Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• , nanocapsules are particularly effective in encapsulating hydrophobic and lipophilic drugs due to the affinity of these compounds for the oily core. Drug release occurs through controlled diffusion across the polymeric layer and interaction with the core material. Conversely, nanospheres are capable of

• . Release from nanospheres is generally governed by a combination of polymer degradation and drug diffusion through the matrix. Additionally, when hydrophilic polymers are employed, swelling-induced release becomes relevant, wherein polymer chain relaxation significantly influences the diffusion rate and

• ][42]. These strategies involve dissolving or dispersing pre-existing polymers in appropriate solvents, followed by NP formation through approaches such as nanoprecipitation, solvent diffusion-emulsification, solvent evaporation, ionic gelation, and dialysis. Each technique is intrinsically linked to

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• reliability of upcoming simulations. For the analysis of the motion mechanism of the scale, for example, to show the multiphase nature of the motion [12], future simulation approaches could use transient heat transfer simulations incorporating diffusion models. The comparative simulations in this work

Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion

• Philippe de Castro Mesquita,
• Karla Samara Rocha Soares,
• Manoela Torres-Rêgo,
• Emanuell dos Santos-Silva,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115

• controlled by diffusion mechanism was also measured. Finally, in vivo immunization in BALB/c mice showed superior efficacy of the T. serrulatus venom protein-loaded nanoparticles compared to the traditional aluminum hydroxide immunoadjuvant. Thus, the formulations shown are promising nanocarriers to be used

• the samples containing 0.5% and 1.0% of T. serrulatus venom, respectively. The mechanism of release of venom protein-loaded PLA nanoparticles profile was studied by applying different mathematical models to the experimental data. The data were subject to four different diffusion kinetic linear models

• : zero order, first order, Korsmeyer–Peppas, and parabolic diffusion (Table 2). The zero order, first order, and Korsmeyer–Peppas models exhibiting determination coefficient (r2) values demonstrate that the release mechanism cannot be explained by these models. The parabolic diffusion model better fitted

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• using prefabricated molds for the hot compression technique. The diffusion differences at the interfaces impose a spatial limitation on the structural complexity, but it is conceivable to go beyond the possibilities presented here in terms of gradient direction (i.e., linear and bidirectional) and

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• diffusion effectively and degrade at a predetermined time, posing significant technological challenges. Given the inherently flexible nature of thin-film bioresorbable electronics, it is critical that encapsulation layers also exhibit mechanical flexibility. As such, polymer-based solutions have been

• the water diffusion pathway [92][93]. For instance, blending high-aspect-ratio inorganic flakes (e.g., SiO2) with a biodegradable poly(caprolactone) matrix has been shown to create tortuous diffusion paths that hinder direct water penetration, thereby improving moisture resistance and achieving a

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• nanowires facilitates the electronic transport along the wire axis, while the transport of the ions occurs in the transverse direction, providing shorter diffusion distances. All these aspects underline the benefits of Si nanowires and the need to develop novel approaches for their formation. Despite

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• proportional to the total energy input by the laser [54]. Using picosecond laser irradiation at a low fluence is an energy-efficient method for synthesizing SMSPs by PLML compared to nanosecond laser irradiation [55]. If the thermal diffusion length in particles during ultrafast laser heating is smaller than

• ], through melting, diffusion, and rapid cooling, resulting in SMSPs. It also enables the creation of metastable compositions and defect-rich particles. Recent advancements in focused and collimated irradiation techniques have improved alloying efficiency and particle size control, further enhancing the

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• , enhanced diffusion, surface adsorption, and cation–π electron interactions were observed at 550 °C in Polygonum amphibium L. biochar. However, pyrolysis temperatures above 550 °C led to reduced stability [42]. Similarly, pyrolysis at 700 °C can increase SSA but may degrade oxygen-containing functional

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• the formation of the Ag@PCTA membrane. Finally, the membrane was cleaned three times with ultrapure water and then placed in a vacuum drying oven for further use. Characterization of antibacterial performance by disk diffusion method The modified CTA membrane and unmodified membrane were each cut into

