Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• physicochemical characterization, including the formulations exposed to irradiation under the same conditions. For physicochemical characterization of the formulations, different techniques were used by which successful functionalization of the CNs and TMZ loading were confirmed and visualized; no significant

• changes in the structure of the CNs and TMZ after irradiation were observed. With single and dual functionalization, formulations with relatively high TMZ loading efficiency and drug content were prepared. They exhibited homogeneous particle size distributions and mean particle sizes and surface charges

• for active agent loading and functionalization with (intra)cellular component targeting ligands, and extremely small size for crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and targeted delivery to the brain. The hydrophobic nature of the CNs offers good membrane permeability. Through chemical modifications

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• modification of the synthesized MOFs and allows for the synthesis of multifunctional frameworks [32][33][34][35]. Alternatively, MOFs can undergo post-synthetic modification to achieve similar functionalization without the risk of degrading functionalized linkers during high-temperature and high-pressure MOF

• , reported in Figure 3. Many of these studies focus on CO2 capture. The key benefit of using MOFs in MMMs rather than simple inorganic particles is their unusually high surface areas with adjustable pore sizes and unique functionalization opportunities [86]. As described in section 2, this allows for

• functionalization of MOFs before MMM preparation can enhance MOF–polymer compatibility by enabling the formation of hydrogen bonds between the MOF and the hydrogen bond donors in the polymer matrix [33]. 3.5 Importance of interfacial morphology An optimal MOF–polymer matrix interface, schematically illustrated in

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• masks the functionalization of groups coated on the NC surface. The formation of this corona acts as a clearance signal, prompting macrophages to recognize and engulf NCs [34]. The denser the proteins adsorbed onto the NC surface, the faster the uptake into the liver and spleen [35][36]. Several factors

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• . The functionalization of AgNPs with ʟ-carnosine was validated through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS5, USA). For this, 10 mg of air-dried nanopowder was placed over a diamond, and the software (OMNIC™) was run over the spectral range of 400–4000 cm−1. The

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• the functionalization of the outer surface of nanoparticles with specific molecules or ligands to impart desired properties or functionalities. This process plays a crucial role in enhancing the targeting, stability, and therapeutic efficacy of PLHNPs for drug/phytochemical delivery. Surface

• , instability at physiological pH, and rapid metabolism hinder its clinical utilization [125]. Yang et al. fabricated HCT-encapsulated cyclic RGD peptide (c(RGDyk))-modified PLHNPs for improved therapeutic efficacy against BC [126]. Surface functionalization and PEG conjugation did not modulate the drug release

Strain-induced bandgap engineering in 2D ψ-graphene materials: a first-principles study

• Kamal Kumar,
• Nora H. de Leeuw,
• Jost Adam and
• Abhishek Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1440–1452, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.116

• two-dimensional (2D) material, consisting of a single layer of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms arranged together in a hexagonal lattice [1]. Because of its extraordinary electrical and thermal conductivity, large surface area, and easy chemical functionalization, it provides a variety of applications in

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• conducted for polymeric nanoparticles to understand their role in N2B delivery. For instance, Gabold et al. reported the preparation of protein-loaded chitosan NPs decorated with transferrin as a proof-of-concept study to demonstrate a versatile surface functionalization that can also be suitable for N2B

• critical literature reviews on N2B delivery of peptides and proteins. Considering the recent advancements and publications in the field, we highlight N2B delivery of biopharmaceuticals while emphasizing mAbs, RNA delivery, and NP functionalization techniques for better targeting the brain [150]. Despite

• treating glioblastoma [161]. The delivery of RNA can also be increased by functionalization. One of the most popular functionalization choices is a 29 amino-acid peptide derived from the rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG29) as it enhances brain targeting [162]. Therefore, researchers combined RVG29 and RNA

A biomimetic approach towards a universal slippery liquid infused surface coating

• Ryan A. Faase,
• Madeleine H. Hummel,
• AnneMarie V. Hasbrook,
• Andrew P. Carpenter and
• Joe E. Baio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1376–1389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.111

• to use. These biomimetic surface functionalization steps were confirmed by several complimentary surface analysis techniques. The wettability of each surface was probed with water contact angle measurements, while the chemical composition of the layer was determined by X-ray photoelectron

• at a pH of 8.5. PDA-coated samples were rinsed with DI and then introduced to a 10 mM aqueous solution of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecanethiol (FDT) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and triethylamine [19]. Following FDT functionalization, the samples were thoroughly rinsed and sonicated in DI water and

• composition of the layer was determined by XPS. Surface roughness was evaluated using AFM to confirm successful formation of a porous structure. Finally, ordering of specific chemical groups within our PDA SLIPS layer was explored via SFG spectroscopy. Initially, each functionalization step was assessed

Green synthesis of carbon dot structures from Rheum Ribes and Schottky diode fabrication

• Muhammed Taha Durmus and
• Ebru Bozkurt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1369–1375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.110

