higher availability of carbon. Diffusing carbon into a metallic

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

• Taisei Himeda,
• Risako Kunitomi,
• Ryosuke Nabeya,
• Tamotsu Zako and
• Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

• degradation may occur during nanoparticle fabrication via PLAL. To investigate molecular degradation, the prepared nanoparticles were dissolved in organic solvents and their visible to NIR absorption spectra were measured. The spectra agreed well with those of the raw material compounds, confirming that at

• least no organic compounds with absorption in the visible and NIR regions were formed as degradation products. Furthermore, since phthalocyanines and porphyrins are molecules with excellent light and heat resistance, molecular degradation was considered negligible in this study. To evaluate the

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• to the biological activity of boron released from hBNs, potentially originating from boric acid, a degradation product of hBNs [67][68]. Although hBNs are chemically stable under neutral conditions, Şen et al. have shown that hBNs synthesized from boric acid slowly degraded in oxidative and

• mechanism in which ROS plays a critical role in the mineralization process in osteoblasts [63]. In addition, the slow degradation of hBNs, resulting in the release of boric acid, a boron compound that supports the osteogenic response, may further contribute to the increase in calcium deposition by inducing

• . Additionally, the slow degradation of hBNs, releasing boric acid – a compound known to support osteogenesis – further contributed to the increase in calcium deposition by interacting with cellular pathways [78][79]. The study also highlighted the potential of hBNs to significantly enhance cell migration under

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• swelling, degradability, self-repairing ability, and reworkability. It is anticipated that this will contribute to a number of research fields, including polymer degradation and recycling, the extension of the lifespan of polymer materials, the development of adhesive polymers for specific applications

Multifunctional properties of bio-poly(butylene succinate) reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes

• Volodymyr Krasinskyi,
• Krzysztof Bajer,
• Ludmila Dulebova,
• Nickolas Polychronopoulos,
• Oksana Krasinska and
• Daniel Kaczor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1014–1024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.76

• of the sample was lost. This T5% value was used as a parameter to define the onset of thermal degradation of the material. The residue value (R) was also recorded following thermogravimetric analysis. The Tmax1 value, indicating the temperature at which the fastest mass loss occurs, was determined

• , indicating that such a low concentration of CNTs in PBS has minimal impact on its heat resistance. The thermal resistance of CNTs is 638.9 °C. Thermal degradation of the CNT sample begins at a temperature of 500 °C, with a mass loss of 0.4% at this temperature (Figure 3). Therefore, this temperature was

• results: degradation temperatures and residue contents of PBS, PBS/CNT composites, and CNTs. Thermal transitions of PBS and PBS/CNT_0.5 nanocomposite obtained from DSC analysis. Tribological and physical properties of PBS and PBS/CNT_0.5 nanocomposite. Tensile test results for PBS and PBS/CNT_0.5

Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• stability test, the RESR value of this ASC was found to be 2.6 Ω. However, the RESR value was increased to 3.2 Ω after the stability test, and this is mostly owing to the deformation and degradation of the electrode material during the electrochemical progression. Conclusion A green synthetic method was

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• revealed that the diamond faces are sufficiently flat and show no signs of thermal degradation. In the annealed Ni-PCD film, the crystallites have a rougher surface. SEM images do not allow for a definite confirmation of whether sp2 carbon is present on the surface, even near defective states, partly due

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• in ion fluence, F(R) of the films increases (Figure 10). This points towards the degradation of the crystal quality of ZnO films with disordering of atoms and defects in the films. This causes an increased absorption of UV and visible light. Moreover, additional peaks are observed, centered at around

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• iron oxyhydroxide core being in direct contact with saline may undergo through decomposition/degradation process. From the superparamagnetism theory, the maximum temperature observed in the ZFC dependence is closely linked to the mean value of the particle diameter in the grain nanosystem [45], and

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• of CrCl3 [2], which can be easily exfoliated and exhibits a slower degradation rate compared to CrI3 or CrBr3[3]. To fully exploit the potential of any material, a detailed understanding of its electronic and structural changes arising from intrinsic and extrinsic defects is crucial [4]. Despite this

Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• , while formulations containing other ionizable lipids are less affected. Conclusion Heat treatment of FCS negatively affects uptake and transfection efficacy of D-lin-DMA-MC3 containing LNPs. This effect is caused by heat induced degradation/aggregation of ApoE. This implies that heat inactivation of FCS

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• nutraceuticals aiming at solubility enhancements. However, current discontinuously operated fragmentation setups suffer from chemical degradation by multipulse laser excitation at high fluence and do not allow for systematic studies of the fragmentation mechanisms. In this work, continuous-flow microparticle

• yield of submicrometer particles and nanoparticles was quantified using UV–vis extinction spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and analytical centrifugation, while high-performance liquid chromatography determined degradation. We found improved fragmentation efficiency at lower mass

• concentrations. In all experiments, chemical degradation was minimal (<2%), and increased mass concentration of curcumin enabled ultralow by-product formation of 0.01%. The process selectivity against degradation was defined by the application-relevant descriptor of mole degradation per produced submicrometer