Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• spreading 25 µL bacterial liquid on each plate. The sterilized membranes were then placed on the top of the plate containing the attached bacterial strain and then incubated at 28 °C for 24 h. The antibacterial efficacy of each membrane was assessed by measuring the size of the inhibition zone against

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• , antibiotics can bind to multiple sites in the cell wall peptidoglycans (PGNs), resulting in inhibition of PGN synthesis, perturbation of the cell membrane integrity and cell death [46][47]. In Gram-negative bacteria, lipopolysaccharides interact electrostatically with positively charged antibiotics [48] and

• steep decrease in the cytotoxicity of the liposomal formulation compared to free gold(III) metalloantibiotic was observed, resulting in an optimal therapeutic index. The formulation also minimized gold-induced cardiotoxicity and cytochrome inhibition, addressing some of the key limitations of gold-based

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• labile iron in a non-toxic and inorganic state [56]. Iron storage proteins play a unique role in the inhibition of ferroptosis. Inhibition of ferritinophagy by suppressing nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) and preventing ferritin degradation by lysosomes limits the incidence of ferroptosis [57]. In

• , ferroptosis inducers can trigger ferroptosis through various ways: (I) GSH is the most frequently utilized antioxidant inside the cell and is essential for maintaining antioxidant enzymes like GPX4. The production of GSH relies on the uptake of cysteine mediated by system xc− [88]. The inhibition of system xc

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• . Edema volume was measured by plethysmometry (NovaLab, Brazil) at 3 and 6 h after carrageenan injection [67]. Inhibition of paw edema was expressed (in percentage) as the difference between the control value (paw volume of each animal before carrageenan injection) and the volumes measured at each time

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• used to escape the reticuloendothelial system (RES), target cancer cells and pathogens, and enhance tumor accumulation. Recently, Huang et al. reported macrophage membrane-coated targeted NPs for tumor inhibition and macrophage polarization. They incorporated methyltransferase like 14 (METTL14) and

• metastatic breast cancer (Figure 7) [128]. The nanosystem was modified with TAT (T) and RGD (R) peptides for targeted delivery of the chemotherapeutics gamabufotalin (C) and doxorubicin (DOX) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), resulting in potent inhibition of tumor growth and breast cancer metastasis

• , which directly correlates to the neoadjuvant treatment efficacy. To confirm this phenomenon, Zheng et al. constructed TNBC membrane-coated, artesunate-loaded PLGA NPs (231M-ARS@PLGA) to regulate the SWE stiffness via cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) inhibition. In the MDA-MB 231 and E0771 orthotopic

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• exhibits good heat-resistance, mechanical, and water-barrier properties. At an emulsion concentration as low as 10% (v/w) in the casting solution, high UV absorbance capacity (up to 100% UVC), high antibacterial activity (92.4% Escherichia coli inhibition), and good antioxidative properties (up to 43% DPPH

• strong antimicrobial and enhanced DPPH inhibition properties [38]. This study represents the first attempt to integrate rice straw-derived nanocellulose both as a biopackaging reinforcing filler and as a carrier for cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsions (PE-CEO) into a single biopackaging material

• (CFU) were counted to determine the antimicrobial activity of the films. Inhibition rates were calculated according to where CCcontrol is the cell count of the control tube substance and CCsample is the cell count of the sample after 24 h. Antioxidation properties. The antioxidant capacity of the

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• reservoir, enhancing local drug retention. The transfersome-embedded hydrogel can be painted as a patch on the skin above the melanoma, demonstrating prolonged retention time and inhibition of the tumor growth in combination with systemic chemotherapy [189]. Nanogels for topical use in skin cancer

• cellulose nanocrystals poly(ε-caprolactone-co-lactide)-b-poly(ethyleneglycol)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone-co-lactide) [217] or doxorubicin-loaded polydopamine-alginate [219] showed inhibition in tumor growth. Thus, this technique tends to present a great advance in the design methods and in the ease of obtaining

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• Clitoria fairchildiana seeds with larvicidal activity against third-instar Ae. aegypti larvae. These studies revealed morphological and metabolic changes in the larvae, suggesting that V-ATPase inhibition triggers oxidative stress, resulting in high production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the midgut

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus (the positive control was the antibiotic penicillin). Inhibition zone assays were used to evaluate antibiofilm properties of uncoated and coated plastic films [14][25]. Coating stability of plastic films in an environment simulating aqueous food was tested