• nanostructures are carbon dot structures (CDs). These structures have recently become a common field of study because of their properties including chemical stability, water solubility, and easy synthesis and functionalization. Carbon dots, were first discovered by Xu and his working group [1] while purifying

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

• agents on the metal surface and further dominates functionalization. Various capping agents such as citrate, PVP, and surfactants have been the choice for metal nanoparticles. Controlled size, shape, and surface properties have been achieved using strong capping and reducing agents. Capping agents

• high strength to nanoparticles, the use of such nanoparticles is limited in sensing, catalysis, and biomedical applications because of post-synthesis functionalization, morphology, and toxicity [6][7][8]. CTAB is a resilient molecule on the nanoparticle surface because of its micellar structure and

• used for measurement. The functionalization of AgNS, AuNS, AuNR1, and AuNR2 with CTAB was validated through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (Thermo Scientific, Nicolet iS5, USA). 10 mg of the air-dried nanoparticles were placed over a diamond and measured in the range of 400–4000 cm−1

Interaction of graphene oxide with tannic acid: computational modeling and toxicity mitigation in C. elegans

• Romana Petry,
• James M. de Almeida,
• Francine Côa,
• Felipe Crasto de Lima,
• Diego Stéfani T. Martinez and
• Adalberto Fazzio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1297–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.105

• toxicity and highlight the potential of tannic acid for the synthesis and surface functionalization of graphene-based nanomaterials, offering insights into safer nanotechnology development. Keywords: biodistribution; density functional theory; ecotoxicity; molecular dynamics; surface interactions

• characteristics made TA attractive to nanomaterial synthesis and functionalization for applications in nanomedicine, sensors, electronics, and composites [25][26][27]. In these different fields, TA has been applied in green alternative methods of GO synthesis and physicochemical modifications (e.g., reduction and

• functionalization) [28][29][30]. In this sense, studying the interaction between TA and GO and the effects on the material toxicity is of technological and environmental relevance. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a well-established in vivo model in human health science and has been considered a promising

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• [1][2][3][4]. Consequently, the scientific community has focused on improving the targeting of nanoparticles (NPs) to tumor cells through surface functionalization with active groups (e.g., folate, monoclonal antibodies) [5][6][7]. However, according to the literature, only 0.7% of the injected dose

• to the formation of aggregates of NPs and activation of unplanned biological pathways (e.g., the complement system) [16][17][18]. The factors mentioned above hamper the biodistribution of nanomedicines and their targeting efficiency, therefore causing adverse effects. Multiple functionalization

• minute, using a syringe pump (New Era Pump Systems, NE8000, Farmingdale, NY). Posteriorly, the solution remained under stirring for 24 h. The resulting suspension was purified and re-dispersed in water for storage and subsequent functionalization. Functionalization of SiO2NPs Before the functionalization

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• surface stabilization and functionalization [93][94][95]. Importantly, the use of antibodies and other proteins as targeting agents may increase the HD of usNPs beyond the threshold for renal filtration, and so careful consideration is needed in the design of such constructs. To ensure effective

Synthesis, characterization and anticancer effect of doxorubicin-loaded dual stimuli-responsive smart nanopolymers

• Ömür Acet,
• Pavel Kirsanov,
• Burcu Önal Acet,
• Inessa Halets-Bui,
• Dzmitry Shcharbin,
• Şeyda Ceylan Cömert and
• Mehmet Odabaşı

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1189–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.96

• , high stability, low toxicity, modifiable hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, and the possibility of surface functionalization for targeted localization. Polymeric nanoparticles are a versatile approach to drug delivery (DD) with the potential to circumvent barriers associated with negative impacts on

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• to describe the study of materials at the nanoscale [2]. Afterwards, nanosized and nanostructured carbon species have attracted great interest thanks to their intrinsic properties and easy functionalization [3]. The utilization of nanocarbon species has been widely deployed in advanced medical

• , suggesting that the ND coating prevented the removal of wear debris from coated implants. The complex relation between NDs and macrophage activity can be further tuned by functionalization with short molecules as reported by Pentecost and co-workers [90], who used small amines to tune the inflammatory

• reactivity of carbon coatings are the key features for the lowered immunological response. Contrary to NDs and graphene-related materials, CNT layers generally induce a strong immunological response because of their higher reactivity [98], which needs to be tuned through an appropriate functionalization

Recent progress on field-effect transistor-based biosensors: device perspective

• Billel Smaani,
• Fares Nafa,
• Mohamed Salah Benlatrech,
• Ismahan Mahdi,
• Hamza Akroum,
• Mohamed walid Azizi,
• Khaled Harrar and
• Sayan Kanungo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 977–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.80

• accurate operation of MoS2 FET-based biosensors based on the positions of antibody functionalization. When antibodies are immobilized at the level of the insulated layer covering the MoS2 device, antibody–antigen binding events mostly change the threshold voltage of the device, which can be described by

Identification of structural features of surface modifiers in engineered nanostructured metal oxides regarding cell uptake through ML-based classification