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• and bioavailability [71]. They are formulated from lipids that are generally recognized as safe, making them highly biocompatible and low in toxicity [72]. Moreover, the solid lipid matrix slows down drug diffusion and lipid degradation, enabling a controlled, long-lasting release of the encapsulated

• providing controlled release, reducing toxicity to non-target cells, and protecting the active compound from degradation in physiological environments. For example, emulsions incorporating lipophilic Zn(II) complexes have demonstrated sustained release over 24 h in diffusion assays, paving the way for

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• )2 volumes, suggested improved charge separation and transport pathways. These voids facilitate the diffusion of the reactants and products, reducing the recombination rates and enhancing the water-splitting efficiency. The finer particle sizes and increased porosity, as observed for BiVO4(326

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• partition coefficient, the diffusion coefficient, and the path to be taken by the molecule, mainly through SC [174][175][176]. Overall, it is possible to improve drug penetration through the skin by using three different approaches: (i) increasing the drug saturation in the vehicle [177], (ii) elevating the

• drug solubility in the SC [170], and/or (iii) enhancing the drug diffusion through the SC [169][178]. The first approach can be carried out by simply increasing the drug concentration in the vehicle or by changing the formulation to eventually decrease the drug solubility (i.e., by changing the

• thermodynamic activity of the system). Thus, the physicochemical properties related to the first approach involve only the interactions between drugs and vehicles. On the other hand, changing the drug solubility and/or its diffusion through SC is much more complex and comprises multiple interactions among drug

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• min. The dissolution profiles of the micellar systems were also evaluated using the Korsmeyer–Peppas model with lag time (tlag), which indicated a Fickian diffusion mechanism, preceded by a thermodynamically driven accommodation stage of PpIX into the micelles. The solubility of PpIX ranged from 0.138

• lag time parameter in the model reflects the initial phase of micelle formation and the subsequent accommodation of PpIX into the micellar core, which precedes the diffusion-driven dissolution process [23]. Among the systems evaluated, water + P407 and EtOH77 + P407 exhibited the highest correlation

• coefficients (R = 0.9007 and 0.8935, respectively), indicating a strong fit and supporting the hypothesis of micelle-mediated stabilization of PpIX in these environments. The release exponent (n) values obtained were all smaller than 0.45, which is characteristic of Fickian diffusion. This suggests that the

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• amorphous structure of the HEA NP (Figure 5 (8)). Looking at the diffusing carbon atoms during the period of TL, we additionally calculated the mean square displacements (MSD) of diffusing carbon atoms by using diffusion coefficients of carbon in FeNi at high temperatures and high pressures as reported by

• Lin et al. [99]. Using the estimated durations of 15 ns for ns-LAL and 2 ns for ps-LAL, the MSD falls within the one-digit nanometer range for both cases, though the value for ns-LAL is three times higher than that for ps-LAL. Notably, the diffusion coefficients reported by Lin et al. were studied

• under conditions that come closer to ns-LAL than to ps-LAL (regarding temperature and pressure). Since diffusion coefficients are inversely proportional to pressure and directly proportional to temperature, it is important to note that the pressure in ps-LAL can be ten times higher than that in ns-LAL

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• crucible. Diffusion and a rotary backing pumps enabled a base pressure in the vacuum chamber below 1.5·10−5 mbar. The operating pressure in the IBAD process was kept below 1.7·10−3 mbar, and the thin film coatings were deposited with an additional oxygen gas flow of 100 sccm. The ion beam gun (Advanced

• coating, as the grains tend to grow due to recrystallization and diffusion processes, leading to changes in density and structure. The formation of a double-layer coating, as observed in the cross-section scanning electron microscopy image (inset in Figure 4c) of the annealed TiO2 coating deposited with