•  9). The photographic results showed inhibition zones against E. coli (Figure 9a) and S. aureus (Figure 9b). The inhibition zones resulted from the diffusion of ZH nanoparticles and Zn2+ cations from the hydrogel to the surrounding agar. As the GO-SG-ZH hydrogel is antibacterial, the brush coating of

• inhibition zone at the vicinity of its boundary (Figure 10f). PLA and SG/PLA were not antibacterial materials, and the GO-SG-ZH coating was effective against the growth of E. coli biofilm on the coating surface. The antibiofilm result is attributed to the antibacterial activities of GO nanosheets and ZH

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• oxidative stress, thus elucidating the ROS inhibition by FLG–TA. The UV–vis spectroscopic analysis (Figure S5, Supporting Information File 1) revealed a significant decrease in absorbance of the FLG–TA composite following exposure to DPPH solution, indicating oxidative modification of the material under ROS

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• zone inhibition in Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures. The findings suggest that STZ-loaded SF/gelatin nanofibers are highly effective against post-surgical infections and promote wound healing, particularly in cases where traditional oral and injected antibiotics are ineffective [90]. Millán-Rivero et al

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• formation. This review provides an in-depth analysis of various nanochaperones developed to target AβOs, detailing their mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential via focusing on two main strategies, namely, disruption of AβOs through direct interaction and the inhibition of AβO nucleation by binding

• different therapeutic strategies, highlighting both conventional and emerging methods for addressing the challenges posed by AβOs in AD pathology. Nanoparticle-based approaches for the diagnosis and dissociation/inhibition of AβOs Although conventional approaches for diagnosing and targeting AβOs have laid

• promising alternative with NPs specifically designed for AD diagnosis and AβO inhibition. These NPs possess unique properties, including variable size and shape and readily modifiable surfaces. These features allow for targeted and effective therapeutic strategies. In this section, we discuss NPs

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• % inhibition by the ASO alone. Furthermore, the Gal–PLL conjugation facilitated higher liver-specific uptake, with a 52.1% concentration in the liver compared to 21.9% for ASOs alone. This targeted approach resulted in a significant reduction in HBV DNA levels in transgenic mice, with some achieving

• 81.5% compared to 56.8% for dendrimers with fewer charges. This improved transfection efficiency correlated with a significant reduction in VEGF expression, with certain dendrimer/ODN-1 complexes maintaining VEGF inhibition for up to 48 h after transfection. Moreover, in vivo experiments using a rat

• demonstrated that ARG-coated poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles significantly improved the internalisation of ASOs into cancer cells, leading to effective inhibition of miR-155, a known oncogene, and alteration of the splicing pattern of the Mcl-1 gene, promoting the pro-apoptotic isoform. In

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• -damage response. GO–Chl causes loss of plasma membrane integrity, cell cycle arrest, and significant genotoxicity in A549 cells. Further, elevated expression of key autophagy proteins beclin-1, ATG-7, LC-3-I/II, and SQSTM1/p62 reveal that inhibition of autophagy plays a crucial role in regulating DDR

• ataxia-telangiectasia mutated, Rad3-related (ATR), and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), upon exposure to chemotherapeutics is a major hurdle in the treatment of chemoresistant tumors due to its complexity and redundancy [5]. Various preclinical studies have shown that inhibition

• of DDR either through autophagy modulation or poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition could provide a better therapeutic response [6][7]. Recently, nanomedicine has shown immense potential/efficacy in the treatment of chemoresistant tumors by providing improved molecular targeting, better

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• clindamycin or rifampicin effectively reduced the bacterial density to one hundredth within 24 h [30]. The study by Sun et al. demonstrated that berberine produced notable antibacterial inhibition zones against four strains of Cutibacterium acnes, with MIC values ranging from 6.3 to 12.5 µg/mL and MBC values

• partial degradation of the proteins [33]. In this study, FE-SEM analysis further confirmed that one of the mechanisms by which BerNPs kill S. mutans involves the disruption and damage of the bacterial membrane. Inhibition of biofilm formation Streptococcus mutans is the primary cause of dental caries [34

• biosynthesis of S. mutans, has been reported to be inhibited by berberine [39]. The inhibition of biofilm formation by S. mutans was also observed in the study by Zhou and coworkers. The results showed that berberine chloride hydrate effectively downregulated the expression of the genes srtA, spaP, gbpC, comX