• Indrasis Dasgupta,
• Totan Das,
• Biplab Das and
• Shovanlal Gayen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 909–924, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.75

• , shape, and surface charge of NPs, as well as their surface functionalization. In the current study, classification-based ML models (i.e., Bayesian classification, random forest, support vector classifier, and linear discriminant analysis) have been developed to identify the features/fingerprints that

Water-assisted purification during electron beam-induced deposition of platinum and gold

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Fabian A. Polman and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 884–896, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.73

• purification was achieved, but the functionalization of the material could lead to interesting applications, such as the production of nitrides using FEBID [28]. Water-assisted reactions in Pt FEBID deposits Water-assisted post-exposure purification of condensed layers of MeCpPtMe3 that mimic Pt FEBID deposits

A review on the structural characterization of nanomaterials for nano-QSAR models

• Salvador Moncho,
• Eva Serrano-Candelas,
• Jesús Vicente de Julián-Ortiz and
• Rafael Gozalbes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 854–866, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.71

• , namely, composition, impurities, surface treatment functionalization, size, shape, and surface area [10]. One of the challenges in nano-QSAR modelling, and in the modelling of NMs in general, is the definition and the identification of what a single NM is. Discrete organic molecules can be fully

• only based on the structure of the functionalization group [53][54]. Coating descriptors are not only found in common-core models. For example, Kleandrova et al. included descriptors based in the bond adjacency matrix for the organic coating if present (a zero was used for uncoated nanoforms) [18

Effect of repeating hydrothermal growth processes and rapid thermal annealing on CuO thin film properties

• Monika Ozga,
• Eunika Zielony,
• Aleksandra Wierzbicka,
• Anna Wolska,
• Marcin Klepka,
• Marek Godlewski,
• Bogdan J. Kowalski and
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 743–754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.62

• utility in photodetectors [10][11], memory structures [12][13], and p-type channels in transistors [14][15]. Simultaneously, ongoing efforts are consistently directed towards developing deposition techniques and functionalization of CuO films in order to modify their properties for specific applications

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of uric acid and hypoxanthine at a TiO₂/graphene quantum dot-modified electrode

• Vu Ngoc Hoang,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Le Vu Truong Son,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Vo Thang Nguyen,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Ly Hoang Diem,
• Kieu Chan Ly,
• Ho Sy Thang and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 719–732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.60

• the applicability and reliability of the proposed method (Table 2). Conclusion TiO2/GQDs were prepared from peroxo titanium complexes, and GQDs were derived from ground coffee as precursor, which offers several advantages such as easy dispersion and functionalization during the synthesis. A simple

Gold nanomakura: nanoarchitectonics and their photothermal response in association with carrageenan hydrogels

• Nabojit Das,
• Vikas,
• Akash Kumar,
• Sanjeev Soni and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 678–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.56

• . Also, the photothermal responses of the nanoparticles in association with k-CG hydrogels were assessed, indicating their potential in biomedical applications. Furthermore, characterization such as zeta potential, crystallinity, and surface functionalization were investigated through ZetaSizer, X-ray

• nanoparticles in CTAB-, MTAB-, and DTAB-capped nanomakura was analysed through a Panalytical XRD machine. For this, 30 mg of the powdered sample was used to completely cover the holder and was exposed to X-rays for the measurement. Surface functionalization validation of CTAB-, MTAB-, and DTAB-capped nanomakura

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• ]. Similarly, gallic acid was covalently grafted on magnetite with an average size of 5 and 8 nm. The functionalization of ultrasmall magnetite with gallic acid increased free radical scavenging two- to fourfold compared to free magnetite [60]. Centurion et al. investigated the assembly of natural polyphenolic

Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study

• Zeynep Özcan and
• Afife Binnaz Hazar Yoruç

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24

• three times with distilled water, and the PDA/Fe3O4 NPs were dried in a vacuum oven at 55 °C. Surface functionalization of PDA/Fe3O4 nanoparticles with SH-PEG For the surface modification process with SH-PEG, 50 mg of PDA/Fe3O4 NPs were added to 50 mL of Tris-HCl solution. Then, 100 mg of thiol

• band structures at 1500 and 1000 cm–1 in the FTIR analysis of SH-PEG provides evidence for the surface modification of PDA/Fe3O4 NPs with SH-PEG. The FTIR analysis results indicate the successful functionalization of PDA/Fe3O4 NPs with SH-PEG molecules. This will enable the passively targeted delivery

Multiscale modelling of biomolecular corona formation on metallic surfaces

• Parinaz Mosaddeghi Amini,
• Ian Rouse,
• Julia Subbotina and
• Vladimir Lobaskin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 215–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.21

• , functionalization, and hydrophobicity, when constructing CG models for the bionano interface. The UA model simplifies the protein–NP interactions by representing proteins as rigid structures composed of 20 AA types, each represented by a single bead. This interaction is described through a short-range surface non