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• system reverts to its original state. It was demonstrated that the gold nanorods are capable of significant lateral diffusion, exhibiting a considerable distance of movement. Hybrid materials comprising anisotropic nanoparticles and polymer brushes were designed and subjected to dynamic control

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• distribution of PG-CDs-AgNPs was responsible for the enhanced surface area [35]. The pore size distribution plot of PG-CDs-AgNPs suggests the mesoporous characteristics (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1b), which, via the diffusion of electrolyte ions, is highly efficient for electrochemical charge

• graph that as the scan rates are increased, the current densities rise owing to the quicker diffusion kinetics on the electrode surface [37]. A lower scan rate means that the entire voltammogram takes longer to complete than a high scan rate. At low scan rates, diffusion layers extend further from the

• -electrode investigation, due to the faster diffusion kinetics on the surface of the electrode. At high scan rates (such as 500 mV/s), there was no discernible diversion of the features of the CV profiles. The current responsiveness of the device was adequate even at a 20 mV/s scan rate. For real-time

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• temperature of about 500 °C [23]. Such a significant decrease in the temperature at which graphitization starts compared to that of the Ni-coated SCD is due to the presence of multiple grain boundaries, along which the diffusion of Ni atoms takes place, facilitating the graphitization process [34]. The

• %) could be associated with the heat-induced reorganization of the Ni layer into particles, which can penetrate into the diamond substrate due to the counter-diffusion of carbon and nickel [19]. The immersing of metal particles into diamond was discussed in detail in previous works [27][28]. The XPS C 1s

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• competition between surface diffusion and ion erosion processes [34][35]. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy The surface morphology of pristine and 30 keV argon-implanted ZnO films was also studied by FESEM. Figure 8 shows the FESEM images of pristine and implanted films. To deduce the change in

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• sample at 773 K in ultrahigh vacuum. The presence of the underlying MoS2 film facilitates the diffusion of sodium through the graphitic coating, but not all of the deposited sodium reaches MoS2. As a result, the sodium-induced rearrangement of the carbon-coated MoS2 is less than that of the free MoS2

• structure without significant formation of Mo and Na2S [19]. The carbon coating improved the electrical contact between the MoS2 agglomerates, while the sandwich-like structure of MoS2-graphene facilitated the diffusion of sodium ions [20][21]. There are various possibilities to improve the properties of

• hybrid anodes based on MoS2. The diffusion of sodium ions in layered MoS2 is highly anisotropic. It is fast along the basal planes and is not possible through defect-free layers [3]. Thus, when the interlayer channels coincide with the Na+ movement paths, the diffusion distance is shortened, resulting in

Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• (14.1%) compared to other elements. This may be attributed to higher diffusion rates due to its lower latent heat of fusion (31.8 kJ·mol−1) and its relatively low melting point (1211 K) compared to other constituents, as observed by Tiwari and colleagues [54]. Additionally, the target composition was re

• . The lower sintering temperature and absence of pre-alloying limits the diffusion of the elements, leading to incomplete alloying. The composition exhibits a much larger percentage variance from the expected bulk composition compared to the Ge-based CCA. Al with its much lower latent heat of fusion

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• instrument (Jasco). Ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy (UV–vis) and light transmittance spectroscopy were recorded using a V-670 spectrophotometer (Jasco). Microscopic texture and imaging were observed by a stereo zoom microscope (Optika SZM). Agar diffusion assays were used for testing

• GO sharp edges with bacterial membranes [57][58]. The crucial antibacterial activity of ZH nanostructures is the delivery of Zn2+ ions to disrupt bacterial membranes and intracellular processes [59][60]. Antibacterial activity of the GO-SG-ZH hydrogel was tested in agar well diffusion assays (Figure

•  9). The photographic results showed inhibition zones against E. coli (Figure 9a) and S. aureus (Figure 9b). The inhibition zones resulted from the diffusion of ZH nanoparticles and Zn2+ cations from the hydrogel to the surrounding agar. As the GO-SG-ZH hydrogel is antibacterial, the brush coating of