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• controlled release of TMZ [41][42]. In another publication [25], the suitability of graphene oxide (GO) functionalized with folic acid (FA) for controlled release of TMZ and the inhibition of glioma growth was confirmed in vivo. To our knowledge (and stated also in the paper of Petrenko et al. [35]), our

• of Wang et al. [25], formulations made of TMZ-loaded and FA-functionalized GO provided pH-dependent and controlled TMZ release, and the favorable release profile was further confirmed in vivo by successful inhibition of glioma growth. In our previous study [43], in which non-covalent PEGylation of

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• residual lens epithelial cells (LECs) around implanted intraocular lenses (IOLs), obscuring the visual axis and leading to potential blindness [111]. (c, d) The implantation of Au@SiO2-coated IOLs into eyes with cataracts in rabbits demonstrates the inhibition of LEC fibrosis. This is achieved through

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• demonstrated by Ji and colleagues in a mouse model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced fibrosis, where they inhibited the proliferation of fibroblasts [46]. An alternative to depletion is the inhibition of KCs through chloroquine, an antimalaria agent that inhibits macrophage-specific endocytosis, or

• by suppressing anti-inflammatory pathways, while miR-146a enhances endotoxin tolerance by modulating TLR signaling through Notch1 inhibition [68][69]. miR-221-3p drives M2 macrophages towards the M1 phenotype by inhibiting the JAK3/STAT3 signaling pathway. Conversely, miR-1246 promotes M2

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• potential of −60 mV. Furthermore, the synthesized nanoparticles displayed significant antibacterial activity against selected human pathogens, with the biggest inhibition zone observed against Staphylococcus aureus (22 ± 0.57 mm) and the smallest inhibition zone observed against Salmonella enterica serovar

• -positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Of the five pathogens examined, three exhibited susceptibility to the ZnO NPs, while the remaining two showed reduced zones of inhibition, indicative of resistance. Noteworthy, susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus, evidenced by the largest zone of inhibition

• . aureus were observed, with a zone of inhibition measuring 22 ± 1 mm. In contrast, Salmonella enterica serovar typhi showed lower susceptibility, with an inhibition zone of 3 ± 1 mm, though antibacterial activity was still evident. Suba et al. [22] also reported antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• nanoparticles (AuNPs) with polyoxometalate and the peptides POMD and LPFFD (AuNPs@POMD-pep) have shown inhibition of Aβ1 aggregation and Aβ-induced cytotoxicity. However, the inherent toxicity of this formulation, challenges in particle digestion, and the potential for triggering immune reactions remain

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• non-targeted PLHNPs. A pharmacodynamic study of targeted PLHNPs in DMBA-induced BC-bearing female BALB/c mice showed that the targeted PLHNPs yielded significantly enhanced and synergistic therapeutic efficacy and showed much better tumor inhibition and improved survival rate than the non-targeted

• controlled drug release characteristics for up to 48 h. In vivo therapeutic efficacy was determined in MCF-7 tumor-bearing BALB/c female mice. The developed PLHNPs revealed much better tumor inhibition potential than the native compound. Altogether, developing psoralen-encapsulated PLHNPs significantly

• improved antitumor efficacy against cervical cancer [139]. The formulation showed better stability and sustained release properties. Antitumor activity in U14 tumor-bearing female CD-1 mice revealed that the UA-PLHNPs exhibited much higher tumor growth inhibition. Further, UA-PLHNPs represented better

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• II in Figure 2. This correspondence highlights the significant impact of nucleation on the phase transition dynamics. Specifically, the presence of nucleation fundamentally alters the situation, leading to the possibility of phase transition inhibition due to the existence of a very high energy

Hymenoptera and biomimetic surfaces: insights and innovations

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Carlo Polidori and
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1333–1352, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.107

• effective ultrasound equipment, thus improving patient outcomes in both diagnostics and treatment. Furthermore, studying the use of acoustic signals in hymenopterans may offer valuable inspiration for future research, as these context-dependent signals can modulate the production or inhibition of chemical

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• microenvironment, thus enhancing treatment efficacy. The study revealed that 64Cu-Cu@CuOx-ECL1i exhibited suitable biodistribution and biocompatibility. Moreover, 64Cu-Cu@CuOx-ECL1i-Gem was able to induce tumor inhibition and to prolong survival in a syngeneic xenograft mouse model of PDAC. 5.7 Antibody